Photography Module2

STUDY MATERIAL
PHOTOGRAPHY
MODULE-2
Media & Entertainment Skills Council

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Advisory, Editorial & Creative Inputs
 Smt. Nidhi Chhibber (IAS), Chairperson, Central Board of

Secondary Education, Delhi
Guidance and Support:
 Dr. Biswajit Saha, Director (Skill Education), Central Board

of Secondary Education, Delhi
 Dr. Joseph Emmanuel, Director (Academics), Central

Board of Secondary Education, Delhi
 Shri. R. P. Singh, Joint Secretary (Skill Education), Central

Board of Secondary Education, Delhi
Coordinator:
 Smt. Niti Shanker Sharma, Deputy Secretary (Skill

Education), Central Board of Secondary Education, Delhi
Content and Design:
 Mr. Gaurav Birla, Head - Standards & QA, Media &

Entertainment Skills Council, Delhi.
 Mrs. Palak Golchha, Chief Creator, Creative Junction,

India
Cover Design:
 Mr. Ritik Kumar, Chief Designer, Ridosk Studios, India
5 Introduction to Photography
INTRODUCTION TO
PHOTOGRAPHY
Course Content
UNIT 1: Introduction to Photography.............09
UNIT 2: Understanding Camera......................39
UNIT 3: Art of Photography.............................67
UNIT 4: Practical Photography
Projects and Assignments................99
DUR
SE
AT
COUR
15
ION
HOURS
MARKS DISTRIBUTION: Total 50 marks

(Theory : 15 | Practical : 35)
UNIT- 1
Introduction to Photography
Topics Covered
1.1 Explain the purpose of Photography
1.2 Describe types of Photography
1.3 Describe various genres of
Photography
1.4 Things to Remember
1.5 Practical
We are living in a golden age of photography. Photographs

are used to tell stories, sell products, and capture moments
to share with others. Over time we have seen great
advancement in photographic technology. Cameras have
shrunk to fit in our pockets, photographic film has largely been
replaced by digital film. And
mirrorless cameras are
nowadays gaining much
popularity. But despite of
these changes, the basic
working of cameras in all
the technologies remains
the same.
There are six essential elements required to capture an
image. They are light, subject, lenses, aperture, shutter
speed, and sensor.
Photography has a deeper meaning than just “clicking
pictures”. It captures every beautiful moment of our life,
connects us to the past, and reminds us of people, places,
feelings, and stories. It has become an indispensable part
of our lives.
1.1 Explain the Purpose of Photography

There can be various purposes of photography and it
completely depends on the photographer to decide his
purpose. You studied different purposes of photography
in module-1 of Introduction to Photography. Let us look at
some more purposes with some more insights.
1. Memorial
One of the reasons for photographing is to create memories
or document the things that are close to us. It gives us
immense pleasure to look at past photographs later in life
or share those memories with our special ones. We enjoy
more to look at the photos of the past rather than enjoying
the present moment when the photograph is captured.
Introduction to Photography 10
2. Communicative
These are the pictures that act as a medium
of communication. It passes
information to the world about the
current happenings of someone’s
life. It is more relevant to the
present than past events. A person
can share his immediate life events
by sharing them instantly via any
online photo-sharing platform. With
the development of digital cameras
and mobile phone cameras, it has
become very easy to capture images
and use them for communication
purposes.
3. Creative
The only limit to this kind
of photography is your
imagination. A thought to
create a similar photograph
may differ from one artist to
another artist. By applying
and varying the compositional
guidelines in a scene, different
emotions can be invoked in
each image. For example,
a low-angle shot will create
a different mood and aesthetic from a high-angle shot of
a particular scene. It depends on the artist to choose his
style of photographing an image. Creative photography can
stimulate you to create outstanding imagery. It takes your
art to the next level.
4. Investigative
Photography acts as a powerful tool in the investigation and
research works. It helps to keep records of the past. It acts as
a medium of proof of the happening of a certain event.
It is also a source of information for scientists and researchers

for past works. For example, it is very helpful in the field of
astrological research works where images of astronomical
entities such as stars and galaxies are taken.
It is also helpful in photo finish i.e., to see who has crossed the
finish line in a race. Our naked eyes are not capable to judge
the minor difference between the positions of the participants,
so photographs decide the winner.
Photography is also used in time-lapse i.e., to capture the

change that occurs over a period of time. For example, taking
pictures of the life cycle of any plant at regular intervals.
Combining those pictures will display a sequence of events
that happened during the growth of that plant.
Photography is widely used in biological research. The

analysis of certain cells or viruses can be stored via
photography which can be useful in future research works.
5. Advertisement
Photography is widely used in advertisements for displaying

their product. An advertisement becomes much more
engaging with the addition of relevant images in it. The
public is attracted more towards it.
6. History
Photographs can help us to know about history. The events
that happened before we were born can be easily visualized
by watching their photographs. They tell us information
about the people, places, and events that happened at that
time in the most realistic way. A feeling of connection is
realized while watching them as if we were also present at
that moment.
Figure 1.1: A snapshot of World War-II
7. Connection
Apart from written news, photography has contributed
a lot to keeping us connected to the world. It acts as an
interactive information provider. Suppose there is some
interesting article printed related to recent space-related
discoveries, refer to figure 1.2, so upon seeing the image
of that work, our interest rate exponentially increases to
read that article. Thus, it is well said that “visual images
are more appealing than text”.
Figure 1.2: An example of Connection
8. Other
There can be countless purposes of photography. It does
not have limitations. Self-imagination is the only limitation.
Photography is a form of storytelling, as we can capture
the sequences of any event happening in small intervals
and later can revive those moments by watching those
photographs. For example, at weddings, there are many
rituals so we capture photographs of every ritual. In the
end, we carry a bundle of images with us. And in a later
point in time, we can see all the captured pictures and, in
a few minutes, we feel that we are reliving those moments.
Photography is also good for mental health as it can help

us to bring focus on positive life experiences, enhance our
self-worth, and even reduce stress hormones.
Fill in the blanks:
1. Photography connect us to the _________ .
(a) present (b) past (c) both (a) and (b)
2. __________ photography helps to keep a record
of evidence of the past
3. Photography is widely used in advertisements for
displaying their __________.
4. _____________ photography can stimulate you to
create outstanding imagery.
5. In photography, ___________________ is the only
limitation.
NOTES: ___________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
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1.2 Describe types of Photography
Photography is the process of capturing pictures by using
a camera. The camera can be as simple as a mobile
camera and as complex as DSLR or mirrorless camera.
The obtained picture is termed a photograph which can be
stored in both digital and physical form..
There are basically four types/styles of photography. They

are:
1. Lifestyle Photography
2. Documenting Photography
3. Traditional or posed photography
4. Art Photography
Lifestyle Photography: This type of photography

serves the personal moments of the subject in frame. Its
significance lies in its authenticity and realism. The captured
image has a personal and emotional touch. There is an
importance of location and people in the frame. This type
of photography usually displays a candid image that shows
the moment as it is.
Documenting Photography: The primary purpose of
this type of photography is to record, recall and identify the
event by photographs. It can be in the terms of memory that
gives us information about the past, documents such as an
identity card, any science and space related discoveries,
architectural structures, proof of happening of any event,
such as weddings, seminars etc.
While doing documenting photography you

should keep the following points in mind:
1. The image that you want to capture should be clearly

visible as this image can act as a source of information.
2. There should be proper lights when shooting the image.
3. No need to edit the photo in any kind of software as it

may lose its authenticity.
4. The photo should be captured under the supervision

of elders, if there is any risk while photographing. For
example, if you are shooting any scene from roof top,
supervision is mandatory.
5. It is suggested to do photography in natural light as it

is easily available and free of cost. However, in some
cases, you can use artificial lights also such as bulbs
and tube lights.
6. The image should be captured from the proper camera

angle. Shooting from a different angle can change the
meaning of the image.
The image should be taken in such a way that the main

part of the object should face the camera.
7. Do not tilt or shake the camera as it may distort your
image. You can use a tripod for capturing the object.
Figure 1.3: Documenting Photography
Figure 1.3 shows the identity cards of various employees

in a firm. This displays the information about them.
Traditional/Posed
Photography:
This is a common portrait

style photography where
the subject of the photo
gives a particular pose.
The photos can be
captured in studios by
using artificial lighting.
Art Photography: This
type of photography is done
out of one’s personal interest.
The rules for this type of
photography are created by
the photographer itself. Art
can be landscape, wedding
photoshoot, any artistic
photography such as figure
1.4 or any kind of photography
which are not the source of Figure 1.4: Art Photography
any important information.
There are no strict rules to do this type of photography
rather its aim is to give pleasing and eye-catching images.
Difference between Documenting and Art

