Eurocode 3 for Dummies

The Opportunities and

Traps
a brief guide on element design to
EC3
Tim McCarthy
Email [email protected]

Manchester Centre for Civil & Construction Engineering

Slides available on the web

http://www2.umist.ac.uk/construction/staff/
mccarthy/index.htm
Follow the link from my home page
From 21 March 2003

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© 2003 Tim McCarthy 1

 Overview
Eurocode 3
n Current status
n Coverage
Pitfalls
n Major and minor
differences with
BS5950
Element Design
n Beams, Struts
Capacity comparisons

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EC3 Current Status

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© 2003 Tim McCarthy 2

 E-SCI News March 2003

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Eurocode terminilogy
EN – EuroNorm
n mandatory standard
ENV – EuroNorm Voluntaire
n You can use it if you wish
DD – Draft for development
DC – Draft for public comment
prEN
n Pre-
Pre-EuroNorm between DD and EN
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© 2003 Tim McCarthy 3

 EC3 Current Published Status
DD ENV 1993-
1993-1-1:1992 Eurocode 3. Design of
steel structures. General rules and rules for
buildings (together with United Kingdom
National Application Document)
DD ENV 1993-
1993-1-2:2001 Eurocode 3. Design of
steel structures. General rules. Structural fire
design (together with United Kingdom National
Application Document)
DD ENV 1993-
1993-1-3:2001 Eurocode 3. Design of
steel structures. General rules. Supplementary
rules for cold formed thin gauge members and
sheeting

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Other EC’s Published Status

prEN 1994-
1994-1-1:2002 Design of composite steel
and concrete structures. Part 1.1 General rules
and rules for buildings. Stage 49 Examination
Document
DD ENV 1998-
1998-3:1997 Eurocode 8: Design
provisions for earthquake resistance of
structures. Towers, masts and chimneys

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© 2003 Tim McCarthy 4

 Potential pitfalls
Terminology
n Restricted vocabulary
Change in symbols
n More logical symbol name
conventions
n Lots of subscripts
Changes in values
n Young’
Young’s Modulus etc
Multiple documents
n Need to consult more than
one part

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Terminology
BS5950 EC3
Force Action
Capacity Resistance
n Mc n Mc,Rd
Design strength Yield strength
n py n fy
Dead load Permanent load
Live load Variable load
Wind load Another variable load

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© 2003 Tim McCarthy 5

 Terminal…ogy
BS5950 in wonderland EC3
Words evolved over Vocabulary consistent
time with meaning
Inconsistent at times Consistent across all
No link with concrete Eurocodes
structural codes Easy to translate

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Symbols
BS5950 Eurocode
Elastic Modulus Z Wel
Plastic Modulus S Wpl
Radius of r i
Gyration
Torsion constant J It
Warping constant H Iw

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© 2003 Tim McCarthy 6

 Changes in Values
Young’
Young’s Modulus Changes in load
n BS - 205000 N/mm²
N/mm² factors
n EC - 210000 N/mm²
N/mm² n BS 1.4Gk + 1.6 Qk
Shear modulus n EC 1.35Gk + 1.5 Qk
n BS – 79000 N/mm²
N/mm²
n EC - 81000N/mm²
81000N/mm² Many extra load
combinations in EC
n Main variable action
n Secondary variable
action

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Axes redefined in Eurocodes

Major axis is y-y
Vertical axis is z-z
X direction is along
the member

This is consistent with

most FE and Frame
analysis software
EC3 Definitions

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© 2003 Tim McCarthy 7

 BS Section classification

ε = (275/py)0.5

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prEN1993 Classification
Different
outstand
Different ε
ε = (235/fy)0.5

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© 2003 Tim McCarthy 8

 Multiple documents
The DD ENV 1993:1-
1993:1-1 contained all the
information in one 300 page document.
It also contained the National Application
Document
prEN1993-
prEN1993-1-1 Contains member and
frame design but omits fasteners
prEN1993 must be read in conjunction
with the UK National Annex

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Element Design
Beams
n Moment capacity/resistance
n Shear
n Deflections
Compression members z x
Lateral Torsional Buckling u
y

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© 2003 Tim McCarthy 9

 Moment Resistance
BS5950 EC3
Class 1 and 2 Class 1 and 2
n M = p S
c y n M
c,Rd = fy W pl /γM1
n γ
M1 = 1.05 in UK
Class 3 semi-compact Class 3
c,Rd = fy W el,min /γM1
n M = p Z or n M
c y
Mc = pySeff
Class 4 slender Class 4
n M = p Z
n M
c,Rd = fy W eff,min /γM1
c y eff
Low shear Low shear
n F < 60 % P
n V
Ed < 50% VplRd
v v

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Shear Resistance
BS5950 EC3
Pv = 0.6 py Av Vpl,Rd = Av (fy/ √3)/γ
3)/γM1
Shear area Shear area
n Av = tD n Av = A – 2btf +(tw+2r)tf
n Approx = 1.04tD
Shear buckling if Shear buckling if
n 70ε
d/t > 70ε n 72ε
hw/tw > 72ε

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© 2003 Tim McCarthy 10

 Deflections
BS5950 EC3 ? EN1990
Serviceability LS Serviceability LS
n Imposed load only n Permanent action, δ1
n Span/360 - brittle n Variable action, δ2
n Span/200 - generally n Pre-camber, δ0
Pre-

n δmax < L/ 250

n δ2 < L / 350 brittle
n δ2 < L / 300 generally

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Deflections
BS5950 EC3 ? EN1990
Serviceability LS Serviceability LS
n Imposed load only n Permanent action, δ1
n Span/360 - brittle n Variable action, δ2
n Span/200 - generally n Pre-camber, δ0
Pre-

n δmax < L/ 250

n δ2 < L / 350 brittle
δmax = δ1 + δ2 - δ0 n δ2 < L / 300 generally
δ1 δ0
δ2 δmax

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© 2003 Tim McCarthy 11

 Compression Members
Pc = Ag pc from Nb,Rd=χ A fy/γM1
Tables 23 and 24 χ is a reduction factor
pc is a function of λ χ depends on
BS5950 requires a n ? non-
non-dimensional
large number of slenderness
tables n Perry-
Perry-Robertson
approach

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Compression members
N b , Rd = χβ a A f y γ M 1
1
[ ]
? = but ? ≤1
2 0.5
f + f 2
−?

