Bako, Jacquelyn Hasianda Margareth M.

NCM 117
BSN 3-B January 26 2024

1. What Causes Mental Illness?

- Mental illness, also called mental health disorders, refers to a wide range of mental health
conditions — disorders that affect your mood, thinking and behavior. Examples of mental illness
include depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, eating disorders and addictive behaviors.
Some examples of these factors include:

Genetic factors — having a close family member with a mental illness can increase the chance that
you might get a mental illness. However, just because one family member has a mental illness doesn't
mean that others will.
Drug and alcohol abuse — illicit drug use can trigger a manic episode (bipolar disorder) or an episode
of psychosis. Drugs such as cocaine, marijuana and amphetamines can cause paranoia.
Other biological factors — some medical conditions or hormonal changes can cause mental health
problems.
Early life environment — negative childhood experiences can increase the risk of some mental
illnesses. Examples of negative childhood experiences are abuse or neglect.
Trauma and stress — in adulthood, traumatic life events or ongoing stress can increase the risk of
mental illness. Issues such as social isolation, domestic violence, relationship breakdown, financial or
work problems can impact on mental health. Traumatic experiences such as living in a war zone can
increase the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Personality factors — some traits such as perfectionism or low self-esteem can increase the risk of
depression or anxiety.

2. List the following drugs under the following category and what are their uses, action and side
effects:
DRUGS USES ACTION SIDE EFFECTS

Antipsychotic - Antipsychotic medications are - The first-generation  antimuscarinic effects

the main class of drugs used to antipsychotics work by  bed-wetting
treat people with schizophrenia. inhibiting dopaminergic  blood disorders
They are also used to treat neurotransmission; their  body temperature
people with psychosis that effectiveness is best when problems
occurs in bipolar disorder, they block about 72% of the  emotional effects
depression and Alzheimer's D2 dopamine receptors in the  eye problems
disease. brain. They also have  heart problems
noradrenergic, cholinergic,  liver disorders
and histaminergic blocking  metabolic syndrome
action.  neuroleptic malignant
syndrome (NMS)
 neuromuscular side
effects
 sedation (sleepiness)
seizures (fits)
Anti-depressant - The main use for - Antidepressant drugs inhibit  feeling agitated, shaky
antidepressants is treating the reuptake of monoamines or anxious
clinical depression in adults. (such as serotonin,  feeling and being sick
They're also used for other noradrenaline and dopamine)  indigestion and stomach
mental health conditions and into the presynaptic neuron; aches
treatment of long-term pain. persistence of these  diarrhoea or
monoamines in the synaptic constipation
cleft results in increased  loss of appetite
postsynaptic receptor  dizziness
stimulation and hence in  not sleeping well
increased postsynaptic (insomnia), or feeling
 neurotransmission. very sleepy
 headaches
 loss of libido (reduced
sex drive)
 difficulties achieving
orgasm during sex or
masturbation
Mood Stabilizing - Mood stabilisers are a type of - Mood stabilizers have been  Vomiting
medication that can help if you shown to modulate the  Diarrhea
have moods swings such as activity of enzymes, ion  Extreme thirst
mania, hypomania and channels, arachidonic acid  Muscle twitching
depression. They help to control turnover, G protein coupled  Slurred speech
and even out these mood receptors and intracellular  Confusion
swings. pathways involved in synaptic  Dizziness
plasticity and  Stupor
neuroprotection.
Anti-anxiety - Anti-anxiety medications help - Anti-anxiety medications  Drowsiness
reduce the symptoms of help reduce the symptoms of  Dizziness
anxiety, such as panic attacks or anxiety, such as panic attacks  Poor balance or
extreme fear and worry. The or extreme fear and worry. coordination
most common anti-anxiety The most common anti-  Slurred speech
medications are called anxiety medications are called  Trouble concentrating
benzodiazepines. benzodiazepines.  Memory problems
Benzodiazepines are a group  Confusion
of medications that can help  Stomach upset
reduce anxiety and make it  Headache
easier to sleep.  Blurred vision
Stimulant - Stimulants are a class of drugs - Stimulants are a class of  Decreased appetite -
that speed up messages drugs that speed up messages possible therapeutic
travelling between the brain travelling between the brain effect in specific users
and body. They can make a and body. They can make a  Anxiety
person feel more awake, alert, person feel more awake, alert,  Jitteriness
confident or energetic. confident or energetic.  Headaches
Stimulants include caffeine, Stimulants include caffeine,  Weight loss
nicotine, amphetamines and nicotine, amphetamines and  Insomnia
cocaine. cocaine.  Psychosis
 Pruritus
Disulfiram - Disulfiram is used to help - Disulfiram's mechanism of  Blurred vision
overcome your drinking action blocks the conversion  Chest pain
problem. It is not a cure for of acetaldehyde to acetic acid,  Confusion
alcoholism, but rather will resulting in an upsurge of  Dizziness or fainting
discourage you from drinking. acetaldehyde. This upsurge is  Fast or pounding
Disulfiram is available only with toxic and causes the individual heartbeat
your doctor's prescription. to become ill. It is important  Flushing or redness of
to note that disulfiram does face
not treat withdrawal from  Increased sweating
alcohol nor does it reduce  Nausea and vomiting
cravings for alcohol.  Throbbing headache
 Troubled breathing
 Weakness