Photography
Documenting Art
It is for everyone who has Art photography is for
been assigned to collect the someone whose has
required document. photography as his hobby.
It is done to record and store It can be used for personal
data in the form of images, use.
which can act as proof of the
happening of an event.
There are certain rules to There are no rules for art
be followed while capturing photography. A photographer
documentary photographs. can make his own rules or
It can vary depending on the can follow the guidelines of
instructions provided for any composition.
particular project.
Documenting Art
Images cannot be modified by
Images can be modified
any means as the authenticity
using photo editing tools and
of the image can be lost. software.
The more natural the image,The images can be captured
the more authentic and using different camera
accurate it will be. settings such as setting
exposure, brightness,
contrast etc.
The image should be clear The photo has the freedom to
and crisp get creatively blurred.
The photo on your identity A similar photo on your social
card is an example of media account is an example
documenting photography of art photography
NOTES: ___________________________________________
__________________________________________________
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__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
Fill in the blanks:
1. There are basically _______ types/styles of
photography.
2. __________ type of photography serves the
personal moments of the subject in frame.
3. It is suggested to do photography in _________
_______ as it is easily available and free of cost.
4. _____________ is a common portrait style
photography.
5. _____________ images can be modified using
photo editing tools and softwares.
NOTES: ___________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
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22
1.3 Describe various Genres of
Photography
“There is one thing the photograph must contain, the
humanity of the moment.” – Robert Frank.
Photography is a powerful tool that tells stories when

words feel inadequate. For several decades, photography
has become a means to convey emotions, humanity,
imagination, and information. There are numerous genres
in photography which can be categorized into four types:
1. Nature Photography
2. People Photography
3. Manmade Objects
4. Other Types of Photography
Nature Photography
This type of photography is mainly done outdoors in the

presence of natural scenes and beauty. Nature photography
includes landscapes, wildlife, plants, underwater, Aerial and
Scientific.
The close-ups of natural scenes and textures are seen in

nature photography. It tends to put a stronger emphasis on
the aesthetic value of the photo making the photo-realistic
and pleasing.
Nature photographs are usually published in scientific,

travel and cultural magazines such as National Geographic
Magazine, National Wildlife Magazine and Audubon
Magazine. Ansel Adams, Eliot Porter, Frans Lanting, Galen
Rowell, and Art Wolfe are some of the well-known nature
photographers.
Landscape Photography:
Landscape photography is the art of capturing pictures

of nature in a way that brings the viewer into the scene.
Photographs taken of scenery or stills of the Earth’s surface
are known as Landscape photography. They include valleys,
mountains, deserts, buildings, green lands, forests, etc. It
captures the true beauty of nature in its actual form.
Wildlife Photography:
Capturing photos of animals, plants, and ecosystems in

their natural habitat is known as wildlife photography. This
is where professional photographers set up cameras and
capture pictures where the animals are present. Mostly
these pictures are captured to be printed in journals or
magazines. Apart from a good camera, several lenses, a
strong flashlight and some patience is needed to click the
perfect picture.
Underwater Photography:
In Underwater photography, we use special cameras

which are waterproof and can work under extremely high
pressure underwater. The photographers wear diving suits
to go inside the water’s surface and take photographs of
sea animals, including fishes, sharks, whales, sea horses,
jellyfish, octopuses and even plant life inside the sea bed.
Astrophotography :
Photographs taken of celestial bodies, space, stars, and

planets are known as Astrophotography. These objects in
space are far from the earth; therefore, we use telescopes
and cameras to take photographs from a significant distance
scale.
Fact:
To measure the distance between celestial bodies, we use the
unit of light years, i.e., the distance travelled by light in 1 year.
Aerial Photography :
The photographs that are taken by an airborne platform

such as an aircraft, helicopter or drone are known as Aerial
Photography. These photos are taken from a great distance.
You may have seen aerial photos of Stadiums, the Statue
of Unity, roads of the city etc.
Scientific Photography :
Scientific photography is helpful in collecting scientific data

and imagery for scientific research. A good photo can even
help to prove or disprove the hypothesis. The main purpose
of this type of photography is to record clear and accurate
images and share them with others people for future
inventions and discoveries in science. Scientific photos
could serve as both data records and teaching tools.
Macro Photography :
The skill of capturing close-ups of small creatures and objects

is called macro photography. Under macro photography,
there are subjects such as flowers, insects, and textures.
Photography should be done from a proper distance so that
it does not scare living creatures. For macro photography,
both DSLRs and mirrorless cameras can work very well.
Figure 1.5 shows the example of macro photography.
Figure 1.5: Macro Photography of leaf and sunflower
People Photography
People’s pictures fall into two categories: portraits and

candid. Either can be made with or without your subject's
awareness and cooperation. Let us look at various people’s
photography genres.
Portrait Photography :
Portrait photography is about

capturing people and their
personalities. Portraits are
photographs that represent the
facial features of a person. It
captures their structure, emotions,
and environment. It is an art that
tells a story about the person in
that photograph. It can range from
shooting your family members to
friends to pets.
Wedding Photography :
Wedding Photography is done to

record and store one of the most
beautiful and happiest days
of one’s life. The photographs
taken on this day remind us of
all the events, people, places,
and vibes of that day. By looking
at these photographs, one can
visually relive the events and
moments.
Documentary Photography :
In documentary photography, there is documentation of real-

time events which have educational or knowledge purposes.
It can range from a wide-angled photograph of war to a
Figure 1.6: Documentary Photography of Hellen

Keller's visit in India
close-up shot of people in the streets. These photographs
mostly tend to impart information and knowledge of the
unseen areas of an event or historical record or scientific
work etc.
Sports Photography :
Sports Photography refers to capturing photographs relating

to all types of sports. It may include Cricket, Football,
golf, horse riding, javelin throwing, Karate, etc. It makes
us understand the different stages of a game and how the
athletes work together in sports. It helps us to understand
the different stages of a game and how the athletes work
together in sports.
Fashion Photography :
Fashion Photography is done to represent and display

different aspects of Fashion in the industry.
In Fashion photography, the models are photographed
under a glamorous light display and fashion accessories
such as clothes, shoes etc. This type of photography is
majorly done for advertisements and fashion magazines.
Street Photography :
A street photograph is a real moment. It randomly takes

pictures of the live actions, with subjects in the frame unaware
of being photographed. It
captures the parts of life
that happen in common
areas in a city, such as
parks and sidewalks. Good
street photos find meaning
and purpose in the ordinary
captured scene, making
viewers think about the
scene they unintentionally
ignored. It is not necessary
to have a person in the
frame, i.e., it can be done
with still objects also.
Travel Photography :
One of the most

exciting types of
people photography
is travel photography.
It allows us to capture
beautiful pictures of
different locations
of the world. Good
travel photographs
give us knowledge
about the cultures and traditions of people and places
around the world. The photographs can be candid i.e.,
without subject awareness, or portraits i.e., with subject
awareness.
Manmade Photography
The photography of the objects that are created by us.

