Pte Reading

Reading:
Reorder Paragraph:
1: Angelou
 Angelou's most famous work 'l Know Why the Caged Bird Sings' (1969), is an
autobiographical story about her life and her struggles growing up.
 As the book develops, we see how she reflects on her past, navigates her experiences as a
black woman in a white-male-dominated society, and grows confident in her identity and
motherhood.
 Maya Angelou was an American poet, author, and civil rights activist.
 Over the course of her career, she published autobiographies, novels, poetry, and a list of
plays and movies.
 The book begins with Angelou being a victim of racism and abuse.
2: Decay
 It also allows you to use your computer to edit out the boring moments and add music or
narration.
 By converting those old tapes to digital form, you can effectively stop the deterioration in its
tracks.
 You haven't watched the movies in years but, unfortunately, the years are still taking their
toll. Heat, humidity and improper storage cause videotapes to deteriorate, decaying the
magnetic particles that represent your precious family memories.
 Somewhere in your house is a box or drawer full of videotapes: aging home movies full of
birthdays, holiday gatherings, and other special family moments.
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3: Urban Geographers
 At the same time, urban geographers began quantitative information like census data to
compare different urban areas.
 Using this data allowed them to do comparative studies of different cities and develop
computer- based analysis out of those studies.
 In the 1920s, Carl Sauer became influential in urban geography as he motivated
geographers to study a city's population and economic aspects with regard to its physical
location.
 By the 1970s, urban studies were the leading form of geographic research.
 Throughout the 1950s and 1970s, geography itself became focused on spatial analysis,
quantitative measurements and the use of the scientific method.
4: Cultural Anthropologist
 For example, cultural anthropologist Margaret Mead used naturalistic observation to study
the daily lives of different groups in the South Pacific.
 Naturalistic observation involves observing subjects of interest in their normal, everyday
setting. It's sometimes referred to as field work because it requires researchers to go out
into the field (the natural setting) to collect data on their participants.
 It can be conducted in any kind of social or organizational setting, including offices, schools,
or just about any other place where people can be observed.
 The approach doesn't always require researchers to observe people in such exotic
environments, however.
5: Topographic Maps
 The lines also have numbers on them, specifying which elevation is represented by the
points connected by that line.
 If the numbers become lower as you move toward the center of an area, they represent the
site of a depression and have hash marks on them to distinguish them from hills.
 Topographic maps use contour lines to represent elevation.
 These lines connect points that are at the same level, so you know that when you travel
from one line to another, you are either going up or down in elevation.
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6: Tributaries
 Then these two tributaries meet in Sudan, near the capital city of Khartoum, and then flow
north through Egypt to the Mediterranean Sea.
 The former is the stretch of river that begins at Lake No in South Sudan, while the latter is
the stretch of river that begins at Lake Tana in Ethiopia.
 Its principal tributaries are the White Nile and the Blue Nile.
 The most famous river that flows north is also the longest river in the world: the Nile, which
passes through 11 different countries in northeastern Africa.
7: Sampling
 This will enable them to gather a representative sample of data on the subjects' behavior
without having to observe everything the subject does at all times.
 These intervals could be random or specific.
 For example, the researcher could decide to only observe subjects every morning for an
hour.
 One-way researchers can limit the scope of a study is by using a specific sampling method.
 The most common sampling method is time sampling, which means the researcher will
observe subjects at different intervals of time.
8: Adenosine
 This is because caffeine blocks the receptors of a neurotransmitter called adenosine, and
this increases levels of other neurotransmitters in your brain that regulate your energy
levels.
 Coffee contains caffeine, a central nervous system stimulant that is known for its ability to
fight fatigue and increase energy levels.
 Another study had similar findings, reporting that consuming caffeine before a round of golf
improved performance, increased subjective energy levels, and reduced feelings of fatigue.
 One small study found that consuming caffeine increased time to exhaustion during a
cycling exercise by 12% and significantly reduced subjective levels of fatigue in
participants.
9: Ancient Greece
 For the most part, Ancient Greece was divided into several small city-states, each with their
own laws, customs, and rulers.
 The civilizations of Ancient Greeks followed a Dark Age in Greece, which is thought to have
ended in 800 B.C.
 He was the founder of the Ancient Greek Empire, which stretched into Europe, Egypt, and
South- West Asia.
 However, in the 300s B.C., these small city-states were forced to unite under one ruler:
Alexander the Great.
10: Aging World
 For the first time, there are more older persons than children under five, and more people
are driven to cities for livelihoods, to have access to essential services and simply to enjoy
their golden years.
 The world is aging and becoming increasingly urban.
 A report, 'Silver Hues: Building Age-Ready Cities', suggests that proactively and
intentionally planning and designing cities can aid their transformation toward building cities
suitable for all ages.
 How can we ensure cities welcome and nurture a diverse population-older and younger
persons alike-in ways that are sustainable, inclusive, and equitable for all?
11: Covid-19
 Inequality has consequently worsened, both within and across borders, with fiscal and
monetary policies exacerbating inequality by favoring the rich while leaving poorer people
and countries behind.
 They unfairly bear the brunt of multiple global crises over which they have little control or
responsibility.
 The outlook for people in developing countries remains grim.
 The COVID-19 pandemic and related shutdowns are challenging the effectiveness of civil
and institutional structures around the world, resulting in interrelated crises for foreign
policy, development, and economics.
 People on the bottom face shortcomings within their own governmental systems and
weaknesses in global institutions.
12: Budgets
 Thus, governments need to increase revenues, give greater priority to health in budgets,
and improve the efficiency and equity of health spending.
 By increasing development aid and working towards comprehensive debt solutions for low-
income countries, high-income countries can preempt emerging threats to peace and
prosperity-securing a healthier, more secure future for all.
 The projected decline of government spending in many low-income countries will restrict
their ability to strengthen pandemic preparedness and limit their progress towards universal
health coverage.
 This will lead to growing inequalities between countries, threatening global stability, and
prosperity.
13: Kaldi
 Kaldi also ate the berries. After experiencing a similar feeling of elation and energy, he
brought the berries to local monks.
 Upon further observation, he found the goats eating what appeared to be red berries
(coffee cherries).
 An old legend states that coffee was first discovered in Ethiopia in AD 850 by a herdsman
named Kaldi.
 They came up with the idea of drying and boiling the cherries to make a beverage, hence
the birth of coffee.
 While in his field one day, he caught sight of his goats acting excitedly near a bush.
14: Green Spaces
 Employees with a view of landscaped areas experience less job pressure and greater job
satisfaction than those who do not have a view.
 Similarly, people who work in an environment with a view of lawns compared to an urban
view were found to recover from stress more quickly.
 In 2002, a research supported that hospital stays are positively affected by green spaces.
Patients in hospital rooms with a view of lawns recover more quickly than similar patients in
rooms with a view of building walls.
 Green spaces have been shown to improve wellness and reduce stress.
15: Faraday
 He moved a loop or disc of conductive metal between the poles of a magnet. The basic
principle is that electrons in copper wire are free to move.
 The British scientist Michael Faraday discovered a means of generating electricity as early
as the 1820s.
 In other words, the electric field surrounding a charged particle exerts a force on other
charged particles, causing it to move and thus do work.
 Each electron carries a negative electrical charge. Its movement is governed by attractive
forces between the electron and positive charges and repulsive forces between the electron
and like- charges.
16: Formal Vocabulary
 This can mean long words, technical words, or words that have fallen out of use over time.
A passage with a lot of these words has a formal tone.
 Formal vocabulary includes words that don't usually appear in everyday conversation.
 This example uses lots of formal and technical words and therefore comes across as
academic
 For example: despite the more prominent significance of phonemic and morphological
comparisons, suprasegmental features provide valuable evidence to the interaction of
speech communities.
17: Medical School
 For example, many medical students take a gap year after completing their A-Levels before
starting medical school.
 You need to know that the road to becoming a doctor is not a straightforward journey you
can easily progress through.
 Instead, think about the journey as one that has many different stages and routes that you
can follow.
 You have the option to follow the undergraduate route as a school leaver: you finish your A-
Levels, apply to a university offering Medicine, and then go to medical school.
 However, this is not always the journey that most medical students follow.
18: Exercise
 However, exercise does not need to be a strenuous daily grind.

 It is not all about running a marathon and then some, and it is definitely not meant to
resemble strongman competitions.
 You've heard it from your fitness-junkie friends, and you've heard it on the TV: exercise is
good for you.
 For beginners, that may be a light jog or a dance class, and for more advanced exercisers,
that could look like a sweat-fest in the gym.
 On the contrary, exercising should be enjoyable and include a level of effort you're able to
give at that particular time.
19: Miss Brill
 One Sunday Miss Brill puts on her fur and goes to the Public Gardens as usual.
 That evening ends with her sudden realization that she is old and lonely, a realization
brought to her by a conversation she overhears a comment on her unwelcome presence in
their vicinity.
 Miss Brill is a regular visitor on Sundays to the Jardins Publiques (the Public Gardens) of a
small French suburb.
 Miss Brill is sad and depressed as she returns home.
 She listens to the band playing, and enjoys contemplating the world as a great stage upon
which actors perform.
20: Piglet
 Amid the strong smell of wet boar, mud, and feces, one researcher announces with a smile
that the baby he was holding had urinated on him.
 On a cool night, zoologist Andrea Monaco walks silently through some sandy shrublands,
toward a family of trapped wild boars.
 Upon seeing him, the eight bristly piglets and their hundred-pound mother try to break
through the circular trap's soft net, only to bounce back to the center.
 Monaco and his colleagues free the sow and one piglet, then enter the 20-feet-wide
enclosure to catch the other youngsters for study.
21: Nanostructures
 These nanostructures scatter light particles in the blue to ultraviolet colour spectrum,
generating a subtle effect that scientists have christened the 'blue halo'.
 Latest research has found that several common flower species have nanoscale ridges on
the surface of their petals that meddle with light when viewed from certain angles.
 They found that bees can see the blue halo, and use it as a signal to locate flowers more
efficiently
 By manufacturing artificial surfaces that replicated 'blue halos', scientists were able to test
the effect on pollinators, in this case foraging bumblebees.
22: Cosmic Voyage
 Scientists and writers alike constructed fantastical tales in which fictional characters journey
to the moon, sun, and planets.
 In so doing, they discover that these once remote worlds are themselves earth-like in
character. Descriptions of these planetary bodies as terrestrial in kind demonstrate the
seventeenth century intellectual shift from the Aristotelian to the Copernican framework.
 The expanding influence of Copernicanism through the seventeenth century transformed
not only the natural philosophic leanings of astronomers but also the store of conceptual
material accessible to writers of fiction.
 During this period of scientific revolution, a new literary genre arose, namely that of the
scientific cosmic voyage.
23: Scientific Dishonesties
 But no one would argue that mobile phones cannot help to make a phone call when we are
in a crisis.
 Mobile phones, for example, can cause incidents if drivers insist on talking on the phone
instead of looking at roads.
 The role of science in modern society remains valuable.
 Of course, there are rare extremely scientific dishonesties, which will be seized upon by the
news organizations.
 I think we should be wary of the reporting of science - it is often over-dramatized in order to
secure an audience-but not of science itself.
24: Climate Change
 Some of the clearest signs of change are the thinning and retreat of sea ice and the
migration of species into the Arctic that normally live at lower latitudes.
 The response of the Arctic to climate change will have an unprecedented impact on how
the Arctic ecosystem operates.
 This is likely to affect the UK's climate and economy, with anticipated impacts on industries
like tourism and fisheries.
 With the Arctic the fastest warming region on the planet, climate change is already altering
key components of the Arctic environment.
25: Copernicanism
 Descriptions of these planetary bodies as terrestrial in kind demonstrate the seventeenth

century intellectual shift from the Aristotelian to the Copernican framework.
 The expanding influence of Copernicanism through the seventeenth century transformed
not only the natural philosophic leanings of astronomers but also the store of conceptual
material accessible to writers of fiction.
 During this period of scientific revolution, a new literary genre arose, namely that of the
scientific cosmic voyage
 Scientists and writers alike constructed fantastical tales in which fictional characters journey
to the moon, sun, and planets.
 In so doing, they discover that these once remote worlds are themselves earth-like in
character.
26: Children Strategies
 The frustration of not being able to effectively communicate may manifest itself in
alternative behaviors.
 Strategies that children may employ at this age are commonly referred to as defense
mechanisms.
 As a result, they lack the coping strategies that many adults have.
 Many young children are inexperienced in dealing with emotional upheaval.
 In particular, many young children lack the verbal skills to express their emotions and to
effectively communicate their need for emotional support.
27: Australia’s Flora and Fauna
 These new pressures have also caused a major impact on our country's soil and waterways
and on its native plants and animals.
 Some have also had to face new predators.
 Since European settlement they have had to compete with a range of introduced animals
for habitat, food and shelter.
 Australia's native plants and animals adapted to life on an isolated continent over millions of
years.
28: Art History
 As a term, art history (its product being history of art) encompasses several methods of
studying the visual arts; in common usage referring to works of art and architecture.
 Art history is the history of different groups of people and their culture represented
throughout their artwork.
 The study includes painting, sculpture, architecture, ceramics, furniture, and other
decorative objects.
 Art history is the study of objects of art in their historical development and stylistic contexts.
 Art historians compare different time periods in art history.
29: Senegal
 The other is that its government won’t confront their fishing lobbies and decommission all
the surplus boats
 The European Union has two big fish problems.
 As a result, Senegal’s marine ecosystem has started to go the same way as ours.
 One is that, partly as a result of its failure to manage them properly, its own fisheries can no
longer meet European demand.
 The EU has tried to solve both problems by sending its fishermen to West Africa. Since
1979 it has struck agreements with the government of Senegal, granting our fleet’s access
to its waters.
30: Unaccountable
 We could engage in impassioned debates about how as chief executive of a certain

