PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF PRINTED ARRAY ANTENNAS

FOR 5G MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

Thesis Submitted to

School of Electrical and Computer Engineering

ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in

Communication Engineering

By

Muzey Tsigab

Advisor

Dr. Murad Ridwan

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

October, 2021
 DECLARATION

I, the undersigned, declare that the thesis comprises my own work in compliance with

internationally accepted practices; I have fully acknowledged and referred all materials used

in this thesis work.

Muzey Tsigab

Name Signature

Addis Ababa

Place Date of Submission

This thesis has been submitted for examination with my approval as a university advisor.

Dr. Murad Ridwan

Advisor Signature

i
 Addis Ababa University

Addis Ababa Institute of Technology

School of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Performance Analysis of Printed Array Antennas for 5G Mobile Communications

By: Muzey Tsigab

APPROVED BY BOARD OF EXAMINERS

Chairman Dept. of Graduate Committee Signature

Dr. Murad Ridwan

Advisor Signature

Internal Examiner Signature

External Examiner Signature

ii
 ABSTRACT

Nowadays with the limited spectrum bands the mobile operators have been challenged

to deliver multimedia applications with higher data rates, low latency and better quality

of service of mobile communications to a growing number of users. This has led to a big

number of inventions and technology advancement in past decades which is the prime goals

of the upcoming 5th generation (5G) mobile networks. The millimeter wave (mmWave) is

a suitable candidate for 5G with its high frequency range from 30 GHz up to 300 GHz.

This thesis aims to design, analyze, simulate and compare the single and array elements

of printed dipole, microstrip patch and planar inverted-F (PIFA) antennas regarding to

their performances at the same operating frequency of 28 GHz using computer simulated

technology (CST) microwave studio electromagnetic simulator. The comparison is based on

simulated results of radiation pattern, gain, directivity, VSWR, return loss and efficiency.

Based on the results obtained 4×1 array antennas have maximum gain and directivity

of 9.87 dBi and 10.12 dBi for printed dipole antenna, 12.09 dBi and 12.37 dBi for microstrip

patch antenna, and 9.79 dBi and 9.812 dBi for PIFA, respectively. The VSWR and return

loss value, respectively, is found to be 2.4 and -7.57 dB for printed dipole array antenna, 1.09

and -27.37 dB for microstrip patch array antenna, and 2.6 and -6.5 dB for array of PIFA.

The radiation efficiency for printed dipole array antenna is -0.248, for microstrip patch

array antenna is -0.275, and for array of PIFA is -0.18. In this regard, the analysis shows

that the microstrip patch antenna is quite capable of achieving the highest performances

and represent an obvious choice for mobile applications. Moreover, to achieve an optimum

design parameter the microstrip patch array antenna is also simulated with varying values

of the substrate height, substrate thickness, patch length and patch width. The effect of

these parameters on antenna performance is analyzed.

iii
 Keywords: Millimeter Wave, PIFA, Printed Dipole, Patch, CST, 28 GHz, Array An-

tenna

iv
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

First and foremost, I would like to thank the almighty God for giving me the strength

and patience to undertake this thesis.

I would like to express my heartfelt and sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Murad

Ridwan for the unstinting guidance, motivation, consistent support, and valuable time given

throughout this thesis.

Finally, I would like to give special thanks to my family for their unconditional support

and encouragement throughout my study and to my friends who have been a pillar of

support in all terms to bring out this work.

v
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i

ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii

LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi

LIST OF SYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1 Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.2 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.1 General Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.2 Specific Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.5 Outline of the Thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

CHAPTER II. ANTENNA PARAMETERS AND ANTENNA THEORY . . . . . 7

2.1 Overview of Antenna Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2.1.1 Radiation Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1.2 Directivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.1.3 Gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1.4 Antenna Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.1.5 Input Impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.1.6 Return Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1.7 S-parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.1.8 Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2 Types of Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.2.1 Printed Dipole Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.2.2 Microstrip Patch Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2.3 Planar Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

CHAPTER III. DESIGN AND ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

3.1 Designing of Printed Dipole Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

3.2 Designing of Microstrip Patch Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.3 Designing of Planar Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

CHAPTER IV. SIMULATION RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

4.1 Simulation Result for Printed Dipole Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

vi
 4.2 Simulation Result for Microstrip Patch Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.3 Simulation Result for Planar Inverted-F Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTURE WORK 56

5.1 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5.2 Recommendation for Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

vii
 LIST OF FIGURES

1.1 Left: The total scan pattern of the DRA array. Right: The total scan pattern
of the SIW array [1] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2.1 Spherical Coordinate Systems for Antenna Analysis [2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2.2 Structure of Printed Dipole Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

2.3 Structure of Microstrip Patch Antenna [3] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

2.4 Microstrip Line Feed [3] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

2.5 Coaxial Feed [3] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

2.6 Aperture Coupled Feed [3] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

2.7 Proximity Coupling Feed [3] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

2.8 Structure of PIFA [4] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

3.1 Designed single printed dipole antenna on CST MWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

3.2 Designed printed dipole array antenna on CST MWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

3.3 Designed single element microstrip Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

3.4 Microstrip series feed network [5] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

3.5 4×1 corporate feed microstrip array antenna using CST model . . . . . . . . . 35

3.6 Designed single PIFA on CST MWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

3.7 Geometrical configuration of four-element PIFA array antenna . . . . . . . . . 37

4.1 S-parameter for single printed dipole antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

4.2 S-parameter for 4×1 printed dipole array antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

4.3 VSWR plot of single printed dipole antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

4.4 VSWR plot of 4×1 printed dipole array antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

4.5 3-D far-field radiation pattern of single printed dipole antenna . . . . . . . . . 41

4.6 3-D far-field gain of single printed dipole antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

viii
4.7 3-D far-field radiation pattern of 4×1 printed dipole array antenna . . . . . . . 42

4.8 3-D far-field gain of 4×1 printed dipole array antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

4.9 3-D polar plot of 4×1 printed dipole array antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

4.10 S-parameter for single microstrip patch antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

4.11 S-parameter for 4×1 microstrip patch array antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

4.12 VSWR plot of single microstrip patch antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

4.13 VSWR plot of 4×1 microstrip patch array antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

4.14 3-D far-field radiation pattern of single microstrip patch antenna . . . . . . . . 45