Manmade photography includes product photography,
food photography, still life photography, Architecture
photography etc. Let’s study all of them.
Product Photography :
Product photography
belongs to the display
of any product that is
for commercial use. It
comes in a variety of
styles and purposes.
It can be an individual
shot with one object
in a frame or a group shot having two or more products in
one frame. One of the most important factors that attract
viewers toward the product is its visual representation.
The quality of the photograph is proportional to the first
impression any viewer/customer perceives.
Food Photography :
Food photography is one of the most trending photography

around the world. Good food photography plays with the
mind of viewers and positively draws their attention toward
it. It is very important to focus on the composition of the
picture. Apart from food, the presentation of it should also
be appealing to gain more attention of the people.
Food photography has gained much popularity in recent

years since everyone is capturing their plates before
having the food, whether at home or a restaurant, to upload
photographs on social media. Also, various food delivery
platforms such as Zomato, swiggy, etc contain images of
food from different restaurants that have greatly increased
the ordering of food from them.
Still-life Photography :
Still, life is a unique genre of

photography. Here the subjects
are not very interesting. They
are just ordinary objects that
viewers normally wouldn’t pay
much attention to. But to make
the photo look interesting,
a photographer makes the
correct arrangements of the
elements in the photo. In still-
life photography, a simple object Figure 1.7: Still-Life
Photography
can be shown in a very artistic
way. Manmade objects like
pots, vases, handicrafts, etc., or natural objects like fruits,
plants, food, vegetables, rocks, shells, etc. can be taken as
subjects for still-life photography. Figure 1.7 shows the still-
life photography of jewellery.
Architecture Photography:
Architectural photography is
the sub-genre of the man-
made object photography
discipline where the main
focus is on capturing
photographs of buildings and
similar architectural structures
that are both aesthetically
pleasing and accurate in
terms of representations of
their subjects. Architectural
photography includes the photography of the exteriors and
interiors of any architectural structures, historical landmarks,
bridges, museums, and cityscapes.
Abstract Photography :
A photography that
doesn’t convey a
realistic depiction of the
world instead we see
images that consist of
different elements of
design such as forms,
color, texture shapes
and lines that make an
interesting composition
without knowing the actual object or subject.
Other Photography
There can be
photographs that do
not fit into a single
genre. For example
any historical
monument can come
under the architectural
photography genre as
well as the landscape
photography genre.
It depends on the Figure 1.8: Landscape as well as architectural
photographer, and how Photography of Golden Temple in India
he is shooting that
image. There are no strict boundaries to describe any
photograph in any one genre.
Fill in the blanks:
1. Ansel Adams, Eliot Porter, Frans Lanting, Galen
Rowell, and Art Wolfe are some of the well-known
________ photographers.
2. Capturing photos of animals, plants, and
ecosystems in their natural habitat is known as
__________ photography.
3. To measure the distance between celestial bodies,
we use the unit of _______ ________.
4. _____________ photography belongs to the display
of any product that is for commercial use.
NOTES: ___________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
36
Things to
Remember
1. There are several purposes of photography such as

memorial, communicative, creative, investigative,
advertisement, history and connection.
2. There are basically four types of photography.
They are: Lifestyle Photography, Documenting
Photography, Traditional or posed photography
and Art Photography.
3. Landscape, portrait, wildlife, macro, food, travel,
product and architecture are some of the common
genres of photography.
NOTES: ___________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
1.5 Practical
Activity 1: Demonstrate Documentary

Photography
Tips: A Photography that attempts to

capture real-life situations and
settings.
Activity 2: Demonstrate various genres of

Photography
Tips: Capture pictures that shows

the above learned genres of
photography. Capture atleast five
genres.
UNIT- 2
Understanding Camera
Topics Covered
2.1 Explain the structure of DSLR
2.2 Explain the working of DSLR
2.3 Describe the parts and controls on
a DSLR
2.4 Explain Exposure
2.5 Explain Exposure Triangle
2.7 Practical
T he ultimate goal of a photographer is to take pleasing

and rewarding photographs. An image can be taken from a
film camera, mobile camera, DSLR, or mirrorless camera,
the main idea is to get an aesthetically sound photograph.
You have studied about film cameras and mobile phone
cameras in module-1 of Introduction to Photography, now
let us dive into DSLRs.
The invention of the DSLR camera brought about a new age

of digital photography. The first DSLR camera was made in
1999 that replaced SLR (single-lens reflex cameras) that
came to market in the 1930s. The DSLR camera’s design
combines the optics and mechanisms of an SLR (film)
39 Understanding Camera
Figure 2.1: Image of DSLR camera
camera with a digital imaging sensor.

In DSLR, D stands for Digital means that the camera
operates with a digital sensor. S stands for Single-lens
means the camera uses the same lens for framing, focusing,
and taking the photograph. L stands for lenses. The lens is
used to focus light from the subject into the sensor. There
are many interchangeable lenses in DSLRs. R stands for
Reflex which refers to a system where a mirror splits or
directs the incoming light towards the optical viewfinder. It
allows you to see an exact, optical view of the scene.
2.1 Explain the structure of DSLR

A DSLR (Digital Single Lens Reflex) camera consists of
several main components that work together to capture and
store images:
Lens: A lens is made up of multiple optical elements,

including lenses, mirrors, and prisms, which work together
to direct and focus light onto the image sensor. Different
lenses have different focal lengths, which determine the field
of view and magnification, and apertures, which determine
how much light is allowed to enter the lens. Some lenses
also have image stabilization to reduce camera shake.
Figure 2.2: Image of camera's Lens
Image Sensor: The image sensor is a crucial component

of a DSLR camera, as it determines the overall image quality.
The size of the sensor and the number of pixels it contains
determine the resolution and dynamic range of the image.
Figure 2.3: Image sensor
Image Processor: The image processor is responsible for

performing various image processing tasks, such as white
balance correction, color correction, and noise reduction.
It also compresses the image data into a format that can
be stored on a memory card. The quality of the image
processor can have a significant impact on the final image
quality.
Storage: The memory card

used for storage in a DSLR
camera can be either an SD
(Secure Digital) card or a CF
(Compact Flash) card. The
type of card used can impact
the speed and capacity of the
storage. Some cameras also
have internal storage, but this
is typically limited in capacity. Figure 2.4: Memory Card
Viewfinder: The viewfinder

is an important component of
a DSLR camera, as it allows
the user to see the scene they
are about to capture. There are
two main types of viewfinders:
optical viewfinders and
electronic viewfinders. Optical
viewfinders use mirrors and
prisms to reflect the light coming
through the lens and display it Figure 2.5: Viewfinder
in the eyepiece, while electronic
viewfinders use a small display to show a live preview of
the image.
Shutter: The shutter is a mechanical component sort of a

curtain in the camera which allows the light to pass through
the sensor for a certain amount of time. It opens when you
press the shutter button on the camera and closes after a
fraction of the time. The time how much a shutter is open is
decided by the shutter speed. You will study about shutter
speed in detail in chapter 2.4.
Flash: The flash on a DSLR

camera can be used to
illuminate the scene in low-
light conditions. There are
various types of flashes,
including built-in flashes,
external flashes, and studio
flashes. The flash can also
be used to control the lighting
in a scene, either by filling in
shadows or by adding light to
specific areas. Figure 2.6: Flash
Power Source: A DSLR camera typically requires a

rechargeable battery to power all of its functions. Some
cameras use proprietary batteries, while others use standard
batteries such as AA or Lithium-Ion. Some cameras also
have an AC adapter that can be used to power the camera
for extended periods of time.
Body: The body of a DSLR camera is the housing that

contains all of the components and provides access to the
controls and buttons. It is important to consider the build
quality and durability of the body when choosing a camera,
as it will impact the overall user experience. The body also
provides mounting points for various accessories, such as
a tripod, flash, or microphone.
Fill in the blanks:
1. DSLR stands for : ________ _________
______ _____________
2. The first DSLR camera was made in ________
3. The time how much a shutter is open is decided
by ______________
4. There are two main types of viewfinders
_________ & _____________
5. A lens is made up of multiple ________ elements.
NOTES: ___________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
2.2 Explain the working of DSLR
A DSLR camera works by capturing light through the lens,
reflecting it into the viewfinder and image sensor, processing
the data, and storing the final image on a memory card. The
various components of a DSLR camera work together to
ensure that the final image is of high quality and accurately
represents the scene. Let us first understand the functionality
of these components.
Figure 2.7: Cross-section of a DSLR
Autofocus System: The autofocus system in a DSLR

camera uses sensors to determine the correct focus. There
are two main types of autofocus systems: phase detection
autofocus and contrast detection autofocus.
Phase detection autofocus uses dedicated sensors in the

camera body to quickly determine the correct focus, while
contrast detection autofocus uses the image sensor to detect
the contrast in the image and adjust the focus accordingly.
Some cameras also have hybrid autofocus systems that

use both phase detection and contrast detection autofocus.
Reflex Mirror: A reflex mirror guides the light from the

lens into the viewfinder by reflecting it upward.
Focusing screen: A camera’s focusing screen is the

glass surface on which the camera’s mirror projects the
image.
Condenser lens: A condenser lens is made up of a pair

of matched convex lenses. These are placed back-to-back
so that the curved surfaces face each other in the center,
with the flat surfaces sitting on the outside. It is used for
correcting color distortion.
Pentaprism: The pentaprism is a mirror placed at a