company we would have done this, or if we had been the banker on that deal we would
have structured it like that.
 Insulated from the consequences of such decisions, and privy to all critical information
about the case, we were able to solve complex business problems with relative ease.
 During the school year, we had the benefit of being both unaccountable and omnipotent.
 The information would be more nebulous and the outcomes of our decisions would be
unpredictable.
 We knew that once we began our internships, this would no longer be the case.
31: Conferences
 The recent high-profile conferences on development issues, often held at the Summit level,
have continued a series that began in the 1970s and broken new ground in many areas: by
involving Presidents, Prime Ministers and other heads of State-as pioneered at the 1990
World Summit for Children.
 Conferences have played a key role in guiding the work of the United Nations since its very
inception.
 These events have put long-term, difficult problems like poverty and environmental
degradation at the top of the global agenda.
 In fact, the world body was born when delegates from 50 nations met in San Francisco in
April 1945 for the United Nations Conference on International Organization.
32: Wandering Minds
 When the task was over, they measured each participant's working memory capacity by
having them remember letters while doing math equations.
 Researchers studied groups of people from the University of Wisconsin-Madison
community, ranging in age from 18 to 65.
 The first group was asked to perform simple tasks, like pressing a button every time they
took a breath or clicking in response to a letter popping up on a computer screen; these
tasks were so easy that their minds were likely to wander, the researchers figured.
 The researchers checked in periodically, asking the participants if their minds were on task
or wandering.
33: Date Line
 The same problem would arise if two travelers journeyed in opposite directions to a point on
the opposite side of the earth, 180° of longitude distant.
 For example, if an airplane were to travel westward with the sun, 24 hours would elapse as
it circled the globe, but it would still be the same day for those in the airplane while it would
be one day later for those on the ground below them.
 The date line is necessary to avoid a confusion that would otherwise result.
 International dateline, imaginary line on the earth’s surface, generally following the 180°
meridian of longitude, where, by international agreement, travelers change dates.
34: Jet Stream
 In the Northern Hemisphere the jet stream is sought by eastbound aircraft, in order to gain
speed and save fuel, and avoided by westbound aircraft.
 Jet stream, narrow, swift currents or tubes of air found at heights ranging from 7 to 8 mi
(11.3-12.9 km) above the surface of the earth.
 They are caused by great temperature differences between adjacent air masses.
 Instead of moving along a straight line, the jet stream flows in a wavelike fashion; the waves
propagate eastward (in the Northern Hemisphere) at speeds considerably slower than the
wind speed itself.
 Since the progress of an airplane is aided or impeded depending on whether tail winds or
head winds are encountered.
35: Joe Denoyer
 This should make the town receptive to Democrats, but Mr. Trump easily won the county of
which it forms part.
 Mr. Denoyer voted for Mr. Trump by being impressed by his promise, though he thinks it
unlikely that the president will keep his promises.
 The town of Liberal is said to have been named for an early settler famous among travelers
for being free with drinking water.
 Liberal’s mayor, Joe Denoyer, who was raised in a Democratic family near Chicago and
moved to Liberal in search of work.
 Liberal is conservative in a moderate Midwestern kind of way which is changing fast due to
big National Beef Packing plant which relies on Hispanic migrants and thus four-fifths of the
children in Liberal’s public-school system are Hispanic.
36: Pessimistic Ways
 This insight suggests a window of opportunity for inoculating them against depression before
it strikes.
 One line of evidence comes from studies of children's belief about their own ability to control
what happens in their lives-for example, being able to change things for the better. This
assessed by children's rating of themselves in such term as: 'when I have problems at home,
I'm better than most kids at helping to solve problems' and 'When I work hard, I get good
grades.
 Just as with adults, pessimistic ways of interpreting defeats seem to feed the sense of
helplessness and hopelessness at the heart of children's depression. That people who are
already depressed think in these ways has long been known.
 What has only recently emerged, though, is that children's beliefs about their own ability to
control what happens in their lives.
37: Indian Banks
 Yet, the fact remains that the banks allowed themselves to be pressurized into lowering their
guard in the one area of business that is and should be their bread and butter of existence-
risk assessment. The response from the banks is to concentrate on somehow reducing the
amount and number of accounts in this category.
 The one major cause for the current weakened state of Indian banks is the level and volume
of nonperforming assets. The problem has not been looked at in its proper perspective.
 Description such as 'deceased portfolio' and figures running into thousands of crores have
all led to treating the problem as a major one-time aberration requiring emergency treatment.
 The causal explanations-political interference, willful defaults, targeted lending and even
fraudulent behaviors by banks-have some grain of truth in them.
38: Pay Hikes
 How many times have you heard experts, politicians and the finance minister refer to the
implementation of the pay hikes following the commission's report as the singular cause for
the increase in government expenditure?
 It reminds us of the political shenanigans during the implementation of the Fifth pay
Commission.
 Here was a commission whose members worked very hard, did exemplary research and
homework, before coming up with a list of recommendations that balanced economic
efficiency with safety nets for disadvantaged labour.
 They argue that it is this, which has led to the bankruptcy in many states.
39: Video Learning
 However, learning from video isn't the same as learning from direct experience, and until
age 2 or 3 years, children appear to have difficulty learning from media that are not
interactive.
 We already know that children engage cognitively when they watch TV and can learn from
well- designed educational TV programs.
 Also, video lacks many cues that support learning; for example, people and characters in
videos can't react to a learner's facial expressions or respond to a learner's questions.
 Older preschoolers also have trouble learning from media when they're tested on more
difficult tasks.
 This may be because video is presented in two dimensions.
40: Organic Farming
 Whether these systems have been maintained seems questionable, particularly as

contracts depend so heavily on efficiency and quick sales.
 Over the last half-century, organic farming has become a driving force in the world's food
market.
 In the late 1900s, food manufacturers were challenged by the organic community to ensure
they were using ingredients that had been produced in natural healthy ways.
 As a result, some people believe it is now time to re-assess many companies in terms of
the standards they agreed to some years ago.
 It was a time when managers had to take a critical look at every aspect of their production
process and make improvements where necessary.
41: Agreement Attitude
 People need time to make this adjustment in attitude and react badly to any attempt to rush
them into an agreement.
 It is not just a matter of putting forward a set of facts and expecting the other person
immediately to accept the logic of the exposition.
 The reason is that achieving agreement requires people to accept the reality of views
different from their own and to accept change or compromise.
 In general, there is a tendency to underestimate how long it takes to discuss and resolve an
issue on which two people initially have different views.
 They (and probably you) have to be persuaded and helped to feel comfortable about the
outcome that is eventually agreed.
42: Box Tunnel
 While the west side’s view wasn’t quite so impressive, the engineers generously chalked
that up to centuries of dirt and grime.
 Railway, in the 1840s, intrigue has swirled around the Box Tunnel, a long, steep bypass
near Bath, England.
 The question was this: did the railway’s creator, Isambard Kingdom Brunel, really have the
tunnel carved in such a way that when the sun rose on his birthday-April 9th-it would be
flooded with light?
 This past Sunday, April 9th, the railway’s current engineers decided to test the rumor once
and for all. They weren’t disappointed.
 When you look from the east portal, the cutting provides a lovely V-shape, communication’s
manager Paul Gentleman told the Guardian.
43: Carbon Detox
 He proposes that instead of arguing for sacrifice, environmentalists should show where the
rewards might lie: that understanding what the science is saying and planning accordingly
is the smart thing to do, which will protect your interests more effectively than flinging abuse
at scientists.
 In his fascinating book Carbon Detox, George Marshall argues that people are not
persuaded by information.
 Our views are formed by the views of the people with whom we mix.
 We should emphasize the old-fashioned virtues of uniting in the face of a crisis, of
resourcefulness and community action.
 Of the narratives that might penetrate these circles, we are more likely to listen to those
which offer us some reward.
44: Uguisu
 Her family came to the United States for a period of two years while her father was a
visiting scholar at Harvard, and they took residence in North Cambridge, a working-class
neighbourhood.
 The data to be reported here come from a longitudinal study of the untutored acquisition of
English as a second language by a five-year-old Japanese girl whom we shall call Uguisu,
nightingale in Japanese.
 Uguisu also attended public kindergarten of two hours every day, and later elementary
school, but with no tutoring in English syntax. Most of her neighborhood friends were in her
same class at school.
 The children in that neighborhood were her primary source of language input.
45: Accounting Software
 Well, there is accounting software describes a type of application software that records and
processes accounting transactions within functional modules such as accounts payable,
accounts receivable, payroll, and trial balance.
 This enables the access anywhere at any time with any device which is Internet enabled, or
may be desktop based. It varies greatly in its complexity and cost.
 These tools combine together to provide quality customer service and create a climate of
confidence, a customer service strategy that helps meet the specific needs.
 Are there any systems that can measure the accounting system?
 It is a system in which functions as a accounting information system.
46: Coral Reefs
 What is more, this number is expected to double in coming decades while the area of high-
quality reef is expected to halve.
 In combination with the very real threat of climate change, which could lead to increased
seawater temperatures and ocean acidification, we start to arrive at some quite frightening
scenarios.
 Coral reefs support more marine life than any other ocean ecosystem and are, not
surprisingly, a favorite pursuit for many divers.
 But as well as being physically and biologically spectacular, coral reefs also sustain the
livelihoods of over half a billion people.
47: Glow Worm
 The rails were pulled out of the 600-meter tunnel, which had been bored through the
sandstone in the Wollemi National Park, and the tunnel was left to its own devices.
 The Newness railroad was closed in 1932 after 25 years of shipping oil shale.
 The glow worm is a catch-all name for the bioluminescent larvae of various species, in this
case, the Arachnocampa richardsae, a type of fungus gnat. Found in massive numbers in
caves, the fungus gnat larvae cling to the rocky walls of the abandoned tunnel and hunt
with long, glowing strings of sticky mucus.
 For Newness, that meant becoming home to thousands and thousands of glow worms.
48: Ecological Footprint
 On the supply side, a city, state or nation's bio-capacity represents the productivity of its
ecological assets.
 Both the Ecological Footprint and bio-capacity are expressed in global hectares-globally
comparable, standardized hectares with world average productivity.
 It tracks the use of six categories of productive surface areas: cropland, grazing land,
fishing grounds, built-up land, forest area, and carbon demand on land.
 Ecological footprint accounting measures the demand on and supply of nature.
 On the demand side, the Ecological Footprint measures the ecological assets that a
given population requires to produce the natural resources it consumes.
49: Ecostar
 Often they also address the challenges experienced by the world's poor.
 For example, one of the companies we work with in China, called Ecostar, refurbishes copy
machines from the United States and re-sells or leases them for 20 percent less than a
branded photocopier.
 New Ventures is a program that helps entrepreneurs in some of the world's most dynamic,
emerging economies-Brazil, China, Colombia, India, Indonesia and Mexico.
 We have facilitated more than $203 million in investment, and worked with 250 innovative
businesses whose goods and services produce clear, measurable environmental benefits,
such as clean energy, efficient water use, and sustainable agriculture.
50: Musical Notation
 Now music could be communicated efficiently, and succeeding generations would know
something about the music of their ancestors.
 It was the development of a standard musical notation in the 11 th century that allowed
music to be documented in a physical form.
 In particular a written language can convey a lot of information about past events, places,
people and things.
 But it is difficult to describe music in words, and even more difficult to specify a tune.
 Over the years many human endeavors have had the benefit of language.
51: Timbers
 The timbers are used for building houses, making furniture, and providing pulp for paper
products, such as newspapers and magazines.
 At least 40 hectares of rainforest are being felled every minute, mostly in order to extract
the valuable timber.
 The earth is losing its forests. Presently, trees cover about 30 percent of the earth's
surface, but they are being destroyed at an alarming rate, especially in the tropics.
 Another way that man is destroying the world's forests is by burning them down. In the
Amazon, for example, rainforests are being burnt down at a rate of 20 hectares a
minute.
 Timber harvesting is a major reason for the destruction of the forests.
52: Profound Book
 The book opened the way to a truly scientific approach to astronomy. It had a profound
influence on later thinkers of the scientific revolution, including such major figures as
Galileo, Johannes Kepler, and Isaac Newton.
 According to legend, Copernicus received a copy as he was dying, on May 24, 1543.
 The historic book that contains the final version of his theory, De revolution ibus or
biumcoelestium libri vi ("Six Books Concerning the Revolutions of the Heavenly Orbs"), did
not appear in print until 1543, the year of his death.
 Copernicus probably hit upon his main idea sometime between 1508 and 151 For years,
however, he delayed publication of his controversial work, which contradicted all the
authorities of the time.
53: Bridge
 From 8:40 pm, the bridge will be turned into a canvas showing the Welcome to Country
ceremony.
 Fireworks and special effects will also turn the bridge into a giant Aboriginal flag before the
9 pm fireworks display.
 Fireworks and special effects, including a red waterfall‖ from the bridge base, will turn the
structure built in 1932 into a giant Aboriginal flag shortly after the sun sets for the last time
in 2015.
 It’s about how we’re all so affected by the harbor and its surrounds, how special it is to all of
us and how it moves us, said the Welcome to Country’s creative director, Rhoda Roberts.
54: Electronic Transactions
 Electronic transactions are happening in closed group networks and Internet. Electronic
commerce is one of the most important aspects of internet to emerge.
 The whole structure of traditional money is built on faith and so will electronic money have
to be.
 To support e-commerce, we need effective payment systems and secure communication
channels and data integrity.
 Cash transactions offer both privacy and anonymity as it does not contain information that
can be used to identify the parties nor the transaction history.
 Moreover, money is worth what it is because we have come to accept it.
55: SAS
 At SAS, he arrived at a time crisis.