4.15 3-D far-field gain of single microstrip patch antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

4.16 3-D far-field radiation pattern of 4×1 microstrip patch array antenna . . . . . . 46

4.17 3-D far-field gain of 4×1 microstrip patch array antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

4.18 3-D polar plot of 4×1 microstrip patch array antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

4.19 S-parameter for single PIFA antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

4.20 S-parameter for 4×1 PIFA array antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

4.21 VSWR plot of single PIFA antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

4.22 VSWR plot of 4×1 PIFA array antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

4.23 3-D far-field radiation pattern of single PIFA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

4.24 3-D far-field gain of single PIFA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

4.25 3-D far-field radiation pattern of 4×1 PIFA array antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

4.26 3-D far-field gain of 4×1 PIFA array antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

4.27 3-D polar plot of 4×1 PIFA array antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

ix
 LIST OF TABLES

4.1 Comparison of antennas performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

4.2 Effect of substrate material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

4.3 Effect of the patch width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

4.4 Effect of the patch length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

4.5 Effect of the substrate thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

x
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

3D Three-dimensional

5G 5th generation

AAIT Addis Ababa Institute of Technology

Approx. Approximately

BW Band width

CAD Computer aided design

CST Computer simulation technology

dB Decibel

DBS Direct broadcasting satellite

Dir. Directivity

DRA Dielectric resonator antenna

ECE Electrical and computer engineering

EDA Electronic design automation

EM Electromagnetic

EMC Electromagnetic compatibility

EMI Electromagnetic interference

GHz Gigahertz

GPS Global positioning systems

GSM Global system for mobile communications

HF Higher frequency

HFSS High-frequency structure simulator

HPBW Half power beam width

IEEE Institute of electrical and electronics engineers

xi
LTE Long term evolution

LOS Line of sight

MHz Megahertz

MIMO Multiple input multiple output

Mm Millimeters

mm-Wave Millimeter-wave

MWS Microwave studio

PCB Printed circuit board

PIFA Planar inverted F antenna

Rad. effic. Radiation efficiency

RF Radio frequency

RFID Radio frequency identification

SDR Satellite digital radio

SIW Substrate integrated waveguide

SNR Signal to noise ratio

SPICE Simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis

Tot. effic. Total Efficiency

VSWR Voltage standing wave ratio

WCS Wireless communications service

WiMAX Worldwide interoperability for microwave access

WLAN Wireless local area networks

xii
 LIST OF SYMBOLS

η Antenna efficiency

c Velocity of light in free space

d Distance between the antennas

r Relative dielectric constant of substrate

reff Effective dielectric constant

e0 Total efficiency

er Reflection efficiency

ec Conduction efficiency

ed Dielectric efficiency

f0 Operating frequency

g Feeding gap

G Gain of the antenna

GR Gain for receiving antenna

GT Gain for transmitting antenna

h Height of the dielectric substrate

hs Height of shortening plate

λ Operating wavelength/Lambda

L Length of the patch antenna

Lg Length of ground plane

Leff Effective length of patch

Lp Path loss

P in Total input power

PR Power for receiving antenna

xiii
P rad Total power radiated

PT Power for transmitting antenna

Rin Antenna resistance at the terminals

Rs Source resistance

t Patch thickness

U Radiation intensity of the antenna

U0 Radiation intensity of an isotropic source

Vr Amplitude of the reflected wave

Vi Amplitude of the incident wave

W Width of patch antenna

Wg Width of ground plane

Ws Width of the shortening plate

X in Antenna reactance at the terminals

Xs Source reactance

Z in Antenna impedance at the terminals

Zs Source impedance

kΓk Reflection coefficient

xiv
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

An antenna is a device that is designed for radiating or/and receiving electromagnetic en-
ergy. Basically, everything emanates electromagnetic waves however antennas are designed
to have a good performance at specific frequencies and bandwidths [2, 6]. Antennas are
very significant elements of communication systems since they are utilized in transmitting
and receiving signals. At the time when an antenna is fed by a specific signal, the emitted
radiation is distributed in the space in a particular way. It can be said that antennas are
the backbone and nearly everything in the wireless communication without which the world
could have not reached at this time of innovation [7]. The growing demand for higher data
rates, low latency, and better quality of service of mobile communications have led to a big
number of inventions and technology advancement in past decades which is the prime goals
of the upcoming 5th generation (5G) mobile networks [8]. The everlasting antenna theory
is not going to be changed but the upcoming 5G will reform old standards and unforeseen
antenna inventions will see the daylight. The underlying exploration on the empowering
innovations for the upcoming 5th generation network (5G) is progressively proposing the
utilization of the millimeter-wave (mm-Wave) spectrum. The mmWave is a suitable candi-
date for 5G with its high frequency range from 30 up to 300 GHz. Accordingly, the use of
mm-Wave spectrum will require various design of antennas in 5G communication systems.
5G will achieve improvements in wanted characteristics like throughput, coverage, capacity
and reliability [8, 9]. Reaching the 5G performance requires tight antenna arrays where
separations between antenna elements are short.

1.1 Problem Statement

For supporting high quality multimedia applications in future smart-phones, the mas-

sive increment in mobile data rates creates new challenges in regards to the development

of the 5th generation mobile system. Due to shortage of frequency spectrum below 6 GHz,

bands at the mmWave frequencies have been widely suggested as candidates, as the con-

siderably larger bandwidths could be exploited to increase the capacity and enable the user

to experience several gigabits per second data rates [1].

1
 However, moving from the much lower cellular carrier frequencies used today (700 MHz

- 2.6 GHz) up towards the mmWave bands results in a much higher free space path loss, as

can be seen from equation 1.1 below.

In free space, the wave is not reflected or absorbed [10]. The free space path loss model

is used to predict received signal strength when the transmitter and receiver have a clear,

unobstructed line of sight path between them. The free space power received by a receiver

antenna from a radiating transmitter antenna at a path length d is given by the ”Friis

Equation” as written in equation 1.1.

Pr = Pt Gt Gr (λ/4πd)2 (1.1)

Where, Pr is the received power, Pt is the transmitted power, d is the distance between

the antennas, Gt is the transmitter antenna gain, Gr is the receiver antenna gain, λ is

the wavelength of the antenna and d is the distance between transmitting and receiving

antennas. All terms are in linear units, not dB.