45-degree angle behind the camera lens. The mirror
projects the light captured from the lens to the viewfinder.
Exposure Control System: The exposure control system

in a DSLR camera determines the correct shutter speed
and aperture to properly expose the image.
The exposure control system takes into account various

factors, such as the ISO sensitivity, light metering mode,
and exposure compensation, to determine the correct
exposure.
There are various light metering modes, including spot

metering, center-weighted metering, and evaluative
metering. The exposure compensation feature allows you
to adjust the exposure up or down to suit the specific scene.
Raw vs JPEG: A DSLR camera can save images in two

main formats: raw and JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts
Group). Raw images are unprocessed, high-quality images
that can be edited in software such as Adobe Lightroom or
Photoshop. JPEG images are compressed and have had
image processing applied, resulting in smaller file sizes
and less editing flexibility. Some cameras also have a
raw+JPEG mode, where the camera saves both a raw and
JPEG version of the image.
Accessories: There are many accessories available for

DSLR cameras, including lenses, flashes, tripods, and
microphones. Different lenses have different focal lengths,
which determine the field of view and magnification, and
different aperture values, which determine how much light is
allowed to enter the lens. Flashes can be used to illuminate
the scene in low-light conditions or to control the lighting in
a scene. Tripods are essential for stable shooting.
QR Code: Working of DSLR
By scanning the above QR code, you can watch the working

of DSLR.
What happens when you press the shutter button
on a DSLR camera?
When you press the shutter button on a DSLR camera,

the camera's mirror flips up out of the way, allowing light to
pass through the lens and hit the image sensor.
Figure 2.8: Line diagram of working of a DSLR
Once the light reaches the image sensor, it is then converted

into an electronic signal. This signal is then sent to the
camera's internal computer, which processes the data and
turns it into a digital image. The camera's computer will also
apply any adjustments or settings that you have selected,
such as ISO, shutter speed, or aperture. Once the image
is captured and processed, it can be saved to the camera's
memory card or transferred to a computer. The image can
then be edited and manipulated using photo editing software
such as photoshop, adobe illustrator etc.
Fill in the blanks:
1. Photography is a perfect blend of _______ &
_________
2. There are two main types of autofocus systems
________________ & _______________.
3. A DSLR camera can save images in two main
formats _______ & _______
4. The pentaprism is a mirror placed at a ____-degree
angle behind the camera lens.
NOTES: ___________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
2.3 Describe the parts and controls
on a DSLR
A DSLR camera is composed of various parts and controls,
which work together to create high-quality images.
Understanding the functions and uses of these parts and
controls can greatly improve your photography skills and
help you get the most out of your camera. Figure 2.9 and
2.10 shows the various parts and controls on a DSLR
camera.
MODE DIAL INBUILT FLASH
POWER
SWITCH
FLASH
BUTTON
MAIN DIAL
SHUTTER
LENS MOUNT
BUTTON
BODY CAP
Figure 2.9: Parts of a DSLR camera (front-side)
Shutter Button: The shutter button is the button you

press to take a photo. When you press the shutter button
halfway, the camera performs an autofocus and exposure
metering, and when you press it fully, the camera takes the
photo.
Mode Dial: The mode dial is the dial located on top of

the camera that allows you to select different shooting
modes. Common modes include auto, program, aperture
priority, shutter priority, manual, and creative modes such
as portrait, landscape, and macro.
Main Dial: The control dial is a rotating dial that allows
you to adjust camera settings, such as shutter speed,
aperture, ISO, and exposure compensation. The control
dial is usually located on the top of the camera or at the
back of the camera.
MODE DIAL
LIVE VIEW BUTTON
VIEW FINDER EYEPIECE
APERTURE/ EXPOSURE
COMPENSATION/ ERASE
MAGNIFY/
DEMAGNIFY
BUTTON
DISPLAY BUTTON
ISO BUTTON
SETTING BUTTON
WHITE BALANCE
BUTTON
LCD MONITOR QUICK CONTROL
MENU BUTTON PLAYBACK
BUTTON
Figure 2.10: Parts of a DSLR camera (back-side)
Flash Button: It controls the camera's flash, both built-in

and external.
Lens Mount: The slot that connects the interchangeable

lens to the camera body and includes electrical contacts
for communication.
Menu Button: The menu button allows you to access

the camera's menu system, where you can adjust various
camera settings, such as white balance, autofocus mode,
and image quality.
Live View Button: The live view button activates the

camera's live view mode, which displays the scene on the
camera's LCD screen instead of the viewfinder. Live view
mode is useful for composing shots when the camera is in
an awkward position or for shooting video.
Playback Button: The playback button allows you to

view and review the photos that you have taken.
Magnify and Demagnify Button: It zooms in and out

on the image during playback or live view mode and is
helpful for checking focus and details in the image.
Autofocus Button: Some cameras have a separate

autofocus button, which allows you to lock focus on a
specific subject without taking the photo. This is useful for
keeping the focus on a moving subject or for capturing a
photo with a precise focus point.
Function Button: Some cameras have a function button

that can be customized to perform a specific function, such
as changing the ISO or white balance setting.
ISO Button: The ISO button allows you to adjust the

camera's sensitivity to light. A higher ISO setting is useful
for capturing photos in low light conditions but can result in
more digital noise in the image.
Memory Card Slot: The memory card slot is where you

insert a memory card to store your photos. Memory cards
come in various sizes and speeds, and the type of memory
card you use can affect the speed and quality of your photos.
Battery Compartment: The battery compartment is

where you insert the camera's battery to power the camera.
Tripod Socket: The tripod socket is a threaded hole
on the bottom of the camera that allows you to mount the
camera on a tripod.
Match the following:
A B
1. The shutter button (a) allows you to view
and review the photos
that you have taken.
2. The playback button (b) allows you to adjust
the camera's sensitivity
to light.
3. The ISO button (c) allows you to adjust
camera settings
4. The control dial (d) press to take a photo.
Answer: 1 : ____ 2 : ____
3 : ____ 4 : ____
2.4 Explain Exposure
In photography, exposure is the amount of light that reaches
the camera sensor or film to generate an image. It refers to
how bright or dark your images appear. The amount of light
needed to expose a photo depends on the picture you want
to capture, and the type of result you want. It depends on
whether you want to capture more details i.e., more sharp
or less detail in the picture. Your result may vary depending
on how you expose the photo i.e., what settings are done in
the camera to capture the desired picture.
There are only two camera settings that affect the exposure
of an image: shutter speed and aperture. The third important
setting is ISO, which affects the brightness of an image. Let
us study all three settings to get a correctly exposed image.
Shutter Speed: The shutter speed in a DSLR camera

determines the amount of time that the shutter is open and
the light is reaching the image sensor to capture an image.
This could be 1/100 of a second, 1/10 of a second, five
seconds, five minutes, or an hour. When it is open for a
longer time, more light enters the camera and when it is
open for a shorter time, less light enters the camera.
As studied earlier, Exposure refers to the brightness and

darkness of an image. One of the ways to control the
brightness or darkness of an image is by adjusting the
shutter speed. If the shutter speed is slow, the shutter
remains open for a longer time. So, the sensor is exposed
to light for a long time and this may result in a brighter or
overexposed image. And if there is a faster shutter speed,
the shutter opens for a small amount of time and thus
less light is exposed to the sensor and this may result in a
dark or underexposed image. Figure 2.11 shows, how the
brightness of the image changes on changing the shutter
speed.
Underexposed Correctly exposed Overexposed
Figure 2.11: Shutter speed and exposure
Overexposed: The captured photograph is

very bright and the details in the highlights are
lost i.e., the whites becomes more white.
Underexposed: The captured photograph

becomes very dark and the details in the
shadows and the darkest areas of the image
are lost i.e., the dark will become more dark.
Correctly exposed: A correctly exposed

photograph is one that is neither too light nor
too dark.
Aperture: The aperture in a DSLR camera determines
the amount of light that enters the lens and reaches the
image sensor. It is very similar to the “pupil” in our eyes.
Just like the pupil, the aperture can also open or shrink to
change the amount of light that passes through it. A wider
aperture (lower f-number) allows more light to enter, while
a narrower aperture (higher f-number) allows less light to
enter. Figure 2.12 shows the different sizes of aperture in a
lens.
Figure 2.12: Aperture Sizes
The aperture mechanism in the lens is formed of a series

of opaque “blades” called the diaphragm. These blades
form a small hole, almost circular in shape by following the
open and close mechanism. Opening of blades increases
the size of the hole and the camera sensor will capture
more light, whereas when the blades close, less light will
hit the sensor. This opening and closing mechanism of the
blades determines the size of the aperture. Aperture size
increases as the blades open and decreases when the
blades are closing.
ISO: ISO is a camera setting which is responsible for the

brightness and darkness of an image. The image appears
brighter with every higher ISO value and darker with lower
ISO values.
The Common ISO scale ranges from ISO 100 to ISO 6400.
On doubling the ISO speed, the brightness of the photo is
also doubled.
ISO 100 ISO 200 ISO 400
Figure 2.13: ISO and Exposure
So, a photo at ISO 400 will be twice brighter as at ISO