 By the time he got to Linjeflug four years later, he had learned many lessons, in fact, he
began his second stint as top dog by calling the entire company together in a hanger and
asking for help, a far cry from his barking out commands just 48 months back.
 He began at Vingresor as an order giver, not a listener-neither to his people nor to his
customers and made every mistake in the book.
 This book is chock-a-block full of intrusive stories and practical advice, describing Carton’s
activities at Vingresor (where he assumed his first presidency at age 32), Linjeflug, and
SAS in particular
56: Body Building
 The potential exchanges between the officials of IBBF and the Maharashtra Body-Building
Association has all the trappings of a drama we are accustomed to.
 In the case of sports persons, there is room for some sympathy, but the apathy of the
administrators, which has even led to sanctions from international bodies, is unpardonable
 It is a matter of deep regret and concern that the sports administrators often cause more
harm to the image of the country than sportsmen and sportswomen do through their dismal
performances.
 A case in the point is the hefty penalty of US $10,000 slapped on the Indian Body-Building
Federation for not fulfilling its commitment for holding the Asian Championships in Mumbai
in October.
57: Lobster
 Scientists at Queen's University in Belfast now think that crustaceans may be more
sensitive to pain than previously thought.
 And they found that crabs that experienced an electric shock when they hid under a safe,
dark rock would eventually learn to avoid the hiding place.
 The last time you splurged on a live lobster for dinner, you might not have given any
thought to how much the little guy was going to suffer as he boiled to death.
 Until recently many researchers believed the crustacean nervous system too primitive to
process pain.
58: Folklore Mission
 The intention was to record as much music as possible as quickly as possible, before
encroaching influences like radio and cinema began transforming the region’s distinctive
culture.
 Early in 1938, Mario de Andrade, the municipal secretary of culture here, dispatched a four-
member Folklore Research Mission to the northeastern hinterlands of Brazil on a similar
mission.
 But the Brazilian mission’s collection ended up languishing in vaults here.
 They recorded whoever and whatever seemed to be interesting: piano carriers, cowboys,
beggars, voodoo priests, quarry workers, fishermen, dance troupes and even children at
play.
59: Recycling Electronics
 On numerous dates throughout the year, students, faculty, and staff can drop off their old
equipment to be completely recycled nothing ends up in a landfill.
 Collection days netted more than 650,000 pounds of waste in 2010.
 Recycling electronic waste such as old computers, TVs, and monitors is a daunting
challenge considering how much technology we all use today.
 The challenge didn’t deter IU students, who persuaded the IT Services department to
launch its Electronic Waste Collection Days program.
60: GHG
 There are, however, challenges associated with the political acceptability of carbon pricing.
 If Canada implements a carbon price on its own, there are worries that Canadian factories
will relocate to other countries to avoid the regulation.
 Even if other countries act in concert with Canada to price carbon, the effects will be
uneven across sectors, and lobbying efforts by relatively more-affected sectors might
threaten the political viability of the policy.
 There is a growing consensus that, if serious action is to be taken to reduce greenhouse
gas (GHG) emissions in Canada, a price must be applied to those emissions.
61: Negative and Emotion
 She found that positive emotions were often felt by the actors as they played those
character's emotions.
 However, the more negative the emotion of the character, the less likely the actor would
report feeling that emotion onstage.
 In a wonderful set of studies and subsequent book, Elly A. Konijn looked to the question of
how much actors are aware of their performance as they perform it, and how much they let
the character 'take over'.
 She asked Dutch actors to rate their own emotions and the emotions of the characters they
were playing across a range of affective states (from disgust and anxiety to tenderness and
pleasure).
62: Wind in Valleys
 The wind in the valleys in the region plays an important role in transporting clouds and
moisture and redistributing snow in the valleys, and so understanding what drives this wind
is crucial.
 Around 1 billion people depend on water resources originating from the Hindu-Kush
Karakoram Himalayan region, attributable to both rainfall and melting of snow and ice.
 This is often driven by differences in pressure caused by the slopes of the mountains and
the shape of the valleys.
 Around the world, wind in valleys generally travels up the valley, and up the sides of
mountains, during the day.
63: Treasured Possession
 It coordinates our movements, our words, our relationships, and the ability to pass on our
genes.
 The brain is our most treasured possession.
 The barrier serves a vital role, but is also poses a tremendous challenge for scientists
developing drugs to treat brain-based disorders.
 Our body therefore protects the organ fiercely: The central nervous system polices particles
traveling through the bloodstream and invites only the safest into our cognitive chamber.
 This selective process occurs due to a proactive boundary known as the blood-brain
barrier.
64: Endothermic Reaction
 When it is mixed with water in your mouth, an endothermic reaction occurs taking heat
energy from your mouth and making it feel cooler.
 Another example of an endothermic reaction is seen with the cold packs used by athletes to
treat injuries. These packs usually consist of a plastic bag containing ammonium nitrate
dissolves in the water.
 For example, the sherbet you used for the chapter problem on page 25 is a mixture of
baking soda and citric acid.
 This process is endothermic-taking heat energy from the surroundings and cooling the
injured part of your body. In this way, the cold pack acts as an ice pack.
 A reaction that needs some type of energy to make it go is said to be endothermic. It takes
in energy.
65: Foreigners
 Equally, any native English speaker wanting to deal with these new high achievers needs to
know how to talk without baffling them.
 Many think the best way to make foreigners understand is to be chatty and informal.
 Because so many English-speakers today are monoglots, they have little idea how difficult
it is to master another language.
 Anyone wanting to get to the top of international business, medicine or academia (but
possibly not sport) needs to be able to speak English to a pretty high level.
 This may seem friendly but, as it probably involves using colloquial expressions, it makes
comprehension harder.
66: Earthquake
 But when calculating destruction, the earthquake took second place to the great fire that
followed.
 The fire, lasting four days, most likely started with broken gas lines (and, in some cases,
was helped along by people hoping to collect insurance for their property-they were
covered for fire, but not earthquake, damage).
 At 5:12 a.m. on April 18, 1906, the people of San Francisco were awakened by an
earthquake that would devastate the city.
 The main temblor, having a 7.7-7.9 magnitude, lasted about one minute and was the result
of the rupturing of the northernmost 296 miles of the 800-mile San Andreas fault.
67: Growing Up
 It’s only when they are older and begin to acquire thought that parents attempt to teach
them or discipline them.
 Because they can’t be reasoned with, and don’t understand, parents treat them with a great
deal of tolerance and leniency.
 Young children don't possess these qualities and are easily angered, cry frequently and are
incapable of understanding the external difficulties facing the community, such as shortages
of food.
 Jean Briggs has worked with the Inuit of the Canadian Arctic and has described how, within
these communities, growing up is largely seen as a process of acquiring thought, reason
and understanding (known in Inuit as ihuma).
68: Neutron Scattering
 For more information, see the Canadian Institute for Neutron Scattering’s Neutron Summer
School.
 The Canadian Institute for Neutron Scattering will be holding the eleventh neutron summer
school at Chalk River on May 8- 13, 2011.
 The aim of the school is to cover a wide range of topics associated with thermal neutron
scattering, including powder diffraction, stress analysis, texture, reflectometry, and small-
angle neutron scattering together with the underlying theory associated with neutron
scattering.
 The theory will be presented in a way that should be understood by people in any of these
fields.
69: BCGI
 The researchers claim to have collected information over a period of two years from
sources including over 500 published contents and 80 experts in the BCGI's network.
 All the data required for the world’s trees is now available in one database, thanks to Global
Tree Search.
 The data will be kept updated with the discovery of new species or the extinction of some,
said the researchers.
 A recent research has revealed that more than 60,000 species of trees are available
globally.
 The BCGI (Botanical Gardens Conservation International), a charity that compiled the list of
trees on the basis of data gathered from its network of 500 members organizations.
70: LADS
 Having worked as a literacy tutor with teenagers, she saw the need for good attitudes
towards reading to be formed early on - with the help of more male role models.
 'A male that values reading sets a powerful role model, particularly for young boys, who are
statistically more likely to end up in remedial literacy program', she said.
 A University of Canberra student has launched the nation’s first father-led literacy project, to
encourage fathers to become more involved in their children’s literacy.
 Julia Bocking's Literacy and Dads (LADS) project aims to increase the number of fathers
participating as literacy helpers in K-1 school reading programs at Queanbeyan Primary
Schools.
Reading Fill in the Blanks:
1: Space Exploration
Space exploration has entered a new era with the advent of private spaceflight companies. The
collaborative efforts between agencies like NASA and private entities are paving the way for
ambitious missions to Mars and beyond. Technological advancements are critical to the future of
human space travel and the quest to discover extraterrestrial life. As a result of these partnerships,
space exploration has become more accessible and cost-effective than ever before.
2: Zika
Zika is more pernicious than public health officials anticipated. At present, it is circulating in more
than 50 countries. And as of mid-May, seven countries or territories have reported cases of
microcephaly or other serious birth defects linked to the virus, which is transmitted by mosquito
bite, blood transfusion or sexual contact with an infected human. It can also be passed from
mother to fetus during pregnancy. Despite Zika's vast range over almost 70 years, there is little
genetic difference among the various strains, according to an analysis by researchers at the
University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston.
3: Coral Reefs
Coral reefs, the rainforests of the sea, are biodiversity hotspots critical to marine life. They provide
habitat, food, and breeding grounds for countless species. Yet, they face threats from overfishing,
pollution, and climate change. Conservationists are employing innovative methods, like coral
gardening and genetic research, to protect and restore these underwater worlds. Their survival is
imperative for maintaining the ocean's health and the livelihoods that depend on it.
4: Automated Jobs
The fear of jobs being automated and traditional skills becoming obsolete has led to a growing
focus on reskilling and upskilling programs. Governments and businesses are recognizing the
importance of investing in workforce development to equip individuals with the skills needed in the
evolving job landscape. To bridge the skills gap caused by this technological shift, it's crucial to
prioritize workforce development and retraining.
5: Organic Agriculture
The world of organic agriculture has often been critiqued as being rooted more in philosophy than
in science. While this criticism might hold a grain of truth , it is important to note that the field of
organic agriculture has made significant strides in recent years in developing and testing scientific
methods that support its practices.
6: E-commerce
E-commerce giants like Amazon continue to grow and reshape traditional retail. While e-
commerce offers convenience, competitive pricing, and a vast array of products, it can also lead to
the concentration of market power in the hands of a few major players. This can stifle competition
and limit consumer choice in the long run.
7: Zaha Hadid
Zaha Hadid was a revolutionary architect whose designs stand out for their futuristic curves and
brave forms. Before her untimely death in 2016, she left a permanent mark on the world of
architecture, becoming the first woman to win the Pritzker Architecture Prize. Her works, from the
London Aquatics Centre to the Guangzhou Opera House, are celebrated for their innovation and
dynamic sense of movement, challenging conventional architectural norms.
8: Carbon Prices
Carbon prices in the European Union also reached their highest level in a decade this summer
following a series of reforms meant to limit the oversupply of credits and expand many industries
subjected to the cap. The biggest development of all may be in China, the world's largest
greenhouse gas emitter, which has taken steps toward its own emissions trading program. China's
move has the potential to narrow the gap between global carbon prices and climate costs to 63
percent in the early 2020s, OECD found.
9: The Ocean
The ocean, a vast and mysterious expanse, conceals hidden wonders in its depths. Dive beneath
the surface, and you'll find coral reefs teeming with life, like bustling underwater cities. In these
intricate ecosystems, even the tiniest organisms play crucial roles in sustaining life and balance.
10: Tea Role
Tea played a pivotal role in transitioning societies from nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyles to more
settled agricultural communities. With a history spanning over 5,000 years, tea's origins can be
traced back to China, where it was first discovered. From this epicenter, it crossed borders on
ancient caravans, making its way into India, Japan, and the Middle East.
11: Scientific Curiosity

Scientific curiosity is a driving force behind breakthroughs in medicine, technology, and
understanding our universe. Curiosity can enhance your well-being and happiness, as it stimulates
your brain and makes you more engaged with your surroundings. Cultivate your curiosity by
asking questions, and don't be afraid to challenge yourself and step out of your comfort zone.
12: Cinema Evolution

The evolution of cinema, from its humble beginnings to its current status as a global cultural
phenomenon, is a testament to the power of storytelling through moving images. The Lumière
brothers, pioneers of early film, first projected motion pictures to a mesmerized audience in 1895,
marking the birth of cinema as we know it. Since then, the art of filmmaking has grown and
diversified, transcending boundaries of language and culture.
13: Toddlers learning

When it comes to the magical world of language learning in toddlers, you'd be surprised at the
tricks up their tiny sleeves. It turns out, 18-month-olds have a knack for latching onto words with a
bit of repetition. Researchers have been peering into the minds of these linguistic geniuses and
found that names with repeated syllables , like "choo-choo" or "ma-ma", are easier for these pint-
sized scholars to pick up.
14: Personal Data

Protecting personal data and critical infrastructure is a growing concern for individuals and
governments alike. A recent report says that cyberattacks are among the top global risks in terms
of likelihood and impact. It also states that the COVID-19 pandemic increased the vulnerability and
exposure of individuals and businesses to cyberattacks. The report warns that the current
investment and cooperation in cybersecurity is insufficient to cope with the scale and complexity of
cyber threats.
15: Fossil Fuels
In an era where our dependence on fossil fuels threatens the very planet we inhabit, green energy
initiatives have sprung up worldwide. Governments across the globe have established stringent
criteria and certification processes for producers of green energy. These standards, recognized by
international environmental organizations, ensure that renewable energy sources are harnessed in
an eco-friendly manner.
16: Tokyo Olympics

The Tokyo Olympics ended with a record number of medals for women. Women athletes won 58%
of the total medals for Team USA, and 41% of the total medals for Team GB. Women also made
history by competing in new events, such as skateboarding, surfing, and karate. The Tokyo
Olympics also featured the most gender-balanced program ever, with almost equal numbers of
male and female participants.
17: Open Door

The Open Door policy, initially proposed by the United States, extends equal commercial and
industrial rights to all nations within a specific territory. It sought to ensure that all nations had
equal access to China's markets and resources, and that no single power could dominate the
country. It was a reflection of the United States' growing economic power and its desire to play a
more active role in world affairs.
18: Artificial Lighting

The widespread use of artificial lighting in modern society has given rise to light pollution, a
prevalent issue in areas with high human population growth. This pollution poses a significant
threat to species that rely on natural light and dark cycles. Sea turtles, especially during the
hatchling stage, face ecological challenges due to artificial light, as they make their way from nests
to the sea.
19: UBI
Universal basic income (UBI) has become more popular as a way to tackle economic inequality.
UBI entails giving every citizen a regular, unconditional payment to provide a financial safety net
and boost the economy. While some see it as a way to address poverty and job displacement,
others worry about its cost and potential disincentives to work, sparking a contentious debate in
economics and politics.
20: Paleontology
Paleontology, the study of ancient life, reveals Earth's prehistoric wonders. Fossils, the preserved
remnants of organisms from bygone eras, provide invaluable insights into evolution and extinct
species. Unearthing fossils like Tyrannosaurus rex bones sparks a sense of wonder about the
planet's deep history. Furthermore, advancements in technology, such as high-resolution imaging
and DNA analysis of ancient specimens, continue to unravel mysteries of the past, rewriting the
narrative of our evolutionary history.
21: Feeding Babies

There is a huge amount of pressure on parents today–from feeding babies the “best organic
purees” to making sure older children get all the developmental opportunities they could possibly
need, while of course documenting the whole thing on Instagram. There is also no shortage of
advice about how to go about this. Just as there is no shortage of debate about the “best way” to
parent your child.
22: Modern Democracies

Modern democracies, characterized by free elections and protection of civil rights, stand as the
prevailing systems of governance in many countries, promoting participation and accountability. In
these democracies, the principles of the rule of law and separation of powers ensure that
government actions are subject to checks and balances, preventing any one branch from
amassing too much power.
23: Detailed Gene Maps

In a large, multi-institutional effort led by University of California San Diego, researchers have
analyzed more than a million human brain cells to produce detailed maps of gene switches in
brain cell types, and revealed the links between specific types of cells and various common
neuropsychiatric disorders. The team also developed artificial intelligence tools to predict the
influence of individual high-risk gene variants among these cells and how they may contribute to
disease.
24: Glass Panes
An observant eye will notice that the glass panes in a church, over the course of hundreds of
years, appear to have thickened at the bottom of their frames while diminishing in thickness
towards the top. This intriguing phenomenon has given rise to an enduring myth: the idea that
glass is actually a liquid, just one that flows very slowly.
25: Tired Parents

Parents who have kids who are closer together in age tend to be a lot more tired and lot less able
to invest fully and wholeheartedly because they are just exhausted and resources are stretched.
When you have longer gaps, you create less of a demand on yourself, you're more emotionally
capable, so you function better, and your child gets a better version of you and for longer.
26: Politicians
Though states have moved to replace poorly rated curricula or ban weak instructional approaches,
figuring out exactly what schools should do instead is harder. Politicians have falsely declared that
experts know what science-backed alternatives teachers should use, and education companies
have rushed to meet the demand for new materials, selling school districts their own questionable
curricula and teacher trainings.
27: Mental Distress

Physicians have high rates of mental distress and they’re only getting higher. One 2023 survey
found six out of 10 doctors often had feelings of burnout, compared to four out of 10 pre-
pandemic. In a separate 2023 study, nearly a quarter of doctors said they were depressed and this
affected their ability to cope with the rising demand for health care services. In a 2022 survey, one
in 10 doctors said they’d thought about or attempted suicide.
28: Perseverance
Perseverance, like past rovers on Mars, has a weather station to alert it of any unfavorable
conditions for operation. The rover consistently sends weather information back to ground for
scientists to analyze! The cameras on Perseverance also have covers that are only removed when
the camera is in use, limiting its exposure. The cameras, however, still get dusty!
29: Human Memory
Humans don’t use the same type of memory to recall the capitals of the world as they do to flash
back to a visit to a friend’s house the week prior. The latter, which allows people to revisit past
personal experiences in their minds, is known as “episodic memory,” and was once thought to be
exclusive to humans.
30: Polynesians
The Polynesians explored and settled islands of the South Pacific by traveling in 18-meter-long,
double-hull canoes and living on the open ocean for days or weeks as they moved between
islands. They used observations of the stars to help them navigate across the ocean and
developed a keen sense of the ocean currents and how winds and islands influenced them.
31: Forecasting Earthquakes

Forecasting earthquakes would require high-resolution measurements deep underground over the
course of decades, if not longer, coupled with sophisticated simulations of the complex
interactions between the tectonic plates, faults, and rocks. And even then, it’s unlikely to yield an
hour’s worth of lead time, let alone a precise date, location, and magnitude of an earthquake.
32: True or False Memory

Your brain activity changes depending on whether you're recalling a true or a false memory, new
research suggests. A "false" memory refers to when you remember something that didn't happen
or that actually occurred at a different time or place. According to the new study, a specific pattern
of electrical activity erupts in the hippocampus immediately before someone remembers a false
memory and it differs from the electrical activity that occurs when people remember an event
correctly.
33: Smallest Particles

For about 100 years most people believed John Dalton's idea that atoms were the smallest
particles that all matter was made of. However, this idea was soon to be challenged. Some
scientists who were studying atomic models discovered that atoms were not the smallest particles
that existed, and that atoms had different parts with very distinct characteristics.
34: Developing Skills
Communication and language development are key skills for young children's growth and learning.
However, some children may struggle or lag behind in developing these skills. Families with
concerns should seek intervention as soon as possible. Early intervention can make a big
difference in helping children overcome their difficulties and achieve their full potential.
35: Worse Sleep

Living in cities that never sleep has its price: inhabitants are getting less, worse quality, sleep. We
cannot forget that sleep, though often undervalued, is a fundamental part of staying in good
health. It is well established that if we don’t get enough, we end up getting sick.
36: AI
How can artificial intelligence (AI) help us solve some of the most complex and pressing problems
in the world? Can AI systems learn from data and interact with humans in natural ways? What are
the ethical and social implications of developing and deploying AI systems in various domains?
These are some of the questions that motivate and challenge AI researchers and practitioners
who aim to create and apply AI systems that can enhance human capabilities.
37: Koalas
In previous project work, the number of koalas was not known but distribution had been recorded
across an area of 2000 square kilometres in habitats featuring manna gum and the nationally
endangered Eyre Peninsula blue gum woodland communities. To date, there is no evidence to
suggest that koalas can self-regulate their numbers as kangaroos do. There were concerns koalas
might eventually consume all the available food in an area, resulting in their own starvation.
38: Light Adaptation

Over millions of years we have evolved to organize our psychological processes according to
altering states of light and darkness. However, our nights have changed enormously in just a
century and a half thanks to the widespread use of electric light. Now, in most built up areas, the
night is no longer dark. Light has allowed humans, whose eyes are adapted to daylight, to colonize
the night by getting rid of darkness.
39: Cognitive Empathy
Cognitive empathy is the intellectual ability to ‘read’ others’ emotions. It can be described as
‘empathic accuracy’. People with higher levels of cognitive empathy tend to be better at
communication and have better people skills as they are able to take educated guesses at how
another person is feeling or how they may react emotionally to something.
40: Luminescence
The technique used to find long-lost paint on sculptures is known as visible-induced luminescence
imaging. The process uses infrared light that finds microscopic traces of paint that the eye cannot
see. By illuminating the sculptures with the red light, a pigment known as “Egyptian blue” absorbs
the light and appears on camera as a glowing white.
41: Samsung
Samsung’s operating profit plummeted 95% in the first quarter, following a record loss in its
semiconductor business. It saw similar results in the second quarter. After a historic supply
shortage during Covid, the global semiconductor industry is now seeing a glut in some areas that
has driven losses for Samsung, the world’s largest memory chip and smartphone maker.
42: Soil Patches