Expressing in decibel (dB) we get,

Pr (dBm) = Pt (dBm) + Gt (dB) + Gr (dB) − Lp (dB) (1.2)

Where

Lp (dB) = 20log(4πd/λ)

This term is called the ”free space path loss”.

The free space path loss will be much higher for the higher frequency band than current

mobile networks due to the shorter wavelength. Subsequently, antenna gains of both in

base stations and portable terminals should be expanded to compensate the higher path

loss without expending any more power [11].

2
1.2 Objectives

1.2.1 General Objective

The general objective of this thesis is to design, demonstrate and analyze the perfor-

mance of single element and arrays of printed antenna at 28 GHz.

1.2.2 Specific Objectives

The specific objectives of this thesis are stated as follows:

To design, analyze and simulate the single printed dipole, PIFA, and the patch
antennas operating at 28 GHz.
To design, analyze and simulate the 4 × 1 printed dipole, PIFA, and the patch array
antennas operating at 28 GHz.
To compare and contrast the performance of the three printed array antennas.
To select an antenna, involving the standard antenna parameters, which has better
radiation pattern, gain, directivity and efficiency, thus, best suited for the fifth generation
of mobile communications.

1.3 Methodology

The study of this thesis involves the following steps to achieve its objectives.
Literature Review and Data collection: Related articles, research papers, and soft-
ware’s are reviewed to strengthen the study.
System Modeling and Implementation: Determine antenna parameters, analyze and
simulate the different types of antennas to find the different parameters like gain, directivity,
VSWR, return loss and efficiency using CST Microwave Studio (MWS) software at 28 GHz
frequency, which is one of the expected frequencies to be used in 5G.
Interpretation and Discussion: From the simulated results compare the approxi-
mated values of gain, directivity and efficiency provided by the different types of printed
antenna arrays. Based on the comparison and evaluation of the different radiation charac-
teristics, conclude which types of antennas are best suited to the fifth generation of mobile
communications.

3
1.4 Literature Review

Many research papers and articles have been published on performance analysis of differ-

ent antennas regarding their characteristics of total scan pattern, gain, directivity, coverage

efficiency, return loss or VSWR separately but not comprehensively all at once. For example,

in [1] the objective was to analyze the performance of the total scan pattern and coverage

efficiency as parameters of evaluation for an open-ended substrate integrated waveguide

(SIW), a rectangular patch and a dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) operating at 28 GHz,

regardless of the other parameters. Different sub-array schemes were introduced to illus-

trate the advantages of a pattern diversity and the coverage efficiency can be enhanced.

The arrays considered were 8×1 configurations with element spacing slightly less than half

a free space wavelength. The maximum gain for the 8 x 1 array was 14.5, 14.9 and 12.5

dBi for the patch, DRA and SIW configuration, respectively. The total scan pattern of the

DRA and SIW array respectively were depicted in Figure 1.1.

Figure 1.1: Left: The total scan pattern of the DRA array. Right: The total scan pattern
of the SIW array [1]

4
 In [12] for investigating the performance, the total scan pattern of the array configura-

tion along with its particular coverage efficiency were basic to consider so as to compare

different antenna designs and topology approaches with each other. This paper proposed an

approach of analyzing performance of utilized phased array antennas operating at millime-

ter wave (mmWave) frequencies for future cellular networks. Two different antenna designs

were considered; an aperture-coupled rectangular patch and a quarter-wavelength notch.

Potential designs need to be cheap to manufacture and integrated on a very limited space

in the smart-phone. Along these lines, the antenna types are chosen because of their small

size; in terms of half a wavelength in the substrate, which enables array implementation at

the desired operating frequency, 15 GHz. The arrays are 4×1 configurations with element

spacing slightly less than half a free space wavelength. All simulations were performed in

CST Microwave Studio (MWS). From the simulated results the maximum absolute gain

achieved was 9.9 dBi and 10.4 dBi for the notch array and the patch array, respectively.

The radiation efficiency was 85% for the patch and 87% for the notch arrays. The patch

array has higher directional element radiation pattern, but less radiation efficiency than

that of the notch array.

On the other hand, in [13] the parameters of evaluation for comparison the simulated

results of rectangular patch and PIFA antennas were return loss and VSWR using Ansoft

HFSS with an operating frequency 2.4 GHz. The return loss values for patch and PIFA

antenna, respectively, were obtained as -30.65 dB and -41.04 dB. The values for VSWR

for patch and PIFA antenna were obtained as 0.51 and 0.15, respectively. The resulting

impedance bandwidth of these antennas can support WCS and SDR bands. From the

results, it was revealed that PIFA antenna shows better results for return loss values than

patch antenna. This thesis aims to design, analyze and compare the performance of printed

5
dipole antenna, microstrip patch antenna and planar inverted-f antenna at an operating

frequency of 28 GHz. The parameters of evaluation for comparison the simulated results of

these antennas are gain, directivity, efficiency, return loss and VSWR comprehensively all

at the same time using CST microwave studio electromagnetic simulator.

1.5 Outline of the Thesis

This thesis is composed of five chapters and the overview of each chapter is as follows:

Chapter 1: The introduction, problem statement, objective, methodology and literature

reviews on the printed array antennas are discussed on this chapter.

Chapter 2: This chapter presents the fundamental antenna parameters, review on the

theory of printed dipole antenna, microstrip patch antenna and planar inverted-F antenna.

Chapter 3: This chapter discusses the analysis and design of the printed array antennas

which operates at mm-wave frequency specifically at 28 GHz.

Chapter 4: The simulation results obtained on both single element and four by one

elements of the printed array antennas are discussed and compared in this chapter.

Chapter 5: Conclusion of the thesis and suggestions for future work are presented in

this final chapter.

6
 CHAPTER II
ANTENNA PARAMETERS AND ANTENNA THEORY

2.1 Overview of Antenna Parameters

Antenna parameters are used to describe the performance of an antenna when designing

and measuring antennas. In this section, characteristics such as the directivity, bandwidth,

radiation pattern, gain, efficiency, input impedance, return loss and s-parameters are ex-

plained.