[
f = 0,5 1 + a ? − 0,2 + ? ( ) 2
]
[
λ = βa A f y Ncr ]0.5
= λ λ1 , λ1 = π E f y
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 Compression members
N b, Rd = χβ a A f y γ M 1

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Example
UC 203x203x60 of grade S275 is axially loaded and
pinned at each end of its 6m length.
A = 76.4 cm²
cm², flange thickness, tf = 14.2mm, radius of
gyration about minor axis, izz = 5.2 cm, depth, h =
209.6mm, width b = 205.8 h/b= h/b= 1.01 => H section
Table 3.1:
3.1: tf = 14.2mm < 40mm therefore fy=275N/mm
fy=275N/mm²²
for S275 grade
E = 210000 N/mm²N/mm²
Slenderness - λzz= zz= 600/5.2 = 115 <180 OK
βa=1.0, implies λ1=π(E/fy)0.5 = 86.8
( λzz/ λ1) βa0.5= 115/86.8 = 1.324
?
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 0.38

1.32

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Example
UC 203x203x60 of grade S275 is axially
loaded and pinned at each end of its 6m
length.
Figure 6.3 factor, χ = 0.38
NbRd = 0.38*1.0*76.4*10²
0.38*1.0*76.4*10²*275/1.05
= 760kN

BS5950 – 786kN

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© 2003 Tim McCarthy 14

 But
EC loads are typically 5% lower than BS
Scaling the capacity by this figure gives:
EC3 = 760/0.95 = 800 kN
EC3 stronger than BS at 786 kN

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LTB BS5950:2000
Mx ≤ Mb/mLT and Mx ≤ Mcx
Mb = pb× modulus
pb from λLT
λLT = uvλ√
uvλ√ß ßW
Class 1 & 2: βW = 1.0

Class 1 & 2: Mb = pbSx

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 LTB BS5950:2000
Mx ≤ Mb/mLT and Mx ≤ Mcx
Mb = pb× modulus
pb from λLT
λLT = uvλ√
uvλ√ß ßW
Mb = pbSx

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BS 5959 Table 18 mLT

When β = 0
mLT = 0.6

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© 2003 Tim McCarthy 16

 BS5950 - mLT for UDL

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pb from Table 16

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© 2003 Tim McCarthy 17

 1.0 For UB, UC
EC3 LTB
Same approach as for Compression
M b .Rd = χ LT β wW pl . y f y / γ M 1
1
=
1.05
? LT
[
φ LT + φ LT − λLT
2
]
2 0 ,5

 2
φ LT = 0,51+ ∝ LT (λLT − 0.2) + λLT 
 

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EC3 LTB
 2
φ LT = 0,51+ ∝ LT (λ LT − 0.2) + λ LT 
 
αLT = 0,34 for rolled UCsections W ply.fy
αLT = 0,49 for rolled UB sections

The non-dimensional slenderness λ LT = M pl .Rd / M cr

π 2 EI z I w L2GI t
M cr = C1 + Where C1 results from the
L2 I z π 2 EI z bending moment diagram

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© 2003 Tim McCarthy 18

 EC3 LTB
Moment factor, C1 loaded between
restraints

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EC3 LTB
Moment factor, C1, due to end moments

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© 2003 Tim McCarthy 19

 Same curves as before!
M b .Rd = χ LT β wW pl . y f y / γ M 1

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Example
Uniform moment – unbraced length 3m
UB 610x229x140 S275
BS Mb = 1100 kNm
EC3 MbRd = 960kNm
For comparison scale by 1/0.95
n MbRd scaled = 1010 kNm < than BS

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© 2003 Tim McCarthy 20

 Summary of LTB
BS5950 splits calculations between
strength and equivalent moment
EC3 combines equivalent moment and
section properties to give a reduction
factor
EC3 uses EXACT same buckling curves
for LTB and Strut buckling
EC3 look awful but is easily programmed
in a spreadsheet

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Conclusions
Eurocodes are not that difficult
They are just a little different
Rationalises terminology across materials
and countries
The EFTA region is 10 times bigger than
UK
Eurocodes are not going to go away this
time
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© 2003 Tim McCarthy 21

 Questions??
1. How quickly will the take up be in the
UK?
Ans:
Ans: It should be quicker than the
switch from BS449 to 5950 was since
both EC3 and BS5950 are limit states
codes. EC3 will become mandatory.
2. What does EC3 say about effective
lengths?
Ans:
Ans: The EC3 guidance is not as
helpful as BS5950 Table 22. EC3
gives the general approach for effective
lengths in frames which results in the
same values as Table 22

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Questions??
1. How is Europe progressing with
using EC3?
Ans:
Ans: The German speaking countries
have already adopted the DDENV as a
DIN. Benelux countries are well
advanced. The rest are planning the
implementation.
2. What’
What’s in EC3 about sway, lambda
crit etc?
Ans:
Ans: There is a lengthy section in the
prEN on frame stability. On initial
viewing, this looks very like the
BS5950:2000 approach. See Section 5
of the prEN for the full details

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© 2003 Tim McCarthy 22