The tricky thing about soil is that no two patches of it in the world are alike. One area might have a
higher clay or sand content. Another might have more carbon from plants. One spot might be
darker than another, and absorb more of the sun’s energy. In some places, like an Amazonian
rainforest, trees might block almost all sunlight from hitting the earth.
43: Caffeine
Whether it’s in your morning espresso or an energy drink at the gym, caffeine might be such an
integral part of your routine that you don’t stop to think that it’s actually a psychostimulant–a drug
that acts on the brain. Specifically, caffeine acts to block the brain chemical adenosine, which
usually serves to calm us down physiologically, such as by lowering our blood pressure and
slowing our breathing.
44: ASD
ASD is a lifelong condition with a median age of diagnosis greater than 4 years although most
current intervention strategies target children less than 6 years to promote early behavioral
change. Individuals with ASD and their families face significant challenges during developmental
transitions. School-age children in particular, often remain unengaged in social settings, reducing
opportunities for socio-communicative development.
45: Nostradamus
Some people believe that Nostradamus’s prophecies have predicted actual events. Others
maintain that because his prophecies tend to be about general types of events that occur
frequently throughout historyand are written in a cryptic and vague mannerit’s possible to find one
that seems to match almost any event that has occurred.
46: Simple Survival

As the United States began to grow in the nineteenth century and especially when people started
crowding into cities, food and daily diet became more than a means to simple survival. For those
leaving farms by the end of the century and entering into America's manufacturing workforce,
exercise and eating patterns changed to meet the rigors of factory work, coal mines, and other
venues through which people began to earn their living.
47: The Amazon

The Amazon is an ecological marvel. It accounts for more than half of Earth’s remaining tropical
forests. Roughly 17 percent of the world’s river water flows through here. It also houses about one
fourth of all land-dwelling species. That includes its flowers: More types of flowers bloom in the
Amazon than there are stars visible to the naked eye in the night sky.
48: Microplastics
Tiny pieces of plastic taint water the world over including drinking water as well as the air and
many foods. As a result, data now suggest all of us have microplastics in our bodies. Scientists
don’t yet know all the risks posed by these plastic bits, which are smaller than a sesame seed, or
no more than 5 millimeters (0.2 inch) wide.
49: Spectrum Disorder
Because autism is a spectrum disorder, each child diagnosed with an autistic disorder differs from
every other in the suite of symptoms they display and the characteristics and intensity of those
symptoms; thus, general descriptions of autistic behavior and characteristics do not apply equally
to every child.
50: Computer Viruses

Computer viruses have been a fact of life at least since the 1980s, if not before. They can cause
companies to lose hours of working time and they can also spread panic among computer users
everywhere. There are, however, several distinct types of computer infection-all loosely referred to
as viruses-and they each work in a slightly different way. A particularly nasty one is the worm,
which is a program designed to sneak its way into an entire computer network, and reproduce
itself over and over again.
51: Helpful Employee

Research from the Terry College of Business reveals becoming a happy, helpful employee takes
effort and, eventually, that effort erodes the energy needed to do one’s job. It could lead to quiet
quitting-the new term for just doing your job but not going above and beyond-or even actual
quitting. The more people adjust their moods to be happy, the fewer emotional resources they
have at the end of the day. That means they are less able to handle challenging tasks and
interactions and have a harder time staying on task.
52: Mobility as a Service

Traditionally, when planning a trip, travelers would have to use separate companies or services to
book individual parts of a journey. This outdated system is considered to be inconvenient and
frustrating for the consumer. The ‘Mobility as a Service’ philosophy aims to streamline the entire
travel experience by moving away from the focus on companies and approaching travel as more
of a service that can cater to citizens’ individual needs.
53: Color Preference
Overlying this basic order of color preference, however, are the responses of individuals, which of
course vary widely and may also be very powerful. Children are likely to have strong preferences
for some colors and aversions to others, but sometimes will not admit to them, since outside
factors may be influential in determining both color preferences and the way that they are
expressed or suppressed. Current fashions in clothes and accessories, gender-stereotyping and
peer-group pressure may all play a significant part.
54: Identifiable Peasantry

One, obviously, is the size of an identifiable peasantry, or the size of the rural relative to the urban
population. The other is a matter of social integration: for agrarian parties to be important, the
representation of countryside or peasantry must not be integrated with the other major sections of
society. Thus, a country might possess a sizeable rural population, but have an economic system
in which the interests of the voters were predominantly related to their incomes, rather than their
occupations or location; and in such a country the political system would be unlikely to include an
important agrarian party.
55: Innateness
Formality and innateness have their place, and in competent hands complexity can carry us on a
dizzying, breathtaking journey. But most students, most of the time, should strive to be sensibly
simple, to develop a baseline style of short words, active verbs, and relatively simple sentences
conveying clear actions or identities. It's faster, it makes arguments easier to follow, it increases
the chances a busy reader will bother to pay attention, and it lets you focus more attention on your
moments of rhetorical flourish, which I do not advise abandoning altogether.
56: People Color Preference

Many tests have shown that, in a very broad way, peoples in most parts of the world have similar
color preferences. Blue is the most preferred and popular hue, followed in order by red, green,
purple, yellow and orange. Overlying this basic order of color preference, however, are the
responses of individuals, which of course vary widely and may also be very powerful. Children are
likely to have strong preferences for some colors and aversions to others, but sometimes will not
admit to them, since outside factors may be influential in determining both color preferences and
the way that they are expressed or suppressed.
57: Management Accounting
Management accounting is concerned with providing information and analysis to managers to help
them plan, evaluate and control activities, in order to achieve an organization’s objectives.
Whereas financial accounting is concerned with reporting on the past financial performance of an
organization, management accounting is essentially concerned with improving its future
performance. In order to understand the concepts and principles of management accounting it is
necessary first to have some appreciation of what managers do!
58: Ian Pearson

According to BT's futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the
first few decades of the new millennium (a period of 1,000 years), when supercomputers will
dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life. Pearson has pieced together the work of
hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar
that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to
take place.
59: Graduate Money

In England it is well known that access to university, on average, varies substantially by the levels
of parental income and that students from poorer families access different types of universities
than those from wealthier backgrounds. However, the question of whether graduates’ earnings
vary according to their socioeconomic backgrounds amongst graduates attending similar
universities and taking the same subject has remained poorly understood, thus far limited by data
availability.
60: Particolored
More than simply putting flowers in a container, ikebana is a disciplined art form in which nature
and humanity are brought together. Contrary to the idea of a particolored or multicolored
arrangement of blossoms, ikebana often emphasizes other areas of the plant, such as its stems
and leaves, and puts emphasis on shape, line, and form. Though ikebana is an expression of
creativity, certain rules govern its form.
61: LSI
The Life Science Institute at the University of Michigan achieves excellence in biomedical research
by bringing together the world's leading scientists from a variety of life science disciplines to
accelerate breakthroughs and discoveries that will improve human health. With close to 400
scientific staff members, the LSI is exploiting the power of a collaborative and interdisciplinary
approach to biomedical research in an open-laboratory facility.
62: Ecosphere vs Economy

There is a pointless argument between economists and ecologists over which crisis is more
important-the ecosphere or the economy? The materialistic answer is that their fates are
interlinked. We know the natural world only by interacting with it and transforming it: nature
produced us that way. Even if, as some supporters of 'deep ecology' argue, the earth would be
better off without us, it is to us that the task of saving it falls.
63: Concrete Jungle

Spending too much time in the concrete jungle is bad for city dwellers' health and could have
potentially catastrophic consequences for the environment, conservation biologist Richard Fuller
will argue during a seminar at the University of Canberra today. Dr Fuller, lecturer in biodiversity
and conservation at the University of Queens' and CSIRO, will explore the fact that although
there's evidence that the well-being of humans increases with exposure to our surrounding
biodiversity, the opportunities for people to experience nature are declining rapidly in the modern
world.
64: Increasing Darkness

The increasing darkness in the Northern Hemisphere this time of year indicates to the plant that
autumn is coming on. So it starts recouping materials from the leaves before they drop off.
Evergreens protect their needle-like foliage from freezing with waxy coatings and natural
"antifreeze." But broadleaf plants, like sugar maples, birches, and sumacs, have no such
protections. As a result, they shed their leaves. But before they do, the plants first try to salvage
important nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus.
65: Dry Hay
Dry hay is an essential farmyard food source for sheep and cows. Gavin came up with the design
as part of his Product Design Engineering degree course, run in conjunction with Glasgow School
of Art. He built a working prototype of the device which is powered and towed by a tractor and
uses a pair of parallel belts to invert the swath. The rollers are driven from one hydraulic motor and
are geared so as to spin at the same speed and in opposite directions ensuring that the touching
inner two faces of the belt that perform the inversion move rearwards at the same speed.
66: Maya Descendents

Descendants of the Maya living in Mexico still sometimes refer to themselves as the corn people.
The phrase is not intended as metaphor. Rather, it's meant to acknowledge their abiding
dependence on this miraculous grass, the staple of their diet for almost nine thousand years. Forty
percent of the calories a Mexican eats in a day comes directly from corn, most of it in the form of
tortillas. So when a Mexican says I am maize or corn walking, it is simply a statement of fact: The
very substance of the Mexicans body is to a considerable extent a manifestation of this plant.
67: Language Critics

English has been changing throughout its lifetime and it's still changing today. For most of us,
these changes are fine as long as they're well and truly in the past. Paradoxically, we can be
curious about word origins and the stories behind the structure we find in our language, but we
experience a queasy distaste for any change that might be happening right under our noses.
There is a certain lack of consistency. There are even language critics who are convinced that
English is dying, or if not dying at least being progressively crippled through long years of
mistreatment.
68: Accounting Focus

While accounting focuses on the day-to-day management of financial reports and records across
the business world, finance uses this same information to project future growth and to analyze
expenditure in order to strategize company finances. So finance degree students will likely be
more interested in financial strategy and control, while accounting degree students will be more
focused on professional principles and processes, used in order to manage numbers rather than
influence them.
69: Coffee
Coffee is enjoyed by millions of people every day and the 'coffee experience' has become a staple
of our modern life and culture. While the current body of research related to the effects of coffee
consumption on human health has been contradictory, a study in the June issue of
Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, which is published by the Institute of
Food Technologists (IFT), found that the potential benefits of moderate coffee drinking outweigh
the risks in adult consumers for the majority of major health outcomes considered.
70: Press List

Throughout its history, one of the strengths of the Press has been the diversity of the Press's list.
The Press has also distinguished itself with its strong list in social work, publishing texts that have
been widely adopted in courses and are used by professionals in the field. Through its European
Perspectives series and the publication of the Wellek Library Lectures, the Press has published a
range of innovative and leading scholars. Other notable lecture series published by Columbia
University Press include The Leonard Hastings Schoff Memorial Lectures and The Bampton
Lectures in America.
71: Folklore
Folklore, a modern term for the body of traditional customs, superstitions, stories, dances, and
songs that have been adopted and maintained within a given community by processes of
repetition is not reliant on the written word. Along with folk songs and folktales, this broad category
of cultural forms embraces all kinds of legends, riddles, jokes, proverbs, games, charms, omens,
spells, and rituals, especially those of pre-literate societies or social classes. Those forms of verbal
expression that are handed on from one generation or locality to the next by word of mouth are
said to constitute an oral tradition.
72: Ice Age

At the end of the last ice age, the melting ice disrupted the ocean currents in the North Atlantic and
caused a drop in temperature of almost 5 degrees. Even though the rest of the planet was
warming up, the North Atlantic region remained in a cold period for 1300 years. The same thing
happened around 8000 years ago, when the cooling lasted about a hundred years, and it could
happen again today. Even a short period of cooling in the North Atlantic could have a dramatic
effect on the wildlife, and the human populations, living there.
73: Distance Learning
If you are interested in studying but have other commitments, our online and distance learning
courses offer an alternative flexible mode of study. Teaching is conducted through a mixture of
audio-visual, written and interactive materials. There are also opportunities for online discussion
and collaborative projects with tutors and other students. Some programmes include residential
modules taught on campus, giving you the chance to meet and work alongside your tutors and
fellow students face-to-face.
74: MBA Programs

With nearly 600 accredited MBA programs on offer around the world, the choice of where to study
can be overwhelming. Here we explain how to choose the right school and course for you and
unravel the application and funding process. "Probably the majority of people applying to business
school are at a point in their careers where they know they want to shake things up, but they don't
know exactly what they want to do with their professional lives," says Stacy Blackman, an MBA
admissions consultant based in Los Angeles.
75: Haze
One of the most basic forms of air pollution, haze, degrades visibility in many American cities and
scenic areas. Haze is caused when sunlight encounters tiny pollution particles in the air, which
reduce the clarity and color of what we see. Since 1988 the federal government has been
monitoring visibility in national parks and wilderness areas. In 1999, the government announced a
major effort to improve air quality in national parks and wilderness areas.
76: Decision Paralysis

Decision paralysis is a state of over-analyzing a situation or decision up to the point where it
actually prevents you from taking a decision, or it influences you significantly. This phenomenon
typically manifests through inaction, indecision, and an excessive tendency to weigh the options
and consequences you have at hand before making up your mind. This experience can be
frustrating and dangerous, and it can affect your professional and even personal life.
77: Plagiarism
In the academic world, plagiarism by students is usually considered a very serious offense that
can result in short-term consequences such as a failing grade on the particular assignment or the
entire course. If you are receiving a scholarship, you may lose access to it if you’re put on
academic probation as a result of plagiarism. Plagiarism may even result in being expelled from
the institution and can make transferring to another institution difficult.
78: UK Inequality
After centuries of inequality in UK higher education benefiting men, there has been a reversal over
the past three decades. A lower proportion of entrants to UK higher education institutions are male
than ever before and they make up less than one-half of the total. Other developed countries have
undergone a similar shift. Male underachievement is not seen only in the figures for entry but also
in non-continuation (drop-out) rates and degree performance statistics.
79: Boeing Employees

Across our global enterprise, Boeing employees are united by a shared commitment to our values-
safety, quality, integrity, and transparency-above all else. We believe that compliance and ethical
behavior are everyone’s responsibility. This means we must hold ourselves accountable to our
values and to creating an open and inclusive workplace. Boeing leadership encourages
employees to proactively seek out issues, speak up and report concerns, and engage with
transparency.
80: Chinese Fireworks