2.1.1 Radiation Pattern

The radiation pattern is expressed as the relative power of a radiated field in different

directions of an antenna. It is characterized as ”the spatial distribution of a quantity that

characterizes the electromagnetic field generated by antenna”. Radiation pattern can be a

two or three dimensional spatial distribution of power flux density, radiation intensity, field

strength, directivity, phase or polarization. Radiation pattern is a function of the observer’s

position along a path or surface of constant radius and goes through a direction at which

maximum radiation occurs. For the most part, the spherical coordinate system is utilized to

picture the radiation pattern. A two dimensional pattern can be a function of the elevation

angle, θ, at constant azimuth angle, φ, or a function of φ at constant θ value [14]. The

spherical coordinate system is shown in Figure 2.1.

Antenna’s radiation fields can be divided into three regions, a reactive near-field, ra-

diating near-field and far-field. The radiation pattern in the area near to the antenna is

not equivalent to the pattern at large distances. The reactive near-field is a field pattern

that surrounds an antenna element and, in this region, the electric and the magnetic field

are very hard to predict. A short distance away from the reactive near-field, the radiating

7
near-field becomes dominant and it is the region where the radiation field of an antenna is

taking its form. The field pattern at the large distances is refers to the term far field. The

far field is the radiated power, also called the radiation field, and is what is most commonly

of interest. Usually measurements and beam patterns are observed in the far-field region

since it eases the calculations [2, 15].

Figure 2.1: Spherical Coordinate Systems for Antenna Analysis [2]

2.1.2 Directivity

The directivity of an antenna is one of the most important parameters in this work,

because antennas will be compared using this figure of merit. The directivity of an antenna

has been defined by [2] as ”the ratio of the radiation intensity in the provided guidance from

the antenna to the radiation intensity averaged over all directions”. Where the average

radiation intensity, U0 , is equivalent to the total power radiated by the antenna divided by

8
4π, which is the radiation intensity of an isotropic source. This can be expressed as:

U (θ, φ) U (θ, φ)
D(θ, φ) = = 4π (2.1)
U0 Prad

Where, D is the directivity of the antenna

U is the radiation intensity of the antenna

U0 is the radiation intensity of an isotropic source

Prad is the total power radiated

Since directivity is the ratio of two radiation intensities it is a dimensionless quantity.

Hence, it is generally expressed in dBi. The directivity of an antenna permits to determine

in which directions the antenna radiates with more or less intensity compared with an

isotropic source. An antenna that has a narrow main lobe have better directivity, than the

one which has a wide main lobe, henceforth it is more directive.

2.1.3 Gain

The gain is defined as ”the ratio of the intensity, in a given direction, to the radiation

intensity that would be obtained if the power accepted by the antenna were transmitted

isotropically” [16]. It is noted that the definition is closely related to the directivity, as the

difference between them is that the gain takes into account the conduction and dielectric

efficiencies: The relationship between the antenna gain and directivity can be expressed by

equation 2.2:

U (θ, φ) U (θ, φ)
G(θ, φ) = 4π = 4πη = ηD(θ, φ) (2.2)
Pin Prad

Where, G is the gain of the antenna,

D is the directivity of the antenna.

9
 Pin = total input power [W]

η = antenna efficiency (0 ≤ η ≤ 1)

2.1.4 Antenna Efficiency

Not all of the power transmitted to the feed of the antenna is radiated. Some of the power

will be dissipated or reflected and thus, it is possible to define a number of efficiencies related

to these losses: The reflection efficiency is related to the mismatch produced between the

feeding line and the antenna when their impedance is different. The conduction efficiency is

the ratio between the input power and the losses produced in the conductors of the antenna,

and the same with the dielectric efficiency but taking into account the losses in the dielectric

of the antenna instead of its conductors. Then, the total efficiency of an antenna is defined

as follows,

e0 = er ec ed (2.3)

Where, e0 = total efficiency

er = reflection (mismatch)efficiency

ec = conduction efficiency

ed = dielectric efficiency

Antenna’s radiation efficiency is a multiplication of the conduction efficiency and the

dielectric efficiency. The loss are due to: conduction and dielectric, this is called the I2 R

losses.

2.1.5 Input Impedance

The input impedance of an antenna is characterized by [2] ”the impedance presented by

an antenna at its terminals or the proportion of the voltage to the current at both terminals

10
or the proportion of the proper components of the electric to magnetic fields at a point”. It

must be always taken into account when designing an antenna since it remarkably influences

on the matching of an antenna. An appropriate impedance matching between a port and

an antenna limits undesirable reflections. These two impedance’s see each other as similar

and it minimizes the reflection. Numerically input impedance is an aggregate of antenna’s

resistances and reactances at its terminals. Hence the impedance of the antenna can be

written as in equation 2.4.

Zin = Rin + Xin (2.4)

Where, Zin is the antenna impedance

Rin is the antenna resistance

Xin is the antenna reactance

The imaginary part, Xin of the input impedance which represents the power stored in

the near field of the antenna. The resistive part, Rin of the input impedance comprises

of two components, radiation resistance Rr and loss resistance RL . The power associated

with the radiation resistance is the power actually radiated by the antenna, while the power

dissipated in the loss resistance is lost as heat in the antenna itself due to dielectric or

conducting losses.

The input impedance depends on the geometry of conducting objects, their conductiv-

ity characteristics, the excitation method and characteristics of surrounding objects. Some

antennas are not based on conducting metals and their resonation depends on, as an ex-

ample, dielectric materials or slots in a plane. Their input impedance depend on other

characteristics, such as the permittivity of the dielectric [2].

11
 Impedance matching to minimize reflections is achieved by making the input impedance

equal to the source impedance as given in the equation 2.5.

Zin = Zs∗ (2.5)

Where

Zin = Rin + jXin

Zs = Rs + jXs

Zs is the source impedance

Rs is the source resistance

Xs is the source reactance

Maximum power transfer occurs when Zin is the complex conjugate of Zs . In other words,

Rin = Rs and Xin = -Xs . This is sometimes referred to as complex conjugate matching.