200, which will be twice brighter as at ISO 100. Figure 2.13
shows the difference in the image on different ISO. From
the above learnings, it can be concluded that in order to get
a perfectly exposed image, the values of aperture, shutter
speed and ISO should be properly set. The combination of
these three components forms the exposure triangle, which
will be studied in chapter 2.5.
Fill in the blanks:
1. There are only two camera settings that affect the
exposure of an image: __________ & ___________.
2. __________ is the amount of light that reaches
the camera sensor or film to generate an image.
3. The aperture mechanism in the lens is formed of
a series of opaque “blades” called the _________.
4. _______ is a camera setting that is responsible
for brightness and darkness of an image.
NOTES: ___________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
2.5 Describe the Exposure Triangle
An exposure triangle consists of three elements of

exposure: aperture, shutter speed and ISO on each of
its sides. A correct balance of these three elements can
capture a perfectly exposed image. All three elements of
the exposure triangle should always be such that it balances
the exposure triangle. Any changes made to the value of
one of the elements must be compensated by adjusting the
value of atleast one of the remaining two elements. The
basic exposure triangle rule is to maintain a balance and
when the three sides of the triangle are balanced, you’ll
have the right exposure value (EV), which is normally equal
to zero.
1/
00
25
64
SH
1/
00
12
UT
32
5
1/
TER 30 1/15
0
ISO
60
0
16
1/
ER
BR
0
HT
SP 1/8 1/
80
IG
IG
HT
BR
EE 4 1/2
0
40
ER
D
0
20
BRIGHTER
0
10
F/1 F/1.4 F/2 F/2.8 F/4 F/5.6 F/8 F/11 F/16 F/22
APERTURE
Figure 2.14: Exposure Triangle
To understand the working of the exposure triangle, you
must understand the following two important concepts:
1. Stops
2. Exposure Value (EV)
Stop: Stop is the unit of measurement of exposure, whose

values affects the exposure of an image i.e., the brightness
and darkness of an image depends on the number of stops.
The increase in stop value by one stop means the exposure
is doubled and decrement by one stop means the exposure
is halved. This means the image gets twice brighter on
increasing one stop and on reducing the stop value by one
stop, the brightness of images is halved. Figure 2.15, 2.16
and 2.17 shows the stop scale with the elements of the
exposure triangle.
Stops and Shutter Speed: Shutter speed measures

how long the shutter of the camera remains open when
recording an image. The longer it is open, the slower is the
shutter speed and more light is entered, resulting a greater
exposure or can result to an overexposed image. Doubling
or halving your shutter speed produces an increase or
decrease of 1 stop of exposure.
FASTER SHUTTER SPEED SLOWER SHUTTER SPEED

LESS LIGHT MORE LIGHT
1/250 1/125 1/60 1/30 1/15 1/8 1/4 1/2 1
1 STOP SHUTTER SPEED (seconds)
Figure 2.15: Stops and Shutter Speed
Stops and Aperture Diameter: As studied earlier, the
aperture of the camera can control the amount of light that
passes through the lens to the image sensor. The size of
the aperture depends on the f-stop numbers. The f-stop,
which is also known as the f-number, is the ratio of the focal
length of the lens to the diameter of the diaphragm i.e., the
hole size of the aperture. An f-stop number is expressed as
a fraction, with “f” as the numerator and the f-stop number
as the denominator. A lower f-number refers to a wider
aperture that allows more light to enter through it, while a
higher f-number means a narrower aperture which allows
less light to enter through it. Figure 2.16 shows the common
aperture stop scale.
NARROW APERTURE WIDE APERTURE

F/22 F/16 F/11 F/8 F/5.6 F/4 F/2.8 F/2 F/1.4 F/1
1 STOP APERTURE (F-number)
Figure 2.16: Stops and Diameter
Stops and ISO Speed: ISO refers to the brightness and

darkness of an image. It is the measure of how sensitive
the camera sensor is towards the light that is striking it.
On doubling the ISO, the brightness of the image is also

doubled i.e., the exposure is incremented by one stop.
And on halving the ISO or decrementing it by one stop, the

exposure is also decreased by one stop and the brightness
of the image is halved. Figure 2.17 shows the common ISO
speed stops scale.
SLOWER ISO SPEED FASTER ISO SPEED
100 200 400 800 1600 3200 6400
1 STOP ISO SPEED STOPS
Figure 2.17: Stops and ISO Speed
Exposure value (EV): The exposure value (EV) is a

number that represents all the possible combinations of
aperture, shutter speed and ISO that gives the same EV
value for the images that have the same exposure.
In other words, all the configurations that capture the

same amount of light (produce the same exposure) have
the same EV number. An increment of one step on the
EV scale represents a one-stop increase in exposure, and
conversely, a one-step decrease corresponds to a one-stop
decrease in exposure.
Working of Exposure Triangle
Let us understand the exposure triangle with an example.

Usually the image with exposure value as zero is considered
as correctly exposed image. Suppose you have the balanced
exposure triangle with the exposure value (EV) equal to zero,
and you want to increase two aperture stops. To maintain
balance so that the exposure value (EV) remains zero, you
must reduce an ISO stop and a shutter speed stop. The
other options would be reducing either two ISO stops or two
shutter speed stops. Let us see this with another example.
Figure 2.18: Images with balanced EV.
Consider a camera setting where initially the ISO is set to

100 and shutter speed at 1/100 and the aperture is F/4.
Figure 2.18, shows three different settings of exposure

elements with a balanced exposure value. The EV for all
three images is the same. But they all have different camera
settings. For simplicity, the aperture value is kept constant
as F/4 in all the images.
In the first image, ISO is set to 100 with a shutter speed of

1/100. In the second image, the ISO value is increased and
set to 200, so to balance the exposure value (EV) shutter
speed is decreased and is set to 1/150. And in the third
image, the ISO is again increased and therefore shutter
speed is decreased. The ISO value is set to 400 and the
shutter speed at 1/250.
From figure 2.18, we can conclude that on changing camera

settings, the same image can be obtained. And this is only
possible if all three elements of the exposure triangle are
balanced.
Fill in the blanks:
1. Shutter speed measures how long the shutter of
the camera remains open when recording an
image.
2. The size of the aperture depends on the ________
numbers.
3. ________ is the unit of measurement of exposure
4. All the configurations that capture the same
amount of light have ___________________.
5. On doubling the ISO, the brightness of image is
also __________________.
NOTES: ___________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
Things to
Remember
1. The structure of a DSLR camera consists of a

lens, image sensor, image processor, memory card,
viewfinder, shutter, flash, power source and
camera's body.
2. A darker image is due to underexposure and a
brighter image is due to overexposure
3. A low shutter speed value (faster shutter speed),
low ISO value and a small aperture allows less
light and may result to an underexposed image.
4. A high shutter speed value (lower shutter speed),
high ISO value and bigger aperture allows more
light and may result to an overexposed image.
2.7 Practical
Activity 1: Demonstrate the process of setting

up a DSLR
Tips: Insert the battery and memory

card, attach lens and set the
exposure.
Activity 2: Demonstrate photography with a
DSLR
Tips: Capture pictures and analyse