Of ancient Chinese origin, fireworks evidently developed out of military rockets and explosive
missiles, and they were used in elaborate combinations for celebrations. During the Middle Ages,
fireworks accompanied the spread of military explosives westward, and in Europe the military
fireworks expert was pressed into service to conduct pyrotechnic celebrations of victory and
peace. In the 19th century the introduction of new ingredients such as magnesium greatly
heightened the brilliance of such displays.
Fill in the Blanks Reading & Writing:
1: Transparent Wood
A team of researchers claim to have created a biodegradable and renewable alternative to both
glass and plastic in the form of “transparent wood,” a futuristic new material that could greatly
reduce the ecological impact of more environmentally-unfriendly building materials. The material,
which was invented by German scientist Siegfried Fink in 1992, has seen several changes and
improvements over the intervening years. It's made by first removing a naturally occurring
polymer called lignin from wood and replacing it with specially-designed, transparent plastic
materials. Plastics are used as a substitute for glass which is (naturally) fragile,” Dhar said.
“However, transparent wood is an even better alternative from an ecological perspective as
observed in our life-cycle analysis. In recent times transparent wood has been used in
construction, energy storage, flexible electronics and packaging applications. But it won't be
replacing glass and plastic in their entirety anytime soon because scientists have yet to figure out
how to scale up production of the material in an economical way.
2: Lime Clasts
Roman concrete, in many cases, has proven to be longer-lasting than its modern equivalent,
which can deteriorate within decades. Now, scientists behind a new study say they have
uncovered the mystery ingredient that allowed the Romans to make their construction material so
durable and build elaborate structures in challenging places such as docks, sewers and
earthquake zones. They found that white chunks in the concrete, referred to as lime clasts, gave
the concrete the ability to heal cracks that formed over time. The white chunks previously had
been overlooked as evidence of sloppy mixing or poor-quality raw material. With further study, the
researchers concluded that lime clasts arose because of the use of quicklime (calcium oxide) —
the most reactive, and dangerous, dry form of limestone — when mixing the concrete, rather
than or in addition to slaked lime. Additional analysis of the concrete showed that the lime clasts
formed at extreme temperatures expected from the use of quicklime, and “hot mixing” was key to
the concrete’s durable nature.
3: Emperor Penguins
Around 65 percent of Antarctic animals and plants could decline by the end of the century if
conservation efforts aren't ratcheted up. Species expected to undergo the steepest population
drops are emperor penguins, Adélie penguins, chinstrap penguins and soil nematodes. In a two-
part analysis, Jasmine Lee at the British Antarctic Survey and her colleagues compiled scientific
data to pinpoint which of the Antarctic’s wildlife will be most at risk under moderate and severe
warming scenarios. Then, they asked a group of 29 international experts on Antarctic biodiversity
to assess the cost and effectiveness of different management strategies over the next century,
like reducing tourism and the spread of invasive species. Under current management strategies
and moderate warming, the team found 65 per cent of land plants and animals will decline by the
end of the century. If warming is limited to below 2°C by 2100, the estimate drops to 31 percent.
"Everyone tends to think of Antarctica as this remote and untouched wilderness that's free of
these threats that are facing the rest of the world," says Lee, but the results suggest otherwise.
4: Smart Automation
As digitalization and smart automation progress, many will see their jobs altered. Advances in
automation technologies will mean that people will increasingly work side by side with robots,
smart automation and artificial intelligence. Businesses will look for employees who are good at
the tasks that smart automation struggles to do and that add value to the use of smart
automation. In the past, technological progress has had a positive impact on our society,
increasing labor productivity, wages and prosperity. Right now, a new technological wave of
digitalization and smart automation — combinations of artificial intelligence, robotics and other
technologies — is fundamentally transforming the way we work, at an unprecedented pace. For
example, data analytics, the Internet of Things and drones are already used in many industries to
make production processes better, faster, and cheaper. We already see shifts in the structure of
employment: in industries, tasks, educational levels and skills.
5: Panic-stricken
First, the scientific community that studies climate change is quietly panic-stricken, because
things are moving much faster than they expected. Greenhouse gas emissions are going up
faster than predicted both from industrializing countries in Asia and from melting permafrost in
Siberia and Canada. The Arctic Sea ice is melting so fast that the whole ocean may be ice-free in
late summer in five years’ time. Most climate scientists now see last year's report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, whose forecasts are used by most governments for
planning purposes, as a purely historical document. Second, the biggest early impact of global
warming will be on the food supply, both locally and globally. When the global average
temperature hits one and a half degrees hotter - and it will; the carbon dioxide already in the
atmosphere commits us to that much warming - some countries will no longer be able to feed
their people. Others, further from the equator, will still have enough food for themselves, but none
to spare.
6: Inflation Reduction Act

As the new year begins, a number of popular electric vehicles, specifically some Tesla and
General Motors models, could be eligible for $7,500 worth of tax credits they weren't eligible for in
2022. That's because limitations on new tax credits enacted in August as part of the Inflation
Reduction Act won't be put into force all at once, the Treasury Department announced this week.
That means the rules will, temporarily, be more generous, allowing higher tax credits on more
electric vehicles, for the first few months of the new year. Essentially, the tax rules are designed
to incentivize automakers to make their electric vehicles and all the parts of those vehicles, as
much as possible, in the United States, or in countries with which the US has trade agreements.
They’re also designed so tax credits don’t go to wealthy Americans buying expensive luxury
vehicles. The latest announcement, which will temporarily open up more tax credit money, is
likely mostly a good thing for consumers.
7: Remote Working
In the US in 2016, 43 per cent of employees said they had spent at least some time working
remotely. We like these freedoms — but are they good for business? Andrew Barnes thinks so.
In late 2017, he read that workers were properly productive for only a few hours a day, so he
decided to experiment with a four-day working week at the trust management company he
founded in New Zealand. The idea was that employees would focus more to get their work done
quicker, and get a paid day off in return. And they did indeed get the same amount of work done.
Economist Helen Delaney at the University of Auckland, who surveyed the staff, says they felt
"rested and rejuvenated upon returning to work, which enabled them to sustain the higher
performance during the trial period". She says the exercise has generated significant interest
from trade unions and government.
8: Homogenization
Climate change is not only driving the extinction of many bird species, but it may also mean that
the birds that survive will have less diverse physical features. In the last 50 years, the US and
Canada have lost more than one-quarter of their birds — an estimated 3 billion animals — due to
human activity. A study released last year found that there are now 600 million fewer birds in
Europe than there were in 1980. Extinctions are expected to continue according to the latest
State of the World's Birds report, which found that 48 percent of birds worldwide are known or
suspected to be undergoing population declines. “We know we're going to lose species, but we
don’t know much about other aspects of diversity that are also super important,” says Emma
Hughes at the University of Sheffield in the UK. As extinctions of some of the rarest and most
distinctive birds continue, Hughes wanted to know if surviving species will become more alike
over time — a process called “homogenization”.
9: Smart Brain
A smart brain might help you do well in tests, but there are many other ways it can affect your life,
both positively and negatively. Exams are not the only route to success, as billionaire
businessmen Richard Branson and Alan Sugar — who left school aged 15 and 16 - will attest.
Nevertheless, good grades can open doors, and intelligence certainly helps when it comes to
educational attainment. IQ test performance accounts for roughly two-thirds of the variance in
people’s school exam scores — other factors including motivation and mental and physical health
also influence how well children do. But intelligence isn’t just useful in school. IQ predicts how
people will respond to workplace training and how well they will do their job, even in non-
academic professions such as being a car mechanic or carpenter. This is, perhaps, because
general intelligence reflects people's ability to handle complexity in everyday affairs. Many tasks,
from supermarket shopping to juggling our diaries, require us to deal with unexpected situations,
to reason and make judgements and to identify and solve problems. This is true of our social
interactions too.
10: Coral Reefs

Coral reefs support more marine life than any other ocean ecosystem and are, not surprisingly, a
favorite pursuit for many divers. But as well as being physically and biologically spectacular, coral
reefs also sustain the livelihoods of over half a billion people. What is more, this number is
expected to double in coming decades while the area of high-quality reef is expected to halve. In
combination with the very real threat of climate change, which could lead to increased seawater
temperatures and ocean acidification, we start to arrive at some quite frightening scenarios.
11: Prevention
Crime prevention has a long history in Australia, and in other parts of the world. In all societies,
people have tried to protect themselves and those close to them from assaults and other abuses.
Every time someone locks the door to their house or their car, they practise a form of prevention.
Most parents want their children to learn to be law abiding and not spend extended periods of
their lives in prison. In this country, at least, most succeed. Only a small minority of young people
become recidivist offenders. In a functioning society, crime prevention is part of everyday life.
While prevention can be all- pervasive at the grassroots, it is oddly neglected in mass media and
political discourses. When politicians, talkback radio hosts and newspaper editorialists pontificate
about crime and possible remedies, it is comparatively rare for them to mention prevention.
Overwhelmingly, emphasis is on policing, sentencing and other 'law and order' responses.
12: Walking
Walking through airports, you've probably crossed paths with a few K-9 cops. But those dogs
aren't just following their noses. They may be led astray by where their handlers think drugs and
explosives are hiding, too—even when there aren't any. That's according to a study in the journal
Animal Cognition. The researchers recruited 18 dogs certified by law enforcement agencies. As a
test site, they used four rooms in a drug-and-explosive-free church. The researchers left the first
room untouched. In the second, they taped up a sheet of red paper. In the third, they hid a few
Slim Jims as a decoy. And in the fourth, they taped red paper to a stash of Slim Jims. The dog
handlers were told they might encounter the scent of pot or gunpowder up to three times per
room, sometimes marked with red paper. It was a flat-out lie—there were no target scents. But
the dog teams still called 225 false alerts—most often at the site of the red paper, whether there
were Slim Jims there or not. The study doesn't mean K-9 cops are totally unreliable in the real
world. But it does imply that the dogs aren't immune to the power of suggestion—and neither are
their handlers.
13: Bathroom Walls

People have been leaving messages on bathroom walls for thousands of years. Just google
"ancient Roman bathroom graffiti." But we're not the only ones to use latrines for information
exchange—as two German researchers have confirmed after hundreds of hours watching lemurs
pee and poop. For science. Primatologists Iris Dröscher and Peter Kappeler concentrated on
seven sets of pair-bonded members of a species called white-footed sportive lemurs, at a nature
reserve in southern Madagascar. Their report is in the journal Behavioral Ecology and
Sociobiology. Many animals use the same spots repeatedly to do their business, primates in
particular. For these lemurs, a specific tree becomes the urine and feces focal point. And because
chemical compounds in their waste transmit information, the so-called latrine tree becomes like a
bulletin board to post messages for the rest of the community. Based on their 1,097 hours of
observations, the researchers conclude that urine and glandular secretions left on the tree trunk
are the primary message vehicles. Feces mostly just collects on the ground. Some urine
telegrams are probably signals from a particular lemur to the neighbors that he or she is around.
But male lemurs upped their latrine visits when potential competitors for females came into their
home area. So the frequent chemical messages left on the tree probably say in that case, "Buzz
off, buddy, she's with me." In lemur.
14: Summertime
Mosquitoes are a summertime menace…but they're also a marvel of mechanical engineering.
They can stick to your skin, cling to a wall, and even walk on water. Now a team of physicists
from China and Canada have figured out how they do it. The trick is in the feet. First off,
mosquitoes have tiny hooks on their tootsies, which they use to latch onto skin. And they hang
onto walls the same way geckos do…using hairy little foot pads that let them stick to surfaces like
they're wearing Velcro socks. But it's their water walking that may be their most remarkable, er,
feat. To dance across a pond…or stand atop a puddle… mosquitoes use their superhydrophobic
legs. These limbs are so phenomenally water repellant…that each one could effectively support
23 times the insect's weight. At least that's what the physicists discovered when they took a
single mosquito leg and measured the force needed to push it into a cup of water. The reason the
legs are so hydrophobic is because they're coated with tiny, featherlike scales…that are in turn
covered by even tinier ribbing. So next time you swat a skeeter, remember: you just wacked a
wonder of nature.
15: Celestial Bling

When it comes to sheer celestial bling, stars might not corner the market on twinkle. Because
beneath their rocky exteriors, some terrestrial planets may be half diamond. So said scientists at
the fall meeting of the American Geophysical Union. The researchers were fixing to study how
diamonds form here on Earth, under the conditions found in the planet's lower mantle. So they
took a tiny sample of iron, carbon, and oxygen, elements abundant in Earth's interior, and
cooked it up at about 3,800 degrees Fahrenheit and 9.5 million pounds of pressure per square
inch. What they saw was that iron hooks up with oxygen to produce rust, and leaves behind
pockets of carbon, which become diamond. Now, what happens if they look not at Earth but at a
planet in a solar system where there's even more carbon? According to the model, the carbon
merges with iron to form a core made of steel, leaving a carbon mantle rich with diamond.
Whether the Milky Way harbors such gems is still an open question. One thing is for sure: they
probably wouldn't harbor life. Because diamonds readily transfer heat. So a planet made of
diamond would be one cold stone.
16: Remembrance of Things
In Marcel Proust's iconic Remembrance of Things Past, a taste of cake elicits a flood of memories.
Now a study finds that the stronger your memory of a particular food, the more likely you are to
choose it again. And it doesn't matter how objectively unattractive the food may be—which
perhaps explains why you may crave those peanut butter and marshmallow sandwiches from your
youth or can't break that fried chicken habit when trying to diet. The food-memory study is in the
journal Neuron. Researchers asked 30 hungry young people to rate snacks such as potato chips
and chocolate. No actual food was presented. The snacks were merely displayed on screens
associated with locations. Then the study participants were asked to choose between two
locations, as proxies for the snacks. And the hungry subjects went with memory over taste
preference—that is, they picked what they were better able to remember even if they had rated
them lower in the first part of the test. The participants' brains were scanned during the process of
choosing. And the researchers found that the exercise caused increased communication between
the hippocampus, associated with memory, and the part of the frontal lobe home to decision-
making. Which may show why when we're making food decisions, familiarity often wins out over
other factors—and why your shopping list looks virtually the same week after week.
17: Leeds and Copenhagen

Ants are known for working together, operating as a unit for the good of the colony. But not so
fast, say researchers from the Universities of Leeds and Copenhagen. It turns out that ants can
scheme like a stage mom. Scientists say that some ants hide out to ensure that their offspring
become child-bearing queens instead of barren workers. The accepted hypothesis had been that
random ants were fed certain foods that would allow them to develop into queens. But DNA tests
on five colonies of leaf-cutting ants revealed that certain males have a better genetic chance of
producing royal progeny. Scientists believe these rare males stay anonymous, and thus avoid
any problems with other ants that might otherwise lose their "one-for-all, all-for-one" attitude. In
fact, the number of males carrying royal genes to those who aren't may have settled at a low ratio
through evolution—which cobbled together the best way for the ant gene pool to expand, while at
the same time keeping the lucky males hidden from their possibly jealous rivals.
18: Important Criterion

Classical music competitions pit performers against each other. Obviously, the most important
criterion for judges is sound. But that assumption needs a new…hearing. Because a player's
passion may be the best predictor of victory. In a new study, nearly 200 novices had to choose
the winners of 10 classical music competitions. Some heard a music clip of the top three
performances. Others saw a video with sound. Still others watched a silent video. And the
participants were more likely to choose the winner if they watched the silent video, in all 10 of the
competitions. Then professional musicians gave it a try. These judges also only reliably selected
the winners from the silent video. Musicians selected the winner more frequently even when all
they saw was an outline of the motion of the performers. The researchers say the findings show
that novices and experts make quick judgments about musical performances based on visual
cues conveying involvement and passion. The study was published in the Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences. So next time you see a live concert, don't close your eyes to
focus on the music. You might be missing the most important part.
19: Working Security

You've probably seen dogs working security at airports, sniffing for drugs, bombs and contraband
food. Now our best-friend biosensors might have a new task: ferretting out the scent of bird flu.
And they may not be alone on the job. Researchers from the U.S. Department of Agriculture and
Monell Chemical Senses Center trained mice to identify duck droppings from animals infected
with bird flu. The work was presented at the National Meeting of the American Chemical Society in
Boston. The scientists trained six mice to run a maze in search of infected feces. Every time they
found the right feces, they got a drink of water. The mice learned to choose infected over
noninfected duck feces about 90 percent of the time. The researchers believe the implications
could be twofold. First, bird flu apparently leaves an odor imprint on bird feces, and so dogs—and
even mice—could be trained to recognize it. Second, scientists might be able to isolate the
cocktail of compounds that gives off the odor to develop lab instruments or automated field
detectors. Until then, we may find four-legged sensors, large and small, sniffing away to protect us
from a bird-borne epidemic.
20: Greenhouse Gas

Using less energy saves money and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. And various studies have
looked at ways to get households to use less energy. Now there's evidence that people in such a
study use less energy…because they're in a study. The general phenomenon is called the
Hawthorne effect: study subjects change their behavior because they're being observed. So
researchers collaborated with a utility to test for the Hawthorne effect in electricity use. They
monitored almost 5,600 randomly selected households. Half received a postcard saying that their
energy use would be monitored for a month for research purposes. They also got four follow-up
reminder postcards over the month. They received no other information, instructions or incentives.
The control group monitored for the study got no notifications. That group continued using the
same amount of electricity. But the families being tracked reduced energy use 2.7 percent. And
when the study period ended, their energy use shot back up. The report is in the Proceedings of
the National Academy of Sciences. Clearly, mindful consumers can find ways to easily lower their
energy consumption. Perhaps policy makers can find a way to use the Hawthorne effect to
everyone's advantage.
21: Overtime Play
Those of you following the World Cup know that at this stage there can be no more draws. Ties
are broken during overtime play, or in a penalty kick shootout in which a goalkeeper's ability to
anticipate the ball's flight can mean the difference between victory and elimination. Now,
scientists at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute have discovered how a kicker's body can betray
whether he's aiming left or right. In a penalty shot, it's kicker versus goalkeeper. And with the
shooter standing just 12 yards from the goal, that ball can touch net in about half a second. That's
faster than a keeper can launch himself from the goal's center to either post. Which means that a
goalkeeper has to start moving before the kicker's foot meets the ball. And he has to guess
correctly which way to dive. To figure out how good goalies might up their odds, scientists
attached motion detectors to college-level penalty kickers. And they found a handful of indicators
that reliably predict kick direction, such as the angle of the kicker's hips and how he plants his
supporting foot. Good goalies may be able to read those subtle cues. Meaning that they use their
hands, and their heads.
22: Scientific Community