If the condition for matching is not satisfied then some of the power maybe reflected

back, preventing all the power from reaching the destination point and this prompts to the

creation of standing waves, which can be described by a parameter called as the Voltage

Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR). VSWR is a ”function of reflection coefficient” which is a

measure of the reflected power from the antenna. When the reflection coefficient Γ is given,

the value of VSWR is calculated using equation 2.6 [17]:

1 + |Γ|
V SW R = (2.6)
1 − |Γ|

Vr Zin − Zs
Γ= = (2.7)
Vi Zin + Zs

Where, Γ is called the reflection coefficient

Vr is the amplitude of the reflected wave

Vi is the amplitude of the incident wave

12
 The VSWR is basically a measure of the impedance mismatch between the transmitter

and the antenna. The higher the VSWR, should not be more than 3, the greater is the

mismatch. The minimum VSWR is unity, this represents a perfect match. In that situation,

the power is not reflected from the antenna, which is ideal. Equation 2.9 shows the antenna

with less VSWR, compared to the other antenna having higher VSWR, has better return

loss. A practical antenna design should have an input impedance of either 50 Ω or 75 Ω

since most radio equipment is built for this impedance.

2.1.6 Return Loss

It is a parameter that is used to measure the power reflected by the antenna due to the

mismatch of the transmission line and antenna. Thus, the return loss is a parameter like

the VSWR to demonstrate how well the matching between the transmitter and receiver has

occurred. Its measurement describes the ratio of the reflected power in the reflected wave

to the power in the incident wave in units of decibels [2, 18].

The Return Loss is given by:

ReturnLoss = −20log|Γ|(dB) (2.8)

Where |Γ| represents the magnitude of the reflection coefficient and this value is always

below 1.

For ideal matching between the transmitter and the receiver, Γ = 0 and RL = −∞

which implies no power would be reflected back, whereas a Γ = 1 has a RL = 0dB, which

implies that there is nothing to radiate by the antenna because the power provided to the

antenna is completely reflected.

13
 The Return Loss can also be calculated from the VSWR using the equation 2.9. Note

that return loss is given as a ratio expressed in decibels.

V SW R − 1
ReturnLoss = −20log dB (2.9)
V SW R + 1

The return loss is given as a negative figure. Being a loss the returned power must be

less than the forward power, and hence the return loss has a minus sign or negative figures

of decibels represent a loss.

2.1.7 S-parameters

The S-parameters are very important in microwave design for describing the behavior of

electrical devices. Most of the electrical properties i.e. VSWR, return loss, gain and so on

relates to the S parameters. S-parameters characterizes the input and output relationship

between ports in an electrical system. The S-parameters S11 and S22 represent input and

output reflection while S21 is the forward transmission coefficient (gain) and S12 are the

reverse transmission coefficient (isolation) which measures the power transferred from port

1 to port 2. [19].

S11 (sometimes written as return loss) represents how much power is reflected from the

antenna, and hence is known as the reflection coefficient. If S 11 = 0 dB, then all the power

is reflected from the antenna and nothing is radiated.

2.1.8 Bandwidth

The bandwidth of an antenna defined as the range of frequencies over which the per-

formance of the antenna, with respect to specific characteristics, can operate correctly.

The characteristics generally specified are gain, radiation pattern, the VSWR etc. Most

14
commonly, the VSWR is chosen as the parameter for bandwidth considerations and this

bandwidth is known as the impedance bandwidth.

Bandwidth is the difference between the higher frequency (FH ) and lower frequency

(FL ) for a particular band, as shown in equation 2.10.

BW = FH − FL (2.10)

The bandwidth can also be described in terms of percentage of the center frequency of the

band as:

FH − FL
BW = 100 × (2.11)
Fc

Where, FH is the highest frequency,

FL is the lowest frequency, and

FC is the center frequency in the band.

15
2.2 Types of Antennas

Antennas come in different shapes and sizes to suit different types of wireless applica-

tions. The qualities of an antenna are very much dictated by its shape, size and the type of

material that it is made of. The antenna is the key component in mobile devices and plays

an important role in the design of smart-phones. Antenna design for mobile phones wireless

communication systems should have a small size, low cost, compact design and ability to

operate in multiband which is usually a challenge. This section initiates the analysis of

different antennas used in this work, which will be described below.

2.2.1 Printed Dipole Antenna

Printed dipole antennas are simple in structure, low cost, ease of fabrication, have a

wide bandwidth with stable gain, and potential for high-efficiency operation. In light of

these points of interest, printed dipole antennas have picked up interest for millimeter-wave

phased array applications [20, 21]. The antenna consists of a 50 Ω microstrip-line feed, a

truncated ground plane, an integrated balun, and a printed dipole as shown in Figure 2.2.

The dipole and the ground plane are on the bottom layer of the substrate but the feedline

is on the top layer. The dipole is fed by a slot line. For feeding purpose of the half wave

dipole antenna there is a gap between two arms.

In this case, L is total length of the antenna, D is thickness of antenna arm and g is the

feeding gap [12]. It is designed to operate from 26 to 30 GHz.

16
 Figure 2.2: Structure of Printed Dipole Antenna

Printed antenna owing to variety of beneficial properties. These advantages include:

They have better band width

They are light weight, and low profile

They occupy less area and volume

They are low cost and ease of fabrication

In spite of its numerous advantages a printed dipole antenna suffers from the inherent

disadvantage of incompatibility with wide band operation [22, 23, 24].

2.2.2 Microstrip Patch Antenna

The microstrip patch antenna consists of a metallic patch bonded to an insulating di-

electric substrate, with a continuous metal layer bonded to the opposite side of the substrate

which forms a ground plane as shown in Figure 2.3. The conducting patch can be rect-

angular, triangular, elliptical, circular or any other shape [25]. But rectangular shape is

17
used in this configurations, other configurations are complex to analyze and require heavy

numerical computations. A microstrip patch antenna is characterized by its width, length,

input impedance, radiation patterns and gain [26]. When designing a rectangular patch, the

Figure 2.3: Structure of Microstrip Patch Antenna [3]

length L of the patch is usually λ0 /3 < L < λ0 /2 , where λ0 is the free-space wavelength.

The patch is chosen to be very thin such that t  λ0 (where t is the patch thickness). The

height h of the dielectric substrate is usually 0.003 λ0 ≤ h ≤ 0.05 λ0 . For the design of

microstrip patch antennas various substrates can be used. The value of the relative perme-

ability (εr ) relies upon the materials which can be aluminum, copper, gold or silver. The

dielectric constant of the substrate is typically in the range 2.2 ≤ εr ≤ 12 is used [2, 27, 28].

