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    honnyremoto
    The document discusses several groups of plants: 1) Non-vascular plants including liverworts, hornworts and mosses which lack true vascular tissue but mosses have a rudimentary form suggesting they are more closely related to vascular plants. 2) Spore-bearing vascular plants like ferns, whisk ferns, horsetails and lycophytes which have well-developed sporophytes and vascular tissue. 3) Gymnosperms like conifers and cycads which bear unprotected seeds on cone scales. 4) Angiosperms, the largest group, with seeds enclosed in fruits and belonging to the monocots or dicots, describing characteristics of

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    Review Notes

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    The document discusses several groups of plants: 1) Non-vascular plants including liverworts, hornworts and mosses which lack true vascular tissue but mosses have a rudimentary form suggesting they are more closely related to vascular plants. 2) Spore-bearing vascular plants like ferns, whisk ferns, horsetails and lycophytes which have well-developed sporophytes and vascular tissue. 3) Gymnosperms like conifers and cycads which bear unprotected seeds on cone scales. 4) Angiosperms, the largest group, with seeds enclosed in fruits and belonging to the monocots or dicots, describing characteristics of

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    The document discusses several groups of plants: 1) Non-vascular plants including liverworts, hornworts and mosses which lack true vascular tissue but mosses have a rudimentary form suggesting they are more closely related to vascular plants. 2) Spore-bearing vascular plants like ferns, whisk ferns, horsetails and lycophytes which have well-developed sporophytes and vascular tissue. 3) Gymnosperms like conifers and cycads which bear unprotected seeds on cone scales. 4) Angiosperms, the largest group, with seeds enclosed in fruits and belonging to the monocots or dicots, describing characteristics of

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    23 views4 pages

    Review Notes

    Uploaded by

    honnyremoto
    The document discusses several groups of plants: 1) Non-vascular plants including liverworts, hornworts and mosses which lack true vascular tissue but mosses have a rudimentary form suggesting they are more closely related to vascular plants. 2) Spore-bearing vascular plants like ferns, whisk ferns, horsetails and lycophytes which have well-developed sporophytes and vascular tissue. 3) Gymnosperms like conifers and cycads which bear unprotected seeds on cone scales. 4) Angiosperms, the largest group, with seeds enclosed in fruits and belonging to the monocots or dicots, describing characteristics of

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    of 4

    The Non-Vascular Plants

    The non-vascular plants are divided into three taxonomic phyla: liverworts (Phylum
    Hepatophyta), hornworts (Phylum Anthocerophyta), and mosses (Phylum Bryophyta). These groups
    vary in a lot of ways, and may or may not be closely related. Evidence from the fossil record suggests that
    they evolved during the Ordovician period. However, the incomplete fossil record makes it difficult to tell
    how closely related the non-vascular plants are. Nevertheless, recent molecular data suggest that these
    plants have individual lines of descent, and that they do not form a monophyletic group. The observation
    that today’s mosses have a rudimentary form of vascular tissue suggests that they are more closely
    related to vascular plants than the hornworts and liverworts.

    Phylum Hepatophyta

    General Characteristics:
    Plants thallose or leafy, mostly bilaterally symmetrical, flattened, with isodiametric cells in the costate
    leaves; sporophyte determinate, evanescent, and opening explosively into four valves.

    Representative Specimens: Marchantia

    Phylum Bryophyta

    General Characteristics:
    Plants leafy mostly radially symmetrical but, if flattened, with elongate cells or a costa in the leaves;
    sporophyte determinate, persistent with a distinct cap which falls off preceding the release of spores.

    Representative Specimen: moss

    Note: Familiarize the parts and the function of each part.


    The Spore-bearing Vascular Plants
    Ferns, whisk ferns, horsetails, and lycophytes comprise a group of plants known as the spore-
    bearing vascular plants. Like all land plants, they exhibit alternation of generations. These plants have a
    large and prominent sporophyte with vascular tissue. Many have well-differentiated plant organs
    (roots, stems, and leaves). The gametophyte generation in this group is small and lacks vascular tissue.
    This group can be divided into two phyla: Lycophyta (lycophytes) and Pterophyta (whisk ferns,
    horsetails, and ferns).

    Phylum Pterophyta

    Sori – it functions for reproduction

    Horsetails
    General Characteristics:
    Small shrubs with conspicuously jointed, ribbed, unbranched stems, spore-bearing structures
    grouped into strobili, leaves are classified as megaphyllous

    Representative Specimen: Equisetum

    Phylum Lycophyta

    General Characteristics:
    With true roots; leaves, called microphylls, are generally small, scale-like or needle-like, and
    usually arranged spirally. Sporophylls (spore-bearing leaves) form strobili (singular, strobilus).

    Representative Specimens: Lycopodium


    Selaginella

    Note: you should know how Lycopodium and Selaginella looks like.
    The Gymnosperms
    The gymnosperms, represented by pines, firs, spruces, and cycads, among others, mostly have
    well-developed cones bearing unprotected seeds on the surface of the scales. Their seeds are
    not enclosed in fruits, hence their name (Greek, gymnos, naked, and sperma, seed). There are
    about 780 gymnosperm species, which are more of temperate distribution. Only two
    taxonomic phyla (Cycadophyta and Coniferophyta) will be covered in the laboratory due to the
    availability of specimens.

    Phylum Cycadophyta

    General Characteristics:
    Dioecious plants with palm-like or fernlike forms; strobili (singular, strobilus) present; motile
    sperms present.

    Representative Specimen: Cycas

    Note: In addition, you should also know the structure of the Cycas
    Female cone

    The Angiosperms
    Flowering plants, or angiosperms, belong to the Phylum Anthophyta. Angiosperms are a very
    large and successful group, consisting of at least 300,000 known species. Flowering plants are
    named angiosperms (Greek, angion, vessel, and sperma, seed), because unlike the
    gymnosperms, their ovules are always enclosed within diploid tissues. The term angio in their
    name refers to the ovary, which develops into the fruit – a unique characteristic of this group.

    Most members of Phylum Anthophyta belong to one of two large taxonomic classes. These
    classes are the Monocotyledones (or Liliopsida) and the Dicotyledones (or Magnoliopsida).

    Class Monocotyledones / Liliopsida

    Characteristics: With one cotyledon, leaves usually parallel-veined, floral parts (except carpels)
    in sets of 3’s or 4’s, root system usually adventitious.

    1. Family Orchidaceae

    Vegetative characters: epiphytic, velamen present (note: white roots); leaves parallel-veined
    Reproductive characters: inflorescence solitary or racemes; flowers irregular: innermost
    enlarged (labellum/lip); stamens united to form a column (gynandrium)
    Note: Familiarize the classification From Kingdom until Family.

    Class Dicotyledones / Magnoliopsida

    Characteristics: Two cotyledons; leaves usually net-veined; 50% are woody.

    1. Family Cucurbitaceae

    Vegetative characters: tendril-bearing vines with 1 tendril/node); leaves spirally alternate


    Reproductive characters: flowers solitary or in axillary inflorescences; flowers unisexual, regular
    (usually); ovary inferior; placentation usually parietal; fruit a pepo (usually)
    Specimens: Cucurbita pepo (squash, pumpkin), Momordica charantia (ampalaya/bitter gourd)

    2. Family Asteraceae / Compositae

    Vegetative characters: habit herbs (mostly), shrubs or vines; leaves alternate, simple or compound
    Reproductive characters: inflorescences heads; flowers bisexual or unisexual, regular to irregular; ovary
    inferior; fruit an achene (usually)
    Specimens: Helianthus (sunflower), Chrysanthemum, Cosmos

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