The scientific community needs to be involved in promoting science education, including
evolution. So says the January issue of the FASEB Journal. FASEB is the Federation of
American Societies for Experimental Biology. Sixteen other organizations also signed on to the
recommendation, including the National Academy of Sciences and the American Institute of
Physics. The article notes that the introduction of nonscience, such as creationism and intelligent
design, undermines fundamentals of science education—such as using the scientific method,
understanding how to reach scientific consensus and telling scientific explanations for natural
phenomena apart from nonscientific ones. The article included a survey of a thousand likely US
voters. Those able to answer simple questions about plate tectonics, proper antibiotic use and
prehistory were far more likely to support evolution education. Said journal editor Gerald, "The
bottom line is that the world is round, humans evolved from an extinct species, and Elvis is dead.
This survey is a wake-up call for anyone who supports teaching information based on evidence
rather than speculation or hope; people want to hear the truth, and they want to hear it from
scientists."
23: Arms Might
A good "poker face" can hide the quality of your cards. But your arms might still be giving away
your hands. That's the finding of a study to come out in the journal Psychological Science.
Volunteers watched videos of the World Series of Poker. The videos were edited so the subjects
saw one of three different views of the players: the poker players' entire bodies from the table up,
or just the players' faces or just the players' arms pushing chips into the pot. "When participants
were watching chips being pushed into the center of the table by the players, it was only then
could they accurately perceive how good a hand was better than chance. They couldn't do it for
the whole body and if anything they were worse from just watching the face." Michael Slepian, a
psychology doctoral student at Stanford University, and a co-author of the study. No pros were
among the video watchers. But there's some evidence that, as might be expected, they'd be even
better at catching arm cues. "In one of our studies, the more participants were familiar with
poker—even though they were all novices—the better they did."
24: Stockholm
Losing weight is no walk in the park. (Although a walk in the park wouldn't hurt). Seems no matter
what diet you try, those stubborn love handles just won't go away. Part of the problem is that the
bulk of your bulk is stored inside fat cells. And the number of fat cells you have is set before you
reach adulthood. So if you chunked up as a child, that battalion of fat cells is with you for life. It's
enough to make you want to bury your face in a tray of brownies, I know. But hold off. Because
researchers from Stockholm think they've found a loophole. The Swedish scientists confirmed
that even after massive weight loss, the number of fat cells an adult has remains the same. But
they discovered that individual fat cells don't last a lifetime. Each year, about 10 percent of them
die off. Of course, new fat cells take their place, findings that appear in the online issue of the
journal Nature. While that might not seem like a major victory, if scientists can figure out how to
stop the replacement fat cells from being born, that would tip the scales in your favor. So you
might just be able to have your cake and eat it too, and still fit into your pants.
25: Tapinoma Sessile

A common response to seeing an ant inside your house is to stomp on it. But if you crush a
member of the ant species Tapinoma sessile, you might catch a whiff of a strange smell—a smell
that reminds some people of blue cheese, rancid butter or rotten coconut. In fact, the smell is so
noticeable that the insect's common name is the "odorous house ant." And many people call it
the coconut ant. In an effort to figure out why people have these reactions, researchers enlisted
visitors at an event called the North Carolina BugFest. One-hundred-forty-three volunteers
smelled smushed ants and were asked to identify the scent from four choices: blue cheese,
rancid butter, rotten coconut or just other. Although Web sites overwhelmingly call the smell
rotten coconut, almost 40 percent of the human judges picked blue cheese and about 25 percent
picked rotten coconut. More than 30 percent went with the choice of other. The scientists then
analyzed the chemicals responsible for the ant odor, as well as the smelly chemicals in blue
cheese, fresh coconut and coconut buried underground for three days. It turns out that the
chemistry of the ants' scent is indeed similar to that of blue cheese and rotten coconut. But not to
fresh coconut. And the researchers note that the Penicillium microbes that turn coconut oil
rancid are also involved in the production of blue cheese. The study is in the journal American
Entomologist. The researchers also noted that the most common write-in candidate as a
description for the ants' aroma was "cleaning spray." And one little girl told them that the ants
"smelled exactly like her doctor."
26: Lubricants
Saliva contains many useful components. Lubricants. Enzymes for breaking down food. And
now, compounds that can reveal a person's age. That's according to a study in the journal Public
Library of Science ONE. During normal development, DNA in your body gets what's called
methylated. Small chemicals called methyl groups bind to the DNA, helping to determine which
genes become active. But the patterns of methylation change as we grow older. Which was a
clue that measuring methylation might give away age. The researchers studied DNA in saliva
contributed by 34 pairs of male identical twins, ages 21 to 55. They found 88 sites on the men's
DNA where the amount of methylation correlated with their ages. The scientists next verified that
finding in 60 men and women, ages 18 to 70. Then they narrowed in on two genes that had the
strongest age-related correlation. And using just that data, they found that they could estimate
the ages of their saliva contributors to within five years. This technique might help in crime scene
investigations —recovered saliva could tell the age of a perpetrator. So if you're worried about
anyone knowing how old you are, be careful where you spit.
27: Tired Child

If you've ever had to pick up and carry a tired child through the mall, you know that walking
sometimes tuckers out the toddlers. Now scientists think they know why. The results appear in
the Journal of Experimental Biology. Larger animals tend to use less energy per gram of body
mass than smaller ones do, even at rest. But what happens when they're in motion?
Researchers recruited walkers of different ages and sizes, from a three-foot-tall kindergartner to
a six-foot adult. While the subjects logged miles on the treadmill, the scientists measured their
stride and metabolism. And they found that people pretty much walk the same way, regardless of
their stature. If you scaled a five-year-old up to be six-and-a-half feet tall, the giant child would
lope along just like a similarly sized adult. What's more, walkers of all heights use the same
amount of energy per step. That means that big people don't conserve energy by strolling in a
more economical style. They expend less energy because—just as you may have always
suspected — they simply need fewer strides to cover the same ground. Which means that for
some people a walk in the park ain't necessarily a walk in the park.
28: Riddler Teaming

It's like the molecular version of the Joker and the Riddler teaming up against Batman. Scientists
at Yale University have discovered that amyloid beta, a protein involved in Alzheimer's disease,
can damage brain cells by binding to prion proteins, which are themselves infamous because, in
their abnormal form, they cause things like mad cow disease. Amyloid beta is best known as the
protein that forms the giant plaques that riddle the brains of people with Alzheimer's. Those
plaques contain billions of copies of amyloid beta all stuck together in one gloppy mess. But the
protein also exists in a more soluble form, either in single units or in small groups of 50 or 100.
These smaller clusters don't cause the same large-scale mayhem as plaques, but they do
damage neurons, impairing their ability to learn. And the Yale researchers wanted to find out
how. They discovered that amyloid beta binds to the prion proteins normally found on neurons.
What's more, the prions ramp up amyloid beta's neurotoxic effects. Take away the prions and
amyloid- beta clusters are harmless, findings published in the journal Nature. So drugs that
prevent this amyloid-prion coupling could be a potent weapon against Alzheimer's.
29: Eat Buffet

If you've ever been to an all-you-can-eat buffet, you know how important it is to carefully weigh
your options. You don't want to fill up on salad when so many calorie-laden delights await. It
seems some birds also weigh their mealtime choices—literally. A study finds that Mexican Jays
pick up and shake peanuts to assess their relative heft before choosing one. That report is served
up in the Journal of Ornithology. Foods that hide their edible bits on the inside present a
challenge to hungry diners. How can you tell which fruits are ripe or which shells harbor the
biggest nuts? We humans knock on melons or squeeze avocados. But how do other species
select the highest quality snacks? To find out how the jays do it, researchers fiddled with their
feed. First they doctored peanuts so that some contained three nuts while others had none.
When they offered these pods to some jays, the birds turned their beaks up at the empty shells
and instead chose those that were full. And when the jays were allowed to choose between
normal peanuts and those that weighed just one gram more, because the researchers had
stuffed them with clay, the birds again went for the heavier meal. Videos revealed that the jays
shake the nuts before selecting one, which apparently lets them gauge the nut's mass and
perhaps also listen for the rattle of a well-packed shell. Pretty clever for a bird brain.
30: Networking Primates
Good news for big-time networking primates: other primates that live in large social groups have
more street smarts than their comrades with smaller social circles. So finds a study in the journal
PLoS ONE. Researchers tested the circumstances under which lemurs would pilfer food from
people. The study included ring-tailed lemurs, which come from large social groups, as well as
lemurs from small-groups, like the mongoose lemur. The lemurs all had the same brain size, so
would be presumed to have similar raw intelligence. Humans sat in a room with either a plate of
food on the table in front of them or behind them. A third group of people was blindfold ed, with
the plate in front of them. Lemurs from large social groups tended to steal the food if the person's
back was to it. Lemurs from smaller social groups went for the food as frequently regardless of its
position. And no lemurs appeared to understand the purpose of a blindfold. The researchers
interpret the results as showing that social factors can influence a species' smarts. So you could
be outwitted by a birdbrain, if he has a lot of friends.
31: Evolution at work

If you want to see evolution at work, visit a hospital. Inside a sick patient, antibiotics wipe out
infectious bacteria by the millions. But germs are always mutating. A few adapt to resist the drug,
so they survive—and spread. Such antibiotic-resistant bacteria infect two million Americans every
year; they kill 23,000. In this arms race between medicine and evolution, evolution is winning. But
could we turn evolution against bacteria? It turns out that when bacteria mutate to become
resistant to one antibiotic, they often become more vulnerable to a different drug. So maybe after
a jab with the left, a roundhouse to the right will deliver a knockout blow. To test this idea,
researchers in Denmark dosed batches of E. coli with 23 different antibiotics, and waited for
resistance to evolve. In three quarters of the cases, the mutant germs became more susceptible
to a second drug. The work appears in the journal Science Translational Medicine. One particular
combination of widely used antibiotics—gentamicin, then cefuroxime, then gentamicin again, and
so on—looks like it could hold the bugs at bay indefinitely.
32: Dominated
Earth's surface is dominated by oceans. But where did all that water come from? Asteroids and
comets smashing into the early Earth have long been thought to be a promising source. But
measurements of Halley's Comet and five others threw cold water on the idea that comets
provided a large share of the oceans. Because the chemical signatures of the comets did not
match the oceans. Specifically, the ratio of heavy hydrogen, or deuterium, to regular hydrogen
was too high in the comets. But now astronomers have gotten a glimpse of a comet with a
different origin, and it matches the oceans much better. They used the Herschel space
telescope to examine Comet Hartley 2, which originated in the Kuiper Belt. Halley and its ilk
came from a distant swarm of comets called the Oort Cloud. At a planetary science meeting last
week in France, and in a study in Nature, the researchers announced that Comet Hartley 2 has
the same deuterium-to-hydrogen ratio as ocean water. So maybe comets did play a major role in
delivering Earth's oceans. Something to ponder next time you have a day at the beach.
33: Ubiquitous Bubbles

Let's raise a toast to champagne. And its ubiquitous bubbles. Because new research says the
bubbles aren't just tickling your tongue. They're erupting with aromas vital to the taste of the
beverage. A team of (who else) French researchers used mass spectrometry to nose around a
glass of champagne. They found that concentrations of certain molecular compounds were
higher at the surface of the glass than in the liquid itself. They report the finding in the
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The scientists say the sea shares
champagne's secret. If you've ever enjoyed ocean air, it's because compounds called surfactants
are dragged along with bubbles in the waves. When those bubbles burst, the surfactants break
into smaller molecules called aerosols that are suspended in the breeze, giving coastal areas
their distinctive oceany odor. In essence, a glass of champagne hosts a small version of this
process, but the bubbles bring more appetizing aerosols to the surface. Legend has it that Dom
Perignon shouted "I'm tasting the stars" when he uncorked his first bottle of champagne. But it
was physics and chemistry, not astronomy, that he was really savoring.
34: Plant Chlorophyll

Most plants capture sunlight. And the results are usually green. Because in photosynthesis, plant
chlorophyll uses wavelengths of blue and our sun's abundant red, and reflects green. But what if—
as many sci-fi scenarios suggest—there's an Earth-like planet with multiple suns? Researchers at
England's University of Saint Andrews say that photosynthetic life on such a planet might end up
as a drab black or gray. Or even with a high SPF. A quarter of all stars like our sun actually exist in
multi-star systems. Plants on a planet with two sunlike stars could need protection against too
much radiation—they might evolve their own UV-blocking sunscreens. Or a planet with two stars
may have one sunlike star, along with a red dwarf star that's also common in multi-star systems.
Any photosynthetic life would be adapted to take advantage of the available light waves. Plants
that relied at times mostly on the dim red dwarf might need light from all across the visible
spectrum.
35: Fake Fish Swam
Researchers have discovered that improving voter turnout tends to result in better decision-
making— at least amongst fish. A recent study of stickleback found that they select a leader by
consensus and, the more fish in the pool, the more likely they'll make a good choice. In the
experiment, a school of fish was presented with two mock candidates for leader. One of the fake
fish swam left, the other right. The pack of real fish was then allowed to decide which leader to
follow. According to the study, which was published recently in the journal Current Biology, the
stickleback tended to follow the candidate that looked the healthiest. Larger or fatter fish, for
example, were usually chosen over smaller fish. Fish with spots—often a telltale sign of
disease— generally lost out to a non-spotty adversary. The fish also seemed to have a
preference for a more richly colored candidate, though the researchers say they have yet to
determine why. Maybe his environmental record won them over?
36: Science Journalists

At the World Conference of Science Journalists last week in London, outgoing Scientific American
Editor in Chief John Rennie talked to writers about the future of what they do, remarks that also
pertain to this podcast: The question then is, how could science writing for the public possibly be
better? I think there are a couple of different ideas. One of them is, maybe there should just be
less of it. And because I would like to leave this room unlynched, let me amend that to say that at
least there should be less of some of it. If our job is, ultimately as we see it, to try to inform the
public better about science and technology, I for one think that we could all do with a lot fewer of
the "what causes/cures cancer this week" story. I think that in fact is directly related, that kind of
story is really related to a different problem, which is that we have a model of following what
defines science news as that 95 percent of the time it is " interesting paper that appears in
prestigious journal this week." That constitutes science news. Except that we're all smart enough
to know that that has absolutely nothing to do with how science works. That has to do with how
publishing works. That's what did they put into press this week. Science actually doesn't change
when one, new important paper comes out. We all know that. The reality of science is it takes
time for science to play itself out. When interesting new results come in, they're tested and they're
confirmed and people rework them. One paper can be the landmark that starts to affect some of
that, but the reality is the actual change in the science follows that often by a considerable
amount of time. Sometimes long after we've actually written the big headlines about the exciting,
dramatic, revolutionary change of whatever has come about because of something. And I think
that's something that I don't have a particular prescription on all of this. But I really think this
comes down to why it is that we have a responsibility as editors to try to rethink what counts as
science news.
37: legendary scientists
Einstein, Newton and many other legendary scientists did groundbreaking work in their 20s. But
if your hair has gone gray and no Nobel seems likely, don't fret just yet. Because the age at
which Nobel-winning work gets done has been going up. So says a study in the Proceedings of
the National Academy of Sciences. Researchers analyzed 525 science Nobel Prize-winners from
1901 to 2008. In the small sample before 1905, about two-thirds of Nobel winners did their major
work before age 40. But by 2000 most laureates did their cited work after age 40. The entire field
of quantum mechanics was predominantly a young man's game — which meant that as late as
1934, more than three-quarters of physics prizes were for work done by people under 40. But the
more mature researchers have steadily increased their catch since then. The study authors note
that a shift from theoretical to experimental work can account for some of the age change. It also
takes longer to educate and train new contributors to now-mature fields. So keep plugging.
Unlike the youthful Archimedes, your "eureka" moment may come in a bathtub with safety bars.
38: Promote Social

Sharing is one of the hallmarks of human behaviors: give me a cookie and I'm more likely to give
you one later. But our bonobo cousins have an odd variation on the practice. They share with
strangers before friends. The finding is in the journal PLoS ONE. Researchers tested bonobo
sharing in experiment involving fourteen of the apes. All were born in the wild. In the primary
experiment, bonobos were placed in a cage with food, and they could choose to admit either a
known member of their group, a stranger, or both. In 51 trials, most bonobos shared the feast,
but they let the stranger in first. Why choose an outsider over a friend? In another experiment,
the scientists found bonobos only shared when doing so led to a social interaction. Giving up
some food to strangers lets these apes expand their social network. This behavior may have
evolved to promote social tolerance, in contrast with chimps' sometimes deadly aggression
against strangers. Which means that even when food is offered, there's still no such thing as a
free lunch.
39: Current Biology