them.
Activity 3: Demonstrate exposure control

using Shutter speed, Aperture and
ISO
Tips: Capture pictures by setting correct

exposure.
Activity 4: Demonstrate Low light

Photography
Tips: Capture images with slow shutter

speed and wide aperture and then
adjust the ISO to get a clear image.
UNIT- 3
Art of Photography
Topics Covered
3.1 Describe the laws of design with
examples
3.2 Describe the rules of Composition and
leading lines
3.3 Explain Camera angles
3.4 Define and explain a photo essay
3.6 Practical
Composition is the language of photography. When you

compose your image, you have to arrange the elements of
the scene in such a way that it looks pleasing and impressive
to the viewers. This will also help to represent the visual
message in the most harmonious and impactful way.
“Composition is a pleasing organisation of objects

within your rectangle,” says photographer Adam Long.
In order to achieve a well-composed image, there are
several laws and guidelines to be followed. However, they
are not compulsory but following them will certainly not
harm your composition.
67 Art of Photography
3.1 Describe the Laws of Design with
examples
The laws or principles of design describe how elements
of art are used within an image. Basically, in photography,
there are seven principles of art and design. They are
balance, rhythm, pattern, emphasis, contrast, unity, and
movement. To study these principles let us first understand
the elements of art.
The elements of art and design are line, color, texture,

shape, value and space. The elements of art and design
are the tools to create visual art. The principles of art and
design represent how one can use these tools to create
visual art.
Elements of Design
Lines: The first

and most basic
element of design
is the line. In
design, a line is
any two connected
points. It is a point
in motion, with only
one dimension
Figure 3.1: A building representing Line element of
i.e., length, and design
the longer its
length, the greater its visual importance. These lines can be
straight, curved, smooth, rough, continuous, broken, thick,
or thin. They can divide up the space or connect objects
within an image. In figure 3.1, the building depicts the line
which draws our eyes up and through the image.
Color: Color is a
powerful element of
art that can catch
our eyes to create
a mood or take
us to a particular
place or time. It can
stand alone, act
as a background,
or highlight other
elements in your Figure 3.2 : A scene showing complementary
colors
design. Whether they
are bright and saturated or soft and muted, they can be
used in interesting ways within an image.
Shape/For m:
Shape is the element
that describes
the basic forms of
things, whether they
are organic such as
leaves, flowers etc,
or geometric such
as circles, squares,
triangles etc. Shapes
are two-dimensional
whereas forms are Figure 3.3 : An image showing various geometric
shapes
three-dimensional. A
variety of shapes creates interest within an art.
Texture:
The element of art that lets us feel the world with our eyes.
From the rough texture of a tree trunk to the glossy
sheen of fresh paint, texture engages both our sight and our
sense of touch.
Texture can be
contrasting or
curving which
can show detail or
suggest motion.
Often texture
will add interest
by breaking a
pattern.
They are mostly

Figure 3.4 : An image showing multiple textures
seen in abstract
photography. In
figure 3.4 we get a variety of textures to feel visually like the
texture of the fur of a cat, the bark of tree and background
leaves.
Value: It refers to the relative lightness or darkness of

certain areas of an image which can add drama to your
photographs. In figure 3.5, the land is showing some depth
by varying the value of lightness and darkness.
Figure 3.5: Land showing value of

lightness and darkness
Space: Space is the element that describes a sense of
depth within a photograph. The space can be flat, shallow,
deep and dimensional. It refers to the area that a shape
or form occupies. Space can be defined as positive and
negative. The positive space of a design is the filled space
in the design i.e., it is the shapes that make up the design.
Whereas negative space is the background itself. There
should be a balance of positive and negative space in the
design.
Figure 3.6: A landscape showing positive and negative space.
Laws of Design
Design is different from art i.e.; it has a purpose while

elements of design are just the tools used to fulfil the
requirement of art.
In other words, the principles of design describe how the

various elements of design come together to form an art
and draw attention and provide visual interest to the viewer.
Let us study all seven principles of design to get the best

output upon following this in our photography.
Balance: Balance is the first principle of design that
describes the weight of different elements throughout the
scene. It gives a feeling of stability. There are three types
of balance. Symmetrical, radial balance and Asymmetrical
balance.
Symmetrical balance is the simplest kind of balance

where an item is symmetrically balanced from both sides.
One obvious example is our body. If you draw an imaginary
line from head to toe, dividing your body into half, both
sides show symmetrical equality. Another example can
be as shown in figure 3.7, the water path separating two
symmetrical buildings.
Figure 3.7: Symmetrical Balance
Radial balance has elements that are placed equally

around a center point. Some of the examples are pizza, the
spokes of a bicycle etc.
Asymmetrical balance creates a feeling of equal weight

on both sides, even though the sides do not look the same.
For example, a textured surface on one side of an image
with a smooth one on the other.
Rhythm: Rhythm is
a repetitive organized
movement throughout the
composition. It allows the
eye to move from one part
of the image to another
part. This can be achieved
by using repeating patterns
or elements.
Pattern: Patterns are

an active principle of
art and design. It is the
uniform repetition of any
of the elements of art or a
combination of any of them.
Anything can be turned
into a pattern through
repetition. Patterns can
make a 2D image look like
a 3D work of art by placing the elements in a way that looks
embossed.
Emphasis: Emphasis refers to the dominance of a subject

in the photograph. It draws the attention of the viewer
towards the main subject in the composition. Emphasis can
be achieved by using elements of design such as using
contrasting colors, enlarging your main subject etc. In figure
3.8, out of so many doors, our eyes catch the red-colored
door first.
Figure 3.8: Emphasis
Contrast: Contrast is
the difference between
various elements
within a design, that
makes them stand out
from each other. It is
created when two or
more opposing elements are present in a photograph. For
example, light against
dark and warm against
cool.
Unity: Unity refers to

the visual relationship
between the elements
of design. It shows how
well they work together.
It creates a sense of
unity by using similar colors, tones, concepts or elements.
Movement: Movement is the direction that makes the
eyes of the viewer travel over a design. The most important
subject should lead the next important and so on. It can be
directed by lines or by a change in color or scale. In figure
3.9, our eyes follow the path in the image.
Figure 3.9: Movement
NOTES: ___________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
Fill in the blanks:
1. There are three types of balance ___________,
____________, ____________.
2. _________ are two-dimensional whereas _______
are three-dimensional.
3. _________ is a repetitive organized movement
throughout the composition.
4. Emphasis refers to the ____________ of a subject
in the photograph.
5. _________ refers to the visual relationship
between the elements of design.
NOTES: ___________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
3.2 Describe Rules of Composition and
Leading Lines
Composition is an arrangement of the elements of the
image to make them attractive to the viewer. This helps
to represent the visual message of the artist in the most
harmonious and impactful way. Composing a photograph
means placing the elements of an image in a way that the
image is able to convey a story to the viewer.
Horace said, “A picture is a poem without words.”
Here are a few guidelines for composition, following them
your composition can be expressed in a more appealing
and pleasing way.
Rule of Thirds: It is the most simple and effective way to

frame the composition. As per the rule of thirds, we need
to divide our composition by two vertical lines and two
horizontal lines in such a way that there are nine equal
parts and four intersection points. We need to place our
main subject into one of these intersecting points or towards
the left or right side of the center of the frame. This results
in a dynamic and better-looking image than placing the
subject in the middle of the composition. Refer to module-1
of Introduction to Photography for a detailed explanation of
this rule.
Center Composition: As per the rule of thirds, placing

the subjects in center may lead to a boring composition. But
there is an exception, sometimes keeping your main subject
in the depth center gives an outstanding composition. In
center composition, there should be a balance of left and
right or the top or bottom part of the main subject in the
image. It works well when there is some symmetry in the
composition or there is some reflection. Figure 3.10, shows
an example of center composition.
Figure 3.10: Center Composition
The Golden Triangle: In the golden triangle guideline,

a line is drawn from one of the pair of opposite corners
forming a diagonal and two perpendiculars are drawn from
the other two corners on the diagonal line. This results in
four triangles of two different sizes. Now we can place the
main subject in one of the triangles and also can place the
leading lines on the diagonal lines.
Golden Ratio: This rule of composition follows a golden
number, which is simply a ratio of 1 to 1.618. By using this
number, we can arrange the elements in an aesthetically
pleasing way. The golden ratio rule can be of two types:
Golden rectangle and Golden spiral.
Golden Ratio Grid: This is also called as phi grid or