Microstrip patch antennas have a tremendous commercial interest because of their nu-

merous advantages. These advantages, as discussed in [2, 29, 30], include:

It is light weight, low profile, small volume.

It is low fabrication cost, ease of fabrication and conformity.

18
 It is capable of dual and triple frequency operation.

It is compatible and easier to integrate with other micro strip circuits.

It can be realized in a very compact form, desirable for personal and mobile communi-

cation hand held devices.

These advantages that make microstrip patch antennas highly suitable for commercial

mobile, high-speed communication applications also make them ideal for the aperstructure

and opportunistic array concepts.

Microstrip patch antennas also have limitations. These are:

Narrow bandwidth

Lower power gain, poor radiation efficiency

Excitation of surface waves

Difficulty in achieving polarization purity

Lower power handling capability

The patch can be fed by means of a number of techniques and factors to be considered

when designing a patch antenna are required for great performance. The dominant features

of a micro strip array are controlled by substrate parameters such as thickness and permit-

tivity more than by the particular element type. Because weight is a primary consideration

in cellular system, a substrate must be chosen which has satisfactory dielectric properties,

however which likewise has low density [31]. For good antenna performance, it is attractive

to use a thick dielectric substrate having a low dielectric constant since this provides better

efficiency, radiation and larger bandwidth however it requires larger element size [2, 32].

19
2.2.2.1 Feed Techniques

Microstrip patch antennas can be fed by a variety of methods. The four most commonly

used feed techniques for microstrip patch antennas are the microstrip line, coaxial probe,

aperture coupling and proximity coupling. These methods can be categorized into two:

contacting and non-contacting. In the contacting method, the radio frequency power is

fed directly to the radiating patch using a connecting element, for example, microstrip line

and coaxial probe. In the non-contacting technique, electromagnetic field coupling is done

to transfer power between the radiating patch and the microstrip line such as aperture

coupling and proximity coupling [2, 19]. The most important thing to take note, regarding

the maximum transfer of power, is the feed line should match with the input impedance of

the antenna.

A) Microstrip transmission-line feed

The microstrip feed is more commonly used because it is very simple to design and easy

to manufacture. The reason for the inset cut in the patch is to match the impedance of the

feed line to the patch without the requirement of any additional matching element. This is

accomplished by appropriately controlling the inset position. It is connected to the patch

and the microstrip feed have smaller width compared with the width of the patch. Figure

2.4 shows microstrip patch antenna with microstrip transmission-line feed; the transmission

line and the patch are made of the same material. Also, this type of feeding is mostly used

in the case of patch array. The drawback is that one must make a compromise with the

thickness and dielectric constant of the substrate. The surface waves and spurious feed

radiation increases as the thickness of the dielectric substrate increases, this also increases

the bandwidth of the antenna [2].

20
 Figure 2.4: Microstrip Line Feed [3]

B) Coaxial probe feed

A hole is drilled through the substrate where the inner conductor of the coaxial connector

extends through the dielectric and is soldered to the radiating patch, whereas outer core is

connected to the ground plane. Figure 2.5 shows a microstrip antenna with coaxial feeding

[33]. The main advantage of this method of feeding technique is that the feed can be placed

at any desired location within the patch in order to match with its input impedance. The

coaxial feed strategy is easy to manufacture and has low spurious radiation. However, a

significant detriment is that it gives narrow bandwidth and is difficult to model since a

hole has to be drilled in the substrate and the connector distends outside the ground plane

[2, 33, 34].

C) Aperture coupling feed

In this sort of feed method, the radiating patch and the microstrip feed line are isolated

by the ground plan as shown in the Figure 2.6. Coupling between the patch and the feed

21
 Figure 2.5: Coaxial Feed [3]

line is made with the help of a slot or an aperture in the ground plane. To improve the

distinct electrical functions of radiation and circuitry, the thickness and dielectric constants

of these two substrates can be chosen independently. The upper substrate is normally made

with a lower permittivity to create loosely bound fringing fields, yielding better radiation.

The lower substrate can be independently made with a high value of permittivity for tightly

coupled fields that don’t create deceptive radiation. The major disadvantage of this feed

technique is that it is difficult to manufacture because of numerous layers, additionally it

increases the antenna thickness. This feeding scheme also gives narrow bandwidth [2, 33].

D) Proximity coupling feed

This type of feed technique is also called as the electromagnetic coupling scheme. As

shown in Figure 2.7, two dielectric substrates, with permittivity’s er1 and er2 , are used

such that the feed line is between the two substrates and the radiating patch is on top of

the upper substrate. The fundamental advantage of this feed technique is that it disposes

22
 Figure 2.6: Aperture Coupled Feed [3]

spurious feed radiation and provides very high bandwidth [2], due to overall increase in the

thickness of the microstrip patch antenna. To optimize the individual performances this

scheme gives choices between two different dielectric media, which are for the patch and

for the feed line. By controlling the length of the feed line and the width-to-line ratio of

the patch matching can be accomplished. The significant disadvantage of this feed scheme

is that it is difficult to fabricate because of the two dielectric layers which need proper

alignment. Also, there is an increase in the overall thickness of the antenna.

2.2.3 Planar Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA)

PIFA has appeared as one of the most pledged candidates in the category of low profile

antennas and is widely used for mobile communication [35, 36]. The proposed planar

inverted-F antenna as shown in Figure 2.8 consists of the radiating patch, shorting plate

and ground plane. The material used for the radiating element is copper. The dimension of

the radiating patch is L1 and L2 and the ground plane is Lg × Wg . The PIFA is at a height

23
 Figure 2.7: Proximity Coupling Feed [3]

h from the ground plane. The gap between the patch and the ground plane, h is filled with

air substrate with permittivity,  = 1. The shorting plate is used to connect the antenna

patch and ground plane. The distance of the feeding probe from the shorting plate is D

whereas the shorting strip of the antenna has a width of W, and begins at one edge of the

PIFA. In the simulation, the 50 Ω discrete ports are used to feed in the bottom line of the

rectangular patch.

Figure 2.8: Structure of PIFA [4]

24
 Planar Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA) have become popular for handheld wireless devices

because of their many advantages such as [37, 38, 39].