When it comes to lizard sex, size does matter. But not in the way you might think. Because in the
June 4th online issue of the journal Current Biology, scientists say that for at least one type of
lizard, larger eggs are more likely to make girls while smaller eggs yield boys. For many animals,
the sex of an individual is dictated solely by its chromosomes. But for small alpine lizards, gender
isn't so cut-and-dried. The scientists had earlier found that nest temperature can influence the sex
of lizard hatchlings. Cooler nests turn out more boys—no matter what their chromosomes say. At
the same time, the researchers noticed that larger eggs seemed to make more daughters. But
they wanted to put their observation to the test. So they took big eggs and removed some yolk—
and, voila, they made males. Adding yolk to a little egg was a recipe for a female. This size
manipulation might allow moms to balance their babies' sexes when a chilly nest would
otherwise produce mostly sons. Because when it comes to alpine lizards, sex determination all
comes down to a practical yolk.
40: Increasing Numbers

Ever increasing numbers of people are consuming news via the internet and cell phones. In
London last week at the World Conference of Science Journalists, Philip Hilts, the director of the
Knight Science Journalism Program at MIT, reviewed the worldwide state of internet and cell
phone use: "Internet use, it's about 1.5 to two billion internet users, subscribers. And so there's
this discussion about, well, we have it in North America but Africa's not got it, so we're on two
different planets and so on. That's true, 5.6 percent in Africa now, 17 percent in Asia, but this is
moving very rapidly. In Africa it's growing 12 times right now. In Asia it's growing almost six times
right now. So the greatest growth is where we're short in penetration.
41: Pain and Patients

Before effective anaesthetics, surgery was very crude and very painful. Before 1800, alcohol and
opium had little success in easing pain during operations. Laughing gas was used in 1844 in
dentistry in the USA, but failed to ease all pain and patients remained conscious. Ether (used
from 1846) made patients totally unconscious and lasted a long time. However, it could make
patients cough during operations and sick afterwards. It was highly flammable and was
transported in heavy glass bottles. Chloroform (used from 1847) was very effective with few side
effects. However, it was difficult to get the dose right and could kill some people because of the
effect on their heart. An inhaler helped to regulate the dosage.
42: Vigorous Intensity

Currently, there is concern about the increasing amount of time children spend engaged in
sedentary activities, the number of children who fail to achieve minimum daily physical activity
guidelines (i.e. 60 min of moderate-to-vigorous intensity activities every day), and the apparent
increase in obesity prevalence as a result of such sedentary behaviors . Screen-based activities,
including television viewing and playing computer games, are part of the most frequently
observed sedentary activities that children partake with children spending 2.5–4 h per day
participating in such activities. The introduction of “active video games” (AVGs) into the gaming
market presents an opportunity to convert traditional, sedentary screen-time into active screen-
time and thus increases total daily energy expenditure (EE). Modern AVGs utilize cameras and
motion sensors to allow the gamer to physically perform a variety of actions, dependent on the
console, such as swinging a tennisracquet or running. The most demanding AVGs provided
similar responses to walking and, based on international standards, should be classified as low-
intensity activities. Whilst AVGs may provide children with a better alternative to sedentary
gaming, they are not a sufficient replacement for normal physical activity, e.g. sports and outdoor
play.
43: English Law

Legal deposit has existed in English law since 1662. It helps to ensure that the nation’s published
output (and thereby its intellectual record and future published heritage) is collected
systematically, to preserve the material for the use of future generations and to make it available
for readers within the designated legal deposit libraries. The legal deposit system also has
benefits for authors and publishers: Deposited publications are made available to users of the
deposit libraries on their premises, are preserved for the benefit of future generations, and
become part of the nation’s heritage. Publications are recorded in the online catalogues, and
become an essential research tool for future generations.
44: Financial Director

There isn’t a financial director around who wouldn’t like to accelerate cash flow by reducing debtor
days- in other words, get customers to pay up faster. In Europe’s top 1,000 quoted companies,
nearly one quarter of all invoices are unpaid at any point in time, according to recent research
carried out by the ASF organization. This means they are sitting on a total of 274 billion EUD
overdue debt. Most of this is caused by poor collection practices. According to Jan Porter, ASF’s
Managing Director, “You can set up all the systems you want, you can insist on watertight
contracts and payment terms, the government can even introduce late payment legislation, but
there are always some debtors who fail to pay on time. Once a payment is overdue, your first step
is to talk to your debtor. You should let them know the payment is late and try to find out if there is
a dispute about the work, or if your debtor has financial problems. This is OK, but Tim Vainio, a
chartered accountant, believes that too many companies are afraid of losing a relationship, and
that, before undertaking any action, the focus should be on recovering as much money as
possible, rather than on preserving a relationship.
45: Green Color
Emerald is defined by its green color. To be an emerald, a specimen must have a distinctly green
color that falls in the range from bluish green to green to slightly yellowish green. To be an
emerald, the specimen must also have a rich color. Stones with weak saturation or light tone
should be called "green beryl". If the beryl's color is greenish blue then it is an "aquamarine". If it
is greenish yellow it is "heliodor." This color definition is a source of confusion. Which hue, tone,
and saturation combinations are the dividing lines between "green beryl" and "emerald"?
Professionals in the gem and jewelry trade can disagree on where the lines should be drawn.
Some believe that the name "emerald" should be used when chromium is the cause of the green
color, and that stones colored by vanadium should be called "green beryl". Calling a gem an
"emerald" instead of a "green beryl" can have a significant impact upon its price and
marketability. This "color confusion" exists within the United States. In some other countries, any
beryl with a green color - no matter how faint - is called an "emerald".
46: Quantity Food Production

The rest of Taylor's restaurant is student-run. Students in quantity food production and service
management classes make the articulate and detailed dishes. "We teach students to understand
where a product comes from and to respect that product," Garmy said. Skeptics might doubt the
quality of a student-run restaurant, but one visit to Taylor's will immediately change their outlook.
Dishes such as orecchiette and butternut squash, pappardelle with duck and bistro chicken will
please any appetite while imparting the need to return for a second taste. Students are taught to
use ratios and proportions rather than recipes when creating dishes. "Understanding ratios and
proportions when creating dishes instead of recipes makes students think and actually teaches
them how to cook, rather than just reading a recipe and not learning from it," Garmy said. Garmy
said he believes in using all aspects of a product, which Taylor's menu reflects.
47: Strongly Influenced

In the US, artists in the mid-1950s began to create a bridge to Pop. Strongly influenced by Dada
and its emphasis on appropriation and everyday objects, artists increasingly worked with collage,
consumer products, and a healthy dose of irony. Jasper Johns reimagined iconic imagery like the
American flag; Robert Rauschenberg employed silk-screen printings and found objects; and Larry
Rivers used images of mass-produced goods. All three are considered American forerunners of
Pop.
48: Customer Satisfaction
Good customer service relates to the service you and your employees provide before, during and
after a purchase. For example, it’s how you interact with your customers. Improving your
customer service skills can lead to great customer satisfaction and a more enjoyable experience
for them. No matter the size of your business, good customer service needs to be at the heart of
your business model if you wish to be successful. it is important to provide good customer service;
to all types of customers, including potential , new and existing customers. Although it can take
extra resources, time and money, good customer service leads to customer satisfaction which
can generate positive word of mouth for your business, keep your customers happy and
encourage them to purchase things from your business again. Good customer service can help
your business grow and prosper.
49: Hominid Skeleton

Lucy was a single hominid skeleton found in Ethiopia. First, she was a bunch of broken fragments
lying in Ethiopia. She was found by Donald Johanson and Tom Gray, who headed out to the area
looking for rocks, and then drove back. During that return journey, Johanson spotted a forearm
bone, identified it -- and then kept looking, where the two found a huge set of bones that would
eventually represent 40 per cent of the entire skeleton. The discovery was so important because it
entirely upset our understanding of the process of evolution. She showed that people had been
wrong to think that we became intelligent before we stood up-- Lucy and her contemporaries were
better suited for walking upright than we were, but appeared to have been much less intellectually
advanced. That was important because it changed our understanding of the story of evolution,
implying that walking was one of the most important things in moving us towards our current state,
and that brainpower might not have been the most important thing.
50: Patterns Change

The amount of sleep you need depends on many factors, especially your age. Newborns sleep
between 16 and 18 hours a day and preschool children should sleep between 10 and 12 hours.
Older children and teens need at least nine hours to be well rested. For most adults, seven to
eight hours a night appears to the best amount of sleep. However, for some people" enough
sleep" may be as few as five hours or as many as 10 hours of sleep. As you get older, your
sleeping patterns change. Older adults tend to sleep more lightly and awaken more frequently in
the night than younger adults. This can have many causes including medical conditions and
medications used to treat them. But there's no evidence that older adults need less sleep than
younger adults. Getting enough sleep is important to your health because it boosts your immune
system, which makes your body better able to fight disease. Sleep is necessary for your nervous
system to work properly. Too little sleep makes you drowsy and unable to concentrate. It also
impairs memory and physical performance. So how many hours of sleep are enough for You?
Experts say that if you feel drowsy during the day - even during boring activities - you are not
getting enough sleep. Also, quality of sleep is just as important as quantity. People whose sleep
is frequently interrupted or cut short are not getting quality sleep. If you experience frequent
daytime sleepiness, even after increasing the amount of quality sleep you get, talk to your doctor.
He or she may be able to identify the cause of sleep problems and offer advice on how to get a
better night's sleep.
51: Strongly Attracted

The electrons that orbit closest to the nucleus are strongly attracted. They are called bound
electrons. The electrons that are farther away from the pull of nucleus can be forced out of their
orbits. These are called free electrons. Free electrons can move from one atom to another. This
movement is known as electron flow. Electricity is the movement or flow of electrons from one
atom to another. A condition of imbalance is necessary to have a movement of electrons. In a
normal atom, the positively charged nucleus balances the negatively charged electrons. This
holds them in orbit. If an atom loses electrons, it becomes positive in charge. It attracts more
electrons in order to get its balance. A conductor is any material that allows a good electron flow
and conducts electricity. A good conductor must be made of atoms that give off free electrons
easily. Also, the atoms must be close enough to each other so that the free electron orbits
overlap. Ignition systems use copper and aluminium wires to conduct electricity. They allow good
electron flow.
52: French Physicist

Radioactivity was discovered in 1896 by the French physicist, Antoine Henri Becquerel. He left an
unexposed photographic plate in the dark near a sample of a uranium salt. When the plate was
developed it was found to be fogged, just as if it had been exposed to light, which was caused by a
form of radiation from the uranium. The term radioactivity was coined by Marie Curie and her
husband Pierre Curie. They worked together and showed that radioactivity was an atomic property
not a chemical change. The discovery of radioactivity won the Curies and Ekcquerel the Nobel
Prize for Physics in 1903.
53: Essential Problem
The essential problem, as Rosenfeld sees it, is that democratic government is predicated on an
aspiration to collective truth. Unlike older systems of aristocratic and monarchical rule, which
excluded the people from power and stressed the need for administrative secrecy, the new
republics of the late 18th century, and the more egalitarian mass democracies that succeeded
them, depended on openness and trust between citizens and rulers. Through the free discussion
and united wisdom of the educated and the masses, errors would be dispelled, 'public knowledge'
established and societies advanced. And yet, she points out, the reality has never lived up to this
powerful ideal. From the outset, democratic societies contained vast inequalities of power and
education, and their media have always been driven by commercial and partisan imperatives. In
practice, instead of a free civil marketplace of ideas, politics has always been a vicious fight over
the truth and the power of determining it.
54: Important Responsibilities

One of the Supreme Court's most important responsibilities is to decide cases that raise
questions of constitutional interpretation. The Court decides if a law or government action violates
the Constitution. This is known as judicial review and enables the Court to invalidate both federal
and state laws when they conflict with the Constitution. Since the Supreme Court stands as the
ultimate authority in constitutional interpretation, its decisions can be changed only by another
Supreme Court decision or by a constitutional amendment.
55: Barrie Finning's

Barrie Finning's, a professor at Monash University's college of pharmacy in Melbourne, and PhD
student Anita Schneider, recently tested a new wrinkle cure. Twice daily, 20 male and female
volunteers applied a liquid containing Myoxinol, a patented extract of okra (Hibiscus esculentus)
seed, to one side of their faces. On the other side they applied a similar liquid without Myoxinol.
Every week for a month their wrinkles were tested by self-assessment, photography and the size
of depressions made in silicon moulds. The results were impressive. After a month the depth and
number of wrinkles on the Myoxinol-treated side were reduced by approximately 27 per cent. But
Finnin's research, commissioned by a cosmetics company, is unlikely to be published in a
scientific publication. It's hard to even find studies that show the active ingredients in cosmetics
penetrate the skin, let alone more comprehensive research on their effects. Even when rigorous
studies are commissioned, companies usually control whether the work is published in the
traditional scientific literature.
56: Sense Appears
Good sense appears to have prevailed at last. With a fresh set of draft rules to replace last year's
poorly conceived ones, the centre has sought to withdraw the ban on sale of cattle for slaughter in
animal markets. The draft rules are now open for comments and suggestions. When the Union
Ministry for environment, forests and climate change notified the rules under the prevention of the
cruelty to animals Act on May 23, 2017, there was concern that in the name of preventing cruelty
to animals and regulating livestock markets the government was surreptitiously throttling the cattle
trade and furthering the BJP's cow protection agenda. The rules were criticized for restricting
legitimate animal trade and interfering with dietary habits.
57: Surface Area

Small lakes with a surface area of less than 100 square meters represent the majority of global
freshwater ecosystems. Many of these lakes are found in remote, often mountainous areas with
no inflow and outflow. Yet in most of these lakes, there are fish. So how do fish reach lakes and
ponds that are not connected to other bodies of water? This question was already addressed by
some of the leading natural scientists of the 19th century such as Charles Darwin, Alfred Russel
Wallace and Charles Lyell, who all came to the same conclusion—water birds must be
responsible for fish dispersal. And they had a plausible explanation for this: fish eggs of some
species are sticky and can survive for some time out of water. The theory is thus that the fish
eggs stick to water birds' feathers or feet; the birds then fly from one body of water to the next,
where the fish hatch from their eggs.
58: Journal of design

The international journal of design is a peer-reviewed, open access journal devoted to publishing
research papers in all fields of design, including industrial design, visual communication design,
interface design, animation and game design, architectural design, urban design, and other
design related fields. It aims to provide an international forum for the exchange of ideas and
findings from researchers across different cultures and encourages research on the impact of
cultural factors on design theory and practice. It also seeks to promote the transfer of knowledge
between professionals in academia and industry by emphasizing research in which results are of
interest or applicable to design practices.
59: Plants and Animals
Coastal fish farms seem to do less harm to nearby plants and animals than previouslybelieved, a
new study reveals. And marine ecosystems can recover from this damage surprisingly fast. But
the analysis of a single trout farm internationally renowned in a Faroe Islands fjord over nearly a
year also shows that these facilities need to be placed carefully, and that there's a limit to how
many can operate in a particular area before its biodiversity suffers lasting harm. In coastal
farms, fish live in large cages hanging from pontoons on the surface. Fish feces and uneaten food
sink to the seabed, affecting its ecosystem. Badly managed farms can also have serious effects
on the surrounding water column.
60: Intellectual Property

The presentation will cover copyright's position as one of the intellectual property rights and how
it differs from other intellectual property rights. It will give an overview of what copyright protects
as well as what may be done with copyright protected works without permission under permitted
acts. It is by manipulating the restricted acts through licensing arrangements that rights owners
establish and exploit commercial markets. In contrast to commercial markets, the growth of open
source and open content licensing models has challenged established business models. The
presentation gives a brief commentary on two of the more prominent open licensing frameworks:
the GNU Creative Commons licences.
61: Daunting Process

Buying a house can seem like a daunting process. First you need to work out how much you can
borrow. This is where our services will really help you. Make sure you have an accurate and
detailed budget that takes into account all associated with purchasing a property, including stamp
duty, council rates, and other fees. We can help you identify these extra costs. Ask us for our
budget planner if you don't already have one. Interest rates move constantly, so you will need to
allow room in your budget for interest rate increases and for other unforeseen events. All
purchase funds are paid at settlement. In the ordinary course of events, settlement takes place,
the purchase price is paid in full and the deposit bond simply lapses into group certificates for the
past two years.
62: Seat Nine

