Respiratory System GROUP 9-1
Respiratory System GROUP 9-1
Respiratory System GROUP 9-1
1. Introduction
Cancer with the highest morbidity and fatality rates in the US is lung cancer, which is also
the most common disease [1]. GLOBOCAN estimated that there were 1.76 million lung
cancer-related fatalities and 2.09 million new cases in 2018 [2]. Globally, there has been a
considerable increase in lung cancer diagnoses and fatalities [2]. Non-small cell lung
carcinoma (NSCLS) accounts for about 85-88% of lung cancer cases, while small cell
lung cancer (SCLC) accounts for about 12-15% of lung cancer cases [3].
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Due to lung cancer's invasiveness and heterogeneity, early identification and treatments
are essential to boosting the disease's overall 5-year survival rate [4].
The detection of lung nodules has been thoroughly studied over the past 20 years using a
variety of medical imaging techniques, including chest X-ray, positron emission
tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT),
low-dose CT (LDCT), and chest radiograph (CRG). Although CT is the gold standard
imaging method for finding lung nodules, it has a high false-positive rate, can only find
apparent lung cancer and emits dangerous X-ray radiation [5].
For the purpose of detecting lung cancer, LDCT has been proposed [6]. However,
participants undergoing LDCT accounted for the majority of cancer-related mortality. The
development of 2-deoxy-18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) PET has improved the
ability to identify lung cancer [7]. When used to diagnose NSCLC, 18F-FDGPET
generates semi-quantitative characteristics of tumor glucose metabolism [8]. However,
patients with NSCLC require additional assessment because of 18F-FDG PET.
3. Literature Review
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Lung nodule identification is difficult since their shape, texture, and size vary widely, and
certain non-nodules, including blood vessels and fibrosis, closely resemble lung nodules
that frequently arise in the lungs. The procedure consists of two major steps: lung nodule
identification and false-positive nodule reduction.
This paper [11] looked into how lung nodule identification in chest CT images was
affected by the efficacy of deep learning image reconstruction (DLIR) techniques. This
study placed up to six artificial nodules into the lung phantom. Images were created with
50% ASIR-V and DLIR strengths of low (DL-L), medium (DL-M), and high (DL-H).
There was no statistically significant difference between these techniques.
This paper [12] evaluated the correlation between CT and commercial CAD for the
detection of lung nodules. They also examined LDCT pictures from 36 human individuals
using three reconstruction kernels (B, C, and L). All images had intensities of 82%, 88%,
and 82% for the nodules of B, C, and L, accordingly. Experiment results revealed that
merging data from two distinct kernels without exposure to radiation could increase CAD
sensitivity.
This paper [14] investigated the impact of lowering the CT dose on the effectiveness of a
CAD-based nodule detection model. The CAD system was tested on the NLST dataset
and yielded sensitivities of 35%, 20%, and 42.5% at the initial dose, 50% dose, and 25%
dose, accordingly.
For the purpose of identifying lung nodules, this paper [15] created the two-stage CNN
(TSCNN) model. A ResDense-based U-Net was used in the first stage to identify lung
nodules. In the second step, a 3D CNN-based ensemble learning architecture was
suggested to minimize false-positive nodules. Three existing models were compared to the
proposed model, including 3DDP-DenseNet, 3DDP-SeResNet, and 3DMBInceptionNet.
[11] They have In this The growth It may be They found We can observe
used deep study of multiplex more out how lung from this research
learning images PCR tests for expensive for nodule that to assess the
3
image were the detection the laboratory identification effects of the
reconstructio created of multiple to detection in chest CT medications and
n (DLIR) with 50% respiratory of respiratory images was help clinicians
techniques. ASIR-V viruses opens viruses. affected manage their
and DLIR the way for patients, new
strengths future diagnostic tests will
multiplex
of low be needed.
tests for the
(DL-L),
detection of
medium viruses and
(DL-M), other groups
and high of viruses
(DL-H) present in
clinical
specimens.
[12] They have They have It can be They have The classifier Experiment results
used the examined used to used a few they used in revealed that
correlation LDCT identify data to detect their research merging data from
between CT pictures diseases lung nodules demonstrated two distinct kernels
and from 36 easily and out of CT good accuracy without exposure to
commercial human rapidly with images. which can radiation could
CAD for accuracy. detect out of
individual increase CAD
detection. CT images.
s using sensitivity.
three
reconstruc
tion
kernels
[13] They have The The Their method Their method, They have used a
used the R- approach approach only works on R-CNN very small number
CNN was was the moderate network and of data, large data
network and evaluated evaluated dataset. an FP can differ in the
an FP on the and yielded reduction accuracy rate and
reduction FAHGMU an 85.2% model in prediction.
model for thoracic MR
dataset. sensitivity
detecting images which
with 3.47 FP
lung nodules can be useful
per scan. for lung
nodules
detection.
[14] They have The CAD The finding They only Based on their They should have
4
examined the system of this will used CAD- findings, used some other
impact of was tested assist based sensitivities of image-processing
lowering the on the clinicians in detection to 35%, 20%, techniques for the
CT dose on NLST improving examine. and 42.5% at detection.
the dataset patient the initial
effectiveness management dose, 50%
of a CAD- methods. dose, and
based nodule 25% dose,
detection accordingly.
model.
[15] They have They Their It is a lengthy In their first For detecting the
created the compared methods process to stage they they should have
two-stage three were specific detect lung identify lung used other easy
CNN existing for nodules by nodules. In image-processing
(TSCNN) models to identifying using this the second techniques.
model. A the lung nodules method. step, a 3D
ResDense- detection and CNN-based
proposed
based U-Net TSCNN ensemble
model,
was used in model. learning
the first stage including architecture
to identify 3DDP- was used to
lung nodules. DenseNet, minimize
In the second 3DDP- false-positive
step, a 3D SeResNet, nodules.
CNN-based and
ensemble 3DMBInc
learning eptionNet.
architecture
was
This section presents recent lung cancer and nodule prediction achievements using deep
learning techniques. The processing includes image pre-processing, lung nodule
segmentation, detection, and classification.
b. Pre-Processing Techniques
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Recent developments in lung cancer segmentation, detection, and classification utilizing
deep learning techniques are discussed in this work. The most cutting-edge deep learning-
based lung cancer detection techniques are highlighted in this article. This essay also
emphasizes current successes, pertinent research roadblocks, and upcoming research
directions. The remainder of the essay is organized as follows. Section 2 describes the
currently available medical lung imaging techniques for lung cancer detection, Section 3
reviews some recently developed deep learning-based imaging techniques, Section 4
presents deep learning-based lung cancer prediction, Section 5 discusses the current
challenges and future directions of deep learning-based lung imaging methods, and
Section 6 concludes this study.
Bengin Cases
Malignant Cases
6
Normal Cases
Model Accuracy
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5. Conclusion
This paper proposed a simple Convolutional neural network for image classification. This
simple convolutional neural network imposes a less computational cost. On the basis of
the convolutional neural network, we also analyzed different methods of learning rate sets
and different optimization algorithms for solving the optimal parameters of the influence
on image classification. We also verify that the shallow network also has a relatively good
recognition effect.
References
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