Low profile, light weight, and small size

Simple design, low manufacturing cost, and ease of fabrication

Good radiation characteristics and good gain

Compact structure and being integrated with other handset components

Covering almost all frequency bands of the wireless services and applications

Apart from various advantages, PIFA structures also face limitations. Narrow band-

width characteristic of PIFA is one of the major limitations for its commercial application

in mobile phones. In addition to this, there is antennas venerability to physical damage,

and directivity and input impedance are highly sensitive from the tradeoff point of view.

25
 CHAPTER III
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS

In this chapter design and analyze of the three different types of antennas is shown.

3.1 Designing of Printed Dipole Antenna

A general construction of a printed dipole antenna is shown in Figure 3.1. A Rogers

RT/Duroid 5880 substrate is used for the printed dipole antenna design because it has

low relative permittivity and most commonly used for mobile communication. The Rogers

RT/Duroid 5880 substrate has a dielectric constant of εr = 2.2, and loss tangent of tanδ =

0.0009 is utilized for the antenna design.

Figure 3.1: Designed single printed dipole antenna on CST MWS

The antenna is simulated with the help of CST MWS high-frequency structure simulator.

Dimension of an antenna changes based on the resonant frequency. As a resonant frequency,

26
28 GHz has been chosen. Based on the operating frequency the optimized design parameters

of the single element printed dipole antenna involves various calculations as follows [21]:

Calculation of operating wavelength λ0

c
λ0 = (3.1)
fr
3 × 108
λ0 = = 10.714mm
28 × 109

Calculation of height of a substrate h

0.3 × c
h≤ √ (3.2)
2π × fr εr + 1

0.3 × 3 × 108
h≤ √ ≤ 0.285mm
2π × 28 × 109 2.2 + 1

Where, fr is the resonant frequency,

c is the speed of light in free space.

εr is dielectric constant of substrate, which is 2.2

Thus lets take h = 0.254 mm

Calculation of length of the dipole

The length of the dipole is slightly less than half of the wavelength, because slightly

reducing the length the antenna can become resonant. The antenna is said to be resonant

when it is slightly less than a half-wave in length due to the end effect. End effect is due

to a decrease in inductance and an increase in capacitance near the end of the conductor,

which effectively lengthens the antenna. End effect increases with frequency and varies with

different installations. Thus,

L = 0.45 × λ0 (3.3)

L = 0.45 × 10.714 = 4.8mm

27
 The above resonant length (0.45 of wavelength) is valid if the dipole is very thin.

The thickness or width of arm of the dipole antenna, D is written as:

D = L/3 (3.4)

D = 4.8/3 = 1.6mm.

For printed dipole array antenna, a high-gain series-fed printed dipole array antenna is

proposed. The series-fed dipole array is a well known technique for increasing the gain of the

antenna [35]. Each dipole has the same size, the spacing between each dipole is identical,

and the dipoles are connected in series with a coplanar stripline. Number of elements in

an array are four elements for observing the simulation results, they produce broadside

radiation.

Figure 3.2: Designed printed dipole array antenna on CST MWS

28
 Figure 3.2 illustrates the geometry of an four-element printed dipole array antenna,

which is based on a single printed dipole antenna. Its element separation is 0.5 wavelengths.

The length, spacing between, and width of each dipole were identical to those used in the

single printed dipole antenna.

3.2 Designing of Microstrip Patch Antenna

To design a rectangular microstrip patch antenna the essential parameters are operating

frequency of the antenna (fr ), the relative dielectric constant of substrate (εr ) and thickness

of the dielectric substrate (h). The choosing of these design parameters is important because

the dimensions of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna and antenna performance depends

on these parameters.

To have a big data rate for 5G mobile communication, the resonant frequency selected

for the design is 28 GHz. The dielectric material selected for the design is RT5880 (lossy)

which has a dielectric constant of 2.2. For the microstrip patch antenna to be utilized in

mobile phones, it is essential that the antenna is not massive. Hence, the height of the

dielectric substrate is selected as 0.15 mm.

The Performance of the microstrip antenna depends on its dimension. The radiation

efficiency, return loss, gain, directivity and other related parameters are affected depending

on the dimension of the patch. For an efficient radiation, the practical width of the patch

can be calculated as [27, 40].

29
 Figure 3.3: Designed single element microstrip Antenna

The Patch Width (W):

The practical width of the patch used is calculated using equation 3.5 [2].

c
W = q (3.5)
(εr +1)
2f0 2

Where, c is speed of light, which is equal to 3 × 108 m/s,

εr is the relative dielectric constant of substrate

fo is the operating frequency in Hz

W is the width of the patch element

Once we have c = 3 × 108 m/s, εr = 2.2 and fo = 28 GHz, The corresponding value of

the width becomes:

3 × 108
W = q = 4.235mm
2 × 28 × 109 (2.2+1)
2

30
 The Effective Dielectric Constant (εref f ):

Equation 3.6 is used to determine the effective dielectric constant of the microstrip patch

antenna.

εr + 1 εr − 1 h 1
εref f = + [1 + 12 ]− 2 (3.6)
2 2 W

2.2 + 1 2.2 − 1 0.15 − 1

εref f = + [1 + 12 ] 2 = 2.1
2 2 4.235

Here, εref f is the effective dielectric constant and h is the height of dielectric substrate.

The Effective Length (Leff ):

The length of the patch looks electrically slightly larger than the usual length of design,

because of the fringing field along the patch width, and this parameter can be calculated

by using equation 3.7:

c
Lef f = √ (3.7)
2f0 εref f

Substituting the values c = 3 × 108 m, f = 28 × 109 GHz and εref f = 2.1,

We get:
3 × 108
Lef f = √ = 3.69mm
2 × 28 × 109 2.1

Calculation of the length extension (∆L):

Due to the fringing fields along the antenna it is appropriate to use extended length for

a better performance. The length is extended by (∆L) given by the equation 3.8.

εef f + 3( wh + 0.264)
∆L = 0.412h (3.8)
εef f − 0.258( wh + 0.8)

31
Obtaining εref f = 2.1 mm, W = 4.235 mm and h = 0.15 mm, then the length extension

becomes:
2.1 + 3 × ( 3.29
0.15 + 0.264)
∆L = 0.412 × 0.15 3.29 = 0.077
2.1 − 0.258( 0.15 + 0.8)

Calculation of actual length of patch (L):

After the calculation of each of effective and extended lengths of the patch, the actual

value of the radiating patch length (L) is calculated by using equation 3.9.