golden rectangle. It looks similar to the rule of thirds with
two horizontal and two vertical lines with four intersecting
points dividing the frame into nine parts. But here all parts
are not of equal sizes and it creates a bit of tension in the
image. The tension here is in a positive sense which means
there is a dynamic element that holds the viewer’s eyes for
a few moments while watching the image captured. Figure
3.11 shows the image following the phi grid rule. It visually
attracts the viewer towards the main subject.
Figure 3.11: Golden Grid
Golden Ratio Spiral: This guideline can be used when

majorly one subject is in the composition. Simply place
the subject where the golden spiral’s curl would be. It is
said that the famous painting “Monalisa” is made using the
golden spiral rule. This guideline aims to draw the viewer’s
attention from the bigger curve towards the spiral.
Figure 3.12: Monalisa painting

with spiral curve
Rule of odds: According to

this compositional guideline
capturing an odd number of
subjects to create more visually
attractive images, including 3 or
5 elements instead of 2 or 4.
Frame within a frame: Framing a frame within a camera

frame is a popular technique of composition that enhances
the main subject in the composition. Adding a frame within
a frame means to keep the main subject inside the other
subject that acts as a frame. This framing creates depth in
the composition. The natural frame can be doors, windows,
arches etc. The below figure shows how a frame within a
frame guideline works.
Leading Lines
Leading lines lead or converge to a single point or the
main subject in the composition. Leading lines are very
strong composition techniques that are used to make the
composition dynamic and beautiful.
Leading lines can be of many types such as: horizontal,

vertical, diagonal, converging and curved. Let's discuss
each of them.
Horizontal Lines: These lines are usually used in

landscape photography. They convey a sense of stability.
But sometimes they can direct the viewers outside the
image as shown in figure 3.13.
Figure 3.13: A composition with horizontal leading lines.
Vertical Lines: Vertical lines leads the viewer’s eye to

the top or bottom of the image. These lines can be used in
fashion photography, street photography etc. In figure 3.14,
the vertical leading lines are drawn naturally by trees.
Figure 3.14: A composition with vertical leading lines.
Diagonal Lines: Diagonal lines often emphasize distance

from the foreground to the background. Figure 3.15 shows
diagonal leading lines that points our eyes to the main
subject.
Figure 3.15: A composition with diagonal leading lines.
Converging Lines: When two lines or curves intersect,

they can halt the viewer’s eye. They can also be used to
redirect the focus of the image.
When lines from the foreground and background meet,

they create a sense of depth or distance. Figure 3.16 shows
almost all types of leading lines. There are converging lines
that take the viewer’s eyes from the foreground towards
the main object, vertical lines as vertical pillars, horizontal
lines as slabs at the top, and diagonal lines from the left-top
corner of the front pillar towards the last pillar that is near
to the main object.
So, we can also conclude that there can be more than one
leading line in a composition that is focusing on a single
subject.
Figure 3.16: A composition with Figure 3.17: A composition with curved
converging leading lines. leading lines.
Curved Lines: “I think the best type of leading

lines are ones that curve because they can bring the
viewer’s eye through the entire image”, says Kosslow.
In figure 3.17 the bars at the top shows curve lines

that directs the viewer towards the end of the road.
NOTES: ___________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
Activity: Observe the images given below and
write down the rule it is following:
TIP: There can be more than one composition
rule/guidelines.
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
3.3 Explain Camera Angles
Camera positions, angles, and the degree of those angles
can totally change the meaning of the composition. There
are several types of shots and angles to shoot a particular
image or a scene and all these shots can result in different
emotions in the same image. A basic explanation of camera
positions and angles is done in module-1 of Introduction
to Photography. Now let us first study the various camera
shots and then we will study more about camera angles.
Shots
Camera shots are an essential aspect of storytelling in

photography. By capturing a scene from different-different
shots and angles, different emotions can be generated.
There are various types of shots that can be used from
these angles.
Extreme long shot: Extreme long shots are also called

establishing shots. This shot is taken to give an introduction
to the surroundings and environment of the scene. The
character in this shot may not necessarily be in focus.
The images are captured from a distance and are usually
landscapes.
Introduction to Photography 86 Introduction to Photography

Long shot: This shot focuses
on the character as well as its
surroundings. This shot is also
called as wide shot. It enables
the viewer to see the full length
of the character from head to toe.
Medium Long shot:

The medium-long shot generally
shows the character from slightly
above the knees to the top of
the head. It enables the viewer
to see facial expressions in
combination with body language,
to show emotion.
Medium shot:
The medium shot also called
as waist shot generally shows
the character from the waist to
the top of the head. It shows
important actions and costumes.
Close-up shot:
In close-up shot the character is
shot from the top of the shoulders
to the top of the head. It’s used
for capturing the emotion and
expression of the character.
Extreme Close-up shot:
Extreme close-up shots are taken
to show the deep details of a
character or object in the frame.
For example, if a person is to be
captured by an extreme close-up
shot, a particular part of the body
is shown.
Angles
A camera angle refers to the angle at which a camera

is positioned to capture the image. Here are the various
camera angles and each angle has its own significance.
High Angle: A high-angle shot is done by taking the

photograph from a height and tilting the camera downwards.
The subject is placed at a height lower than the camera.
It shows the subject within the frame as small, isolated,
vulnerable and weak.
Low Angle: In this type of shot the position of the camera

is down and the angle is tilted upward towards the subject.
Here the subject is placed at a higher height than the
camera. The resultant images look imposing, dominating
and powerful.
Eye-level: The position and angle of the camera are along

the direction of the eye. This shot is used to capture the
scene that is aligned with our eyes. No need to look up or
down for photography. The resultant image leaves neutral
and natural expressions of the character or scene.
Dutch Angle or Dutch Tilt Shot: The camera is slanted
to one side. The horizon lines are tilted in a way that creates
a sense of disorientation.
Bird’s Eye View Shot or Overhead Shot: An overhead

shot is taken at an angle of 90 degree with the camera
facing the head of the subject. The shot is taken from a
height above the top of the subject covering a good amount
of the surroundings. It creates a great sense of scale and
movement.
Aerial Shot: This shot is taken from a helicopter or a

drone. It is shot from a huge height. It establishes a large
expanse of scenery.
Figure 3.18: High Angle shot Figure 3.20: Eye level shot
Figure 3.19: Low Angle shot
Figure 3.22: Over head shot
Figure 3.21: Dutch Angle
Figure 3.23: Aerial shot
NOTES: ___________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
Activity: Observe the images given below and write
down the angle/shot:
TIP: There can be more than one angle/shot.
________________________________ _________________________________
________________________________ _________________________________
________________________________ _______________________________
________________________________ _______________________________
________________________________ ______________________________
________________________________ ______________________________
3.4 Define and explain a photo essay
E veryone likes to hear stories but to see them sounds
more exciting and interesting. Stories can be seen without
any words with the help of photographs. Here a series of
photographs are placed in a sequence which can actually
describe the events. They are arranged in a way that
conveys a message. This is called a photo essay.
A photo essay is the visual representation of a story by

displaying the images in a sequence with reference to the
happened event.
It is as powerful and understandable as written words, apart

from this it actually takes our mind to the location displayed
in the story. This makes it more powerful and engaging.
How to Create a Photo Essay
• Tell a diverse, confident story that can convey a message.