UMN's ALCs features large circular tables that seat nine students and can accommodate laptop
computers for collaborative work. Typically, students bring their own computers to class and use
the building's ubiquitous wireless capability. The classrooms are designed to facilitate hands-on
activities and problems that require students to interact with each other to reach a solution.
Students can display their work on large LCD screens mounted around the room to promote
small- and large-group discussions. Each table is allotted three gooseneck microphones so that
students can make themselves heard without shouting during group discussions. Additionally,
students can press a button on their table console to light a signal lamp to indicate when they
need help or wish to speak. To facilitate brainstorming and group reporting, the room is also lined
with erasable marker-boards.
63: Low-cost housing

When it comes to low-cost housing, architects are hardly ever involved. About 98% of the market
is built without architects and the result is usually rows of clones of a building, regardless of
whether they are practical for an area or not. Developers alone, without the input of an architect,
do not see the big picture needed to make housing part of a safe, vibrant community. A little more
thought could instantly improve community safety as well as lead to building houses that are both
comfortable and cheap.
64: Vibrant Department

The Department of Fine Arts is a vibrant department comprising active art professionals housed
in a modern, well-equipped facility. The faculty enjoys collaborative relationships with local
museums, numerous galleries and a variety of other art organizations. Fine Arts students benefit
from studying with artistically active mentors who exhibit and research regionally, nationally and
internationally. The department provides students with many opportunities for artistic and personal
growth through daily contact with full-time faculty members who are noted artists and
researchers. Classes are small to allow for personalised feedback and guidance. Well-appointed
studios on campus facilitate the daily practice of art in combination with the study of liberal arts.
During their studies, students gain exposure to world-class visiting artists and exhibitions, and
also have local and international travel opportunities.
65: Hominin Footprints

The discovery of a set of what look like ancient hominin footprints on the island of Crete could
throw our understanding of human evolution into disarray. Received wisdom is that after splitting
from the chimp lineage, our hominin ancestors were confined to Africa until around 1.5 million
years ago. The prints found in Crete, however, belonged to a creature that appears to have lived
5.7 million years ago — suggesting a more complex story. More research is needed to confirm
what kind of animal made them. However, the prints seem to have been made by a creature that
walked upright, on the soles of clawless feet (rather than on its toes), with a big toe positioned
like our own, rather than sticking out sideways like an ape's. It may yet turn out to have been a
previously unknown non-hominin that had evolved with a human-like foot; but the explanatory
paper, in the Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, is not the first to suggest that hominins
could have originated in Europe. A few months ago, a team put forward evidence, gleaned from
fossils found in Greece and Bulgaria that a 7.2-million-year-old ape known as Graecopithecus
was in fact a hominin.
66: Complete Quiet

Some students say that they need complete quiet to read and study. Others study best in a
crowded, noisy room because the noise helps them concentrate. Some students like quiet music
playing; others do not. The point is, you should know the level of noise that is optimal for your
own studying. However, one general rule for all students is that the television seems to be more
of a distraction than music or other background noise, so leave the TV off when you are reading
or studying. Also, don't let yourself become distracted by computer games, email, or Internet
surfing.
67: Touchscreen-based
The iPhone is a line of touchscreen-based smartphones designed and marketed by Apple Inc.
that use Apple's iOS mobile operating system. The first-generation iPhone was announced by
Apple co-founder Steve Jobs on January 9, 2007. Since then Apple has periodically released new
iPhone models and iOS updates. of November 1, 2018, more than 2.2 billion iPhones had been
sold. The iPhone's user interface is built around a multi-touch screen with a virtual keyboard. The
iPhone connects to cellular networks or Wi-Fi. An iPhone can make calls, browse the web, take
pictures, play music and send and receive emails and text messages. Since the iPhone's launch
further features have been added, including larger screen sizes, shooting video, waterproofing
and the ability to install third-party mobile apps through an app store, as well as accessibility
support. Up to 2017, iPhones used a layout with a single button on the front panel that returns the
user to the home screen. Since 2017, more expensive iPhone models have switched to a nearly
bezel-less front screen design with app switching activated by gesture recognition.
68: Ten Years Ago

The stock of Australia's dwellings is evolving , with current homes having more bedrooms on
average than homes ten years ago. At the same time, households are getting smaller on average
with decreasing proportions of couple families with children and increasing couple only and lone
person households. This article examines the changes in household size and number of
bedrooms from 1994-95 to 2003-04.
69: Family Holidays
Children who skip school are increasingly on family holidays, government figures revealed today.
Fewer children played truant this spring term compared with the spring term last year. Children
missed 3m unauthorised days of school last term, compared with 3.7m days of school in the same
period last year. But a hardcore group of truants - 6% of the school population - who account for
more than three-quarters of all those on unauthorised absence, are more likely to be on a family
holiday than they were in the same period last year. Some 1.2% of all absence was for family
holidays not agreed by their school last term, compared with 0.9% for the same term last year.
More than 60% of all absences were for illness, the same figure as last year.
70: Mass Extinction

Scientists have discovered the cause of a mass extinction of sea-floor marine organisms 800,000
years ago — which also provides insight into how climate change can impact on deep ocean
biota. In a new study published in the journal Nature Communications, scientists from the
universities of Nottingham and Durham and the British Geological Survey (BGS), have
discovered the cause of a mass extinction within marine organisms called foraminifera.
Foraminifera are an important group in relation to biomass in the deep ocean and the cause of
their extinction was previously unknown. Scientists tested various possible causes for the mass
extinction and were able to discount others such as ocean cooling. Instead, they discovered that
the extinction was caused by a global change in plankton at the surface of the ocean.
71: Academic Enquiry

The study of objects constitutes a relatively new field of academic enquiry, commonly referred to
as material culture studies. Students of material culture seek to understand societies, both past
and present, through careful study and observation of the physical or material objects generated
by those societies. The source material for study is exceptionally wide, including not just human-
made artefacts but also natural objects and even preserved body parts (as you saw in the film
'Encountering a body'). Some specialists in the field of material culture have made bold claims for
its pre-eminence. In certain disciplines, it reigns supreme. It plays a critical role in archaeology,
for example, especially in circumstances where written evidence is either patchy or non-existent.
In such cases, objects are all scholars have to rely on in forming an understanding of ancient
peoples. Even where written documents survive, the physical remains of literate cultures often
help to provide new and interesting insights into how people once lived and thought, as in the
case of medieval and post-medieval archaeology. In analyzing the physical remains of societies,
both past and present, historians, archaeologists, anthropologists and others have been careful
to remind us that objects mean different things to different people.
72: Shanghai's Highways
Away from the rumble of Shanghai's highways and the cacophony of the shopping districts, stroll
down side streets filled with rows of tall brick houses. In the early evening or on a weekend
morning, you'll hear the sound of classical music drifting from a piano, played by a 10-year old or
a grandmother in her seventies. Wander down another alley toward concrete skyscrapers and
you'll hear Beethoven or Mozart flowing from a violin, or perhaps a cello, accordion or flute. In
China, classical music is booming as mightily as the 1812 Overture. Commanding YI00-200
(512.50425) per hour, private music teachers in Shanghai can readily earn more than five times
the average per capita monthly income.
73: Read and Understood

Paraphrasing is often defined as putting a passage from an author into your own words. However,
what are your own words? How different must your paraphrase be from the original? The answer
is it should be considerably different. The whole point of paraphrasing is to show you have read
and understood another person's ideas, and can summarize them in your own writing style rather
than borrowing their phrases. If you just change a few words, or add some bits of your own to an
otherwise reproduced passage, you will probably be penalized for plagiarism. You should aim to
condense and simplify a writer's ideas and describe them using different sentence structures and
expressions. It is also important to credit the original writer by referencing.
74: Houseboat-owners
Two decades ago, Kashmiri houseboat-owners rubbed their hands every spring at the prospect of
the annual influx of tourists. From May to October, the hyacinth-choked waters. From May to
October, the hyacinth-choked waters of Dal Lake saw flotillas of vividly painted Shikaras carrying
Indian families, boho westerners, young travellers and wide-eyed Japanese. Carpet-sellers honed
their skills, as did purveyors of anything remotely embroidered while the house boats initiated by
the British Raj provided unusual accommodation. Then, in 1989, separatist and Islamist militancy
attacked and everything changed. Hindus and countless Kashmiri business people bolted, at least
35,000 people were killed in a decade, the lake stagnated, and the houseboats rotted. Any
foreigners venturing there risked their lives, proved in 1995 when five young Europeans were
kidnapped and murdered.
75: Environmental Conditions
Antarctic plants can be important indicators of subtle changes in environmental conditions,
including climate change. Traditional ground-based assessments of vegetation health are,
however, not ideal in Antarctica, as they can destroy the vegetation and are physically
demanding in the harsh weather conditions. Co-author Professor Sharon Robinson from UOW’s
School of Biological Sciences said the study found drone-based monitoring of vegetation health
produced similar results to traditional techniques, but with much greater efficiency and with no
damage to the vegetation. “Drones are a powerful tool for monitoring fragile Antarctic vegetation,”
Professor Robinson said. “They could be used to provide timely warnings about specific
environmental stress events, as well as monitoring the longer-term impacts of climate change.
“These methods could also be adapted to monitor the health of other small-stature, patchy plant
communities, including in alpine or desert regions.” The researchers found that drones equipped
with sensors were able to detect vegetation health indicators more accurately than satellite
imagery. Mosses are one of the key Antarctic vegetation types that need to be monitored.
However, they tend to occur in patches among rocks, ice and soil, making it important that the
imagery used to assess their health is as accurate and spatially detailed as possible.
76: Straightforward
Don't expect a straightforward answer from Chanan Tigay about the authenticity or even the
existence of what was promoted as the earliest version of the fifth and final book of the Jewish
Torah, known to Christians as the Book of Deuteronomy in the Old Testament. As an author who
spent years trying to unravel a juicy mystery and get it down on paper, Tigay wants you to read
his book, "The Lost Book of Moses: The Hunt for the World's Oldest Bible," to find the answer.
But at a talk on Wednesday, the writer, journalist, and fellow offered listeners an enticing peek,
describing how he landed on the story of the mysterious manuscript and about his years trying to
track down the document. From the author's description, it was a wild, Indiana Jones-type ride
that included a competition to find the relic, false starts, dead ends, trips to faraway places, and
an ultimate breakthrough close to home.
77: Width and Substructure

A bonus of dendrochronology is that the width and substructure of each ring reflect the amount of
rain and the season at which the rain fell during that particular year. Thus, tree ring studies also
allow one to reconstruct past climate; e.g., a series of wide rings means a wet period, and a series
of narrow rings means a drought.
78: Increasingly Common
The introduction of security footage in courtrooms as evidence is increasingly common. With the
number of closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras rising, the likelihood of images deemed
relevant for criminal proceedings being recorded also increases. However, while CCTV footage
may arguably have assisted in achieving convictions in some high-profile cases, can it assist in
the overall reduction of violence against women? A well-known example in Australia of CCTV
helping solve a crime is the footage pulled from a shop on Sydney Road the night Jill Meagher
was raped and murdered by Adrian Bayley. This footage was mentioned in his sentencing in
2013. In the same year, Simon Gittany was found guilty of the murder of his partner Lisa
Harnum. CCTV footage – taken from his own security cameras – was again interpreted as key
evidence. Beyond the courtroom, news media reports of crime are saturated with the use of
CCTV footage. In both contexts, it is often seen to be decisive– an authoritative and objective
witness that can tell us “what really happened”. While used in a range of offenses, its inclusion in
instances of extreme (and public) violence against women can mean certain images receive
significant and sustained media attention, and may remain online indefinitely. The strength of
CCTV in our public consciousness is such that questions of privacy are often dismissed as
inconsequential. CCTV installed in the homes of family violence victims has even been
considered.
79: Candidates
The six programs represented here report that word of mouth is by far their most effective
recruitment tool, particularly because it typically yields candidates who are similar to previously
successful candidates. Moreover, satisfied candidates and school systems are likely to spread
the word without any special effort on the part of their program. Other less personal advertising
approaches, such as radio and television spots and local newspaper advertisements, have also
proven fruitful, especially for newer programs. New York uses a print advertising campaign to
inspire dissatisfied professionals to become teachers. Subway posters send provocative
messages to burned-out or disillusioned professionals. "Tired of diminishing returns? Invest in
NYC kids" was just one of many Madison Avenue-inspired invitations. News coverage has also
proven to be a boon to alternative programs. When the New York Times, for example, ran a story
about the district's alternative route program, 2,100 applications flooded in over the next six
weeks.
80: River Horse
Hippopotamus is Greek for “river horse,” and the animal has been known since ancient times.
Hippopotamuses are often seen basking on the banks or sleeping in the waters of rivers, lakes,
and swamps next to grasslands. Hippos are well adapted to aquatic life. The ears, eyes, and
nostrils are located high on the head so that the rest of the body may remain submerged. The
ears and nostrils can be folded shut to keep out water. The body is so dense that they can walk
underwater, where they can hold their breath for five minutes. Although often seen basking in the
sun, hippos lose water rapidly through the skin and become dehydrated without periodic dips.
They must also retreat to the water to keep cool, for they do not sweat.
81: Biological Structure

3D bioprinting is the process of 3D printing a biological structure using bioinks consisting of cells
and other biological materials. This innovation can be used in the medical field for different
procedures, especially for organ transplants. As of now, transplant patients run the risk of organ
rejection, an instance where the body recognizes a donor organ as foreign body and enlists the
immune system to treat it as such. Since the donor organ is necessary to the patient, other
measures need to be taken to try to stop the immune system from fighting against it. The use of
bioinks and specialization of 3D bioprinters can result in less rigorous medical therapies for these
patients. 3D bioprinted organs were hypothesized to induce a better response from the immune
system than current donor organs do. The conclusion that 3D bioprinting can lead to better
lifestyles for organ transplant patients and less rejection by the human immune system was
reached after research showed the use of autologous cells and specialized cells in 3D bioprinting.
82: Simple and Ubiquitous

Spices are so simple and ubiquitous that we often take them for granted. A sprinkle of turmeric, a
pinch of cumin, a dash of chili flakes – these seemingly insignificant additions have the power to
transform a bland dish into a symphony of flavor. But spices are more than just culinary
enhancements; they are potent allies in our quest for health and well-being. For millennia, spices
have been treasured not only for their taste, but also for their medicinal properties. Ginger, with its
warming and anti-inflammatory effects, has been used for centuries to soothe nausea and ease
digestion. Turmeric, a vibrant yellow spice, contains curcumin, a powerful antioxidant with proven
anti-inflammatory and disease-fighting properties. Cinnamon, the sweet and aromatic bark of a
tropical tree, helps regulate blood sugar and boasts antimicrobial benefits.

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10: Aging World

14: Green Spaces

16: Formal Vocabulary

17: Medical School

 However, exercise does not need to be a strenuous daily grind.

19: Miss Brill

22: Cosmic Voyage

23: Scientific Dishonesties

 Descriptions of these planetary bodies as terrestrial in kind demonstrate the seventeenth

26: Children Strategies

28: Art History

 We could engage in impassioned debates about how as chief executive of a certain

32: Wandering Minds

34: Jet Stream

35: Joe Denoyer

37: Indian Banks

38: Pay Hikes

40: Organic Farming

 Whether these systems have been maintained seems questionable, particularly as

41: Agreement Attitude

43: Carbon Detox

46: Coral Reefs

47: Glow Worm

50: Musical Notation

52: Profound Book

54: Electronic Transactions

 At SAS, he arrived at a time crisis.

56: Body Building

58: Folklore Mission

59: Recycling Electronics

61: Negative and Emotion

62: Wind in Valleys

64: Endothermic Reaction

68: Neutron Scattering

11: Scientific Curiosity

12: Cinema Evolution

13: Toddlers learning

14: Personal Data

16: Tokyo Olympics

17: Open Door

18: Artificial Lighting

21: Feeding Babies

22: Modern Democracies

23: Detailed Gene Maps

25: Tired Parents

27: Mental Distress

31: Forecasting Earthquakes

32: True or False Memory

33: Smallest Particles

35: Worse Sleep

38: Light Adaptation

42: Soil Patches

46: Simple Survival

47: The Amazon

50: Computer Viruses

51: Helpful Employee

52: Mobility as a Service

54: Identifiable Peasantry

56: People Color Preference