L = Lef f − 2∆L (3.9)

L = 3.69mm − 2 × 0.077mm = 3.536mm

The patch thickness, t is chosen to be very thin such that t  λ0 and for this case it

is selected at t = 0.035 mm which is one of the standard thickness dimension at mmwave

frequency.

Calculation of the ground plane dimensions (Lg and Wg ):

The transmission line model is applicable to infinite ground planes only. However, for

practical considerations, it is basic to have a finite ground plane. It is shown by [34] that

comparable outcomes for finite and infinite ground plane can be acquired if the size of

the ground plane is greater than the patch dimensions by approximately six times the

substrate thickness all around the periphery. Hence, for this structure, the ground plane

measurements would be given as:

Lg = 6h + L (3.10)

Lg = 6(0.15) + 3.536 = 4.436mm

Wg = 6h + W (3.11)

32
 Wg = 6(0.15) + 4.235 = 5.135mm

Where, Lg and Wg are the length and width of the ground plane, h is the height of the

substrate, L and W are the length and width of the patch element respectively.

Equations 3.10 and 3.11 are used to determine the dimension of the ground plane, there’s

no need for the calculation of the dimension of the substrate because their dimensions are

similar with that of the ground plane. i.e. Ls = Lg = 6h + L and Ws = Wg = 6h + W .

Where, Ls and Ws are the length and width of the substrate.

After determining the dimensions of the rectangular patch, one should consider the

feeder type. Here, microstrip line method with corporate-feed network model is chosen as

a feeding technique since it is easy to fabricate and control the feeding position.

Design of 4x1 Patch Antenna Array

Antenna arrays are used to scan the beam of an antenna system, to increase the gain,

directivity and upgrade different capacities which would be troublesome with single ele-

ment antenna. For microstrip antenna array, microwave signal divider or feed network is

often used to regulate the amplitude and phase feed requirements of the radiating elements

(patches) to control the beam scanning properties. Elements can be fed by a single line

or multiple lines in a feed network arrangement [2, 27]. Thus selecting, optimizing and

implementing the feed network forms a critical part of the antenna array design. The most

common and well-known feeding methods of the microstrip array antenna are:

Series feed network

Corporate feed network

33
 I. Microstrip Series Feed Network:

A series feed arrangement of microstrip array is shaped by interconnecting all the patch

elements in series with high impedance transmission line and the input power is feed at the

first element. This is shown in Figure 3.4. It is more complex, although it uses up less

space. Here two successive patch elements are matched with the help of quarter wavelength

transformer method. In this class of feeder, as the wave travels through the microstrip

line, it is attenuated because of power radiated from each element of the array [27]. II.

Figure 3.4: Microstrip series feed network [5]

Microstrip Corporate Feed Network

Corporate feed array is general, versatile and the most widely used configuration. This

has a single input port and numerous feed lines in parallel which is terminated at an

individual radiating component which could be a patch. This method has more control

of the feed of every element and is perfect for scanning phased arrays, multi beam arrays.

The distance between the patches and the microwave feed point of the array are kept equal

for equal phase patch excitation. The incident power split is accomplished by using either

tapered lines or using quarter wavelength impedance transformers [27, 41].

34
 Figure 3.5: 4×1 corporate feed microstrip array antenna using CST model

In this thesis, as shown in the Figure 3.5, corporate feed network using the tapered lines

method to match the individual sections to a 50Ω line source is used. The design consists

of four microstrip patches with an equal spacing of λ/2.

3.3 Designing of Planar Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA)

The geometry of the single band PIFA element is shown in Figure 3.6 which is designed

using CST studio suite. The design for this structure is based on Rogers RT5880 (lossy)

substrate material with dielectric constant of 2.2.

Figure 3.6: Designed single PIFA on CST MWS

35
 The operating frequency of a PIFA antenna is inversely proportional to its physical

dimensions. In designing the proposed antenna the length and width, L1 and L2 of the

radiating patch can be calculated using formula as shown in equations 3.12 - 3.14. Equation

3.13 shows that the resonant frequency is inversely proportional to the radiating patch

lengths as presented in [42]. The frequency of operation, f used in the calculation is 28

GHz.

λ
L1 + L2 − W = (3.12)
4

c
f0 = (3.13)
4(L1 + L2 − W )

r
c 2
L2 = (3.14)
4f εr + 1

Where, c is free space velocity of light, which is equal to 3 × 108 m/s, f is frequency of

operation and L1 , L2 and W is the width of radiating patch, length of radiating patch and

width of the shorting plate, respectively.

Thus, the length of radiating patch becomes;

r
3 × 108
r
c 2 2
L2 = = = 1.8mm
4f εr + 1 4 × 28 × 109 2.2 + 1

Taking the value of the width of shorting plate 0.5 mm then the width of radiating patch

is found from equation 3.12 as:

λ
L1 = − L2 + W = 10.714/4 − 1.8 + 0.5 = 1.378mm
4

The patch length and width are optimized by several simulations to 1.8 mm and 1.4 mm,

respectively. The height, h of top radiating patch from ground plane can be reduced to a

great extent, which further results in reducing thickness of mobile phones. So, the height of

36
PIFA can be taken as small as 0.5 mm from equation 3.15 and the distance of the feeding

position to the shorting plate is d = 0.43 mm.

0.0606λ
h= √ (3.15)
ε

0.0606 × 10.714
h= √ = 0.5mm
2.2

The size of the ground plane, Lg = L + 6 × h = 5mm and Wg = W + 6 × h = 4mm. The

size of the substrate is also is 5 mm x 4 mm. The calculated value used as a preliminary

dimensions of the patch. The above conditions, 3.12 to 3.14 demonstrated that the total of

the radiating patch length and width must be quarter wavelength (λ/4).

The proposed PIFA array antenna is constructed by using four identical PIFA antenna

elements as shown in Figure 3.7. The separation distance among antenna elements is chosen

to be half-wavelength at the resonant frequency.

Figure 3.7: Geometrical configuration of four-element PIFA array antenna

37
 CHAPTER IV
SIMULATION RESULTS

After all the necessary dimensions are calculated, the software used to model and sim-

ulate the proposed antennas is CST Studio Suite 2018’s MWS. The software consists