• Shoot the scene from different shots and make sure you
have enough images to create a story.
• Make a Storyboard, this will create a layout of your story
i.e., telling the sequence of images to put in your essay.
• Choose only the relevant images to form the story.
• Get an outsider/expert advice, who has knowledge of
creating photo essays and make him/her select the best
images as per the story.
• Now make your final selections keeping in mind the
advice of the expert.
• You can write small captions also, although this is optional.
Types of Photo Essays
Photography is a medium that allows you to explore

narratives and tell stories about the world around you.
There are mainly two types of photo essays: Narrative and
Thematic. A narrative photo essay is a story that is told by
you to the audience for example your one-day routine or
your travel trip but stick with one story from beginning to
end. On the other hand, a thematic essay can be created
around a subject, idea or theme. For example, a collection
of people who visit a museum is a type of thematic photo
essay, street photography etc.
There are numerous ideas to create a photo essay and you

can have your own also. Here are a few of them for your
reference.
People growing: You can capture or collect photographs

of people as they grow over time. This type of photo essay
works well for photographing a child. The journey of a child
from newborn to a year old looks amazing and dramatic.
Place over time: Capturing pictures of one particular place

over a period of time and analyzing its development. It can
include the streets, houses, parks etc.
Technology: A possible idea for a photo essay is to take

pictures of different types of technology. The best example
can be the development of the mobile phone from decades
to the present. You can show different models of mobile
phones of a particular company for example Samsung,
Apple etc.
Photo walk: It is a fun activity that excites a photographer

to capture images of the locations of his interest. This can
be done in streets, markets, parks etc.
Behind the scenes: It is very exciting to see the shots

behind the scene of a particular event or play. The photos
captured can be from an actor’s makeup room, the set of a
film etc.
A day in life: This is an easy and quick photo essay that

requires only a day to capture images. The images can
be of a particular person or group of people. For example,
a sequence of activities can be captured on a person's
birthday from morning to night.
Educational: Some photo essays can serve as educational

aids. For example, you can show the life cycle of a plant,
from seed to plant like coriander seeds, tomato seeds etc.
The process will take around 15-20 days.
Religious traditions: A photo essay can capture pictures

of religious ceremonies or traditions from different cultures.
Toys: To create a photo essay about toys can grow your

interest in research. You can research on toys used from the
times of your grandparents, parents and yours and compare
the developments. For example, your grandparents might
have played with manual toys, your parents had used light
and sound toys and you had used artificial intelligent toys
like cars that automatically decide their route.
Things to
Remember
1. There are seven principles of design. They are

balance, rhythm, pattern, emphasis, contrast,
unity, and movement.
2. There are three types of balance. Symmetrical,
radial balance and Asymmetrical balance.
3. The Golden rectangle is also called as phi-grid.
4. A Phi-grid rule is similar to the rule of thirds
with a few different-sized rectangles.
5. Leading lines are of many types such as:
horizontal, vertical, diagonal, converging and
curved.
6. In a dutch angle shot the horizon is tilted.
7. There are two types of photo essays: Narrative
and Thematic.
NOTES: ___________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
3.6 Practical
Activity 1: Identify images using laws

of design
Tips: Collect or capture images that is

following the laws of design
Activity 2: Identify the rules of composition

used in the Masters works
Tips: Search for a photograph that

is captured by any well-known
photographer and analyse it.
96
Activity 3: Demonstrate the effectiveness of
camera angles
Tips: Capture pictures by different

camera angles.
Activity 4: Create a photo essay
Tips: Capture images related to any

of the above studied photo essay
type and make a story out of it.
97
Summary
In this module, you have learned about different

types and genres of photography and understood
their importance. A basic understanding of the
DSLR camera's components and its working is
achieved. You have learned the basic guidelines to
compose an image. A good knowledge of leading
lines, camera angles and shots is gained. Also, you
are now able to write your own photo essay and
tell your visual stories to your friends and family.
NOTES: ___________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
UNIT- 4
Practical Photography:
Projects and Assignments
Topic Covered
4.1 Explain Composition and Perspective

4.2 Explain the importance of controlling
Exposure
4.3 Assignment and Projects
4.1 Explain Composition and

Perspective
Perspective: Perspective is a technique used to create

three-dimensional imagery on two-dimensional surfaces to
give them the illusion of depth. It is used to make an object
appear to have dimensions. When it comes to compositions,
there are two kinds of perspective - linear perspective and
atmospheric (aerial) perspective.
Linear Perspective: Linear perspective is achieved by

using lines and vanishing points. As the object goes nearer
to the vanishing point, the smaller and less detailed it will be.
99 Practical Photography
Leading lines are one of the most popular visual techniques
artists use to compose scenes. These are parallel lines
that, when viewed at a distance, appear to converge and
lead to a vanishing point.
Figure 4.1: Linear Perspective
Definition:
Vanishing Point: A point at which receding

parallel lines seem to meet when represented in linear
perspective.
Atmospheric Perspective: Atmospheric perspective,

which is also known as 'aerial perspective', refers to how
colors fade in the distance. It is most noticeable when you
are photographing landscapes. It is also a technique that
artists have always used to create a sense of depth in their
paintings.

Figure 4.2: Atmospheric Perspective
4.2 Explain the importance of

controlling Exposure
It is very important to control exposure while photographing

an image or a scene. The main elements that control
exposure are shutter speed, aperture and ISO. These three
elements form the exposure triangle and it is extremely
important to get a balanced exposure triangle. The values
of these elements should be adjusted in a way which
gives a perfectly exposed image i.e., neither too dark nor
too bright. An imbalance in the exposure triangle leads
to an underexposed(dark) or overexposed(bright) image.
Imbalance in the exposure triangle is caused due to incorrect
adjustments of these elements.
Thus, to achieve a perfectly exposed image, a knowledge

of these elements and how to control them is necessary.

4.3 Assignments and Projects
Activity 1: Rules of composition

1. Participant should take 5 photographs
2. Each of the photographs should focus on
one rule of composition
3. Every photograph must use a different
rule
Activity 2: Leading lines

2. Each of the photographs should focus
on importance of leading lines
3. Participants can utilize architecture
like buildings and staircases to achieve
the goal

Activity 3: Portraits Project

2. Each of the photographs should
focus on different subjects showing
variation in age, location, social and
professional identity etc.
Activity 4: Photo Story

2. These photographs must collectively
tell a story
3. The story can be a process, act or an
experience

References and Books
References:
1. Photopils
2. Capturetheatlas.com
3. Photography life
4. freepik
Books:
1. Understanding Exposure by Bryan Peterson

2. Collins Complete Photography Course by John Garrett
3. The Art of Photography: An Approach to Personal Ex-
pression by Bruce Barnbaum
PDF's:
1. An introduction to photography by Karl Taylor

2. Mastering the Photography Basics by Dan Zafra -
Capture the Atlas

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STUDY MATERIAL

Media & Entertainment Skills Council

 Smt. Nidhi Chhibber (IAS), Chairperson, Central Board of

Guidance and Support:

 Dr. Biswajit Saha, Director (Skill Education), Central Board

 Dr. Joseph Emmanuel, Director (Academics), Central

 Shri. R. P. Singh, Joint Secretary (Skill Education), Central

 Smt. Niti Shanker Sharma, Deputy Secretary (Skill

Content and Design:

 Mr. Gaurav Birla, Head - Standards & QA, Media &

 Mrs. Palak Golchha, Chief Creator, Creative Junction,

 Mr. Ritik Kumar, Chief Designer, Ridosk Studios, India

MARKS DISTRIBUTION: Total 50 marks

We are living in a golden age of photography. Photographs

1.1 Explain the Purpose of Photography

It is also a source of information for scientists and researchers

Photography is also used in time-lapse i.e., to capture the

Photography is widely used in biological research. The

Photography is widely used in advertisements for displaying

Figure 1.1: A snapshot of World War-II

Photography is also good for mental health as it can help

1. Photography connect us to the _________ .

(a) present (b) past (c) both (a) and (b)

2. __________ photography helps to keep a record

of evidence of the past

3. Photography is widely used in advertisements for

displaying their __________.

4. _____________ photography can stimulate you to

create outstanding imagery.

5. In photography, ___________________ is the only

There are basically four types/styles of photography. They

Lifestyle Photography: This type of photography

While doing documenting photography you

1. The image that you want to capture should be clearly

2. There should be proper lights when shooting the image.

3. No need to edit the photo in any kind of software as it

4. The photo should be captured under the supervision

5. It is suggested to do photography in natural light as it

6. The image should be captured from the proper camera

The image should be taken in such a way that the main

Figure 1.3: Documenting Photography

Figure 1.3 shows the identity cards of various employees

This is a common portrait

Difference between Documenting and Art

1. There are basically _______ types/styles of

2. __________ type of photography serves the

personal moments of the subject in frame.

3. It is suggested to do photography in _________

_______ as it is easily available and free of cost.

4. _____________ is a common portrait style

5. _____________ images can be modified using

photo editing tools and softwares.

Photography is a powerful tool that tells stories when

This type of photography is mainly done outdoors in the

The close-ups of natural scenes and textures are seen in

Nature photographs are usually published in scientific,

Landscape photography is the art of capturing pictures

Capturing photos of animals, plants, and ecosystems in

In Underwater photography, we use special cameras

we use the unit of _ __.

1. DSLR stands for : _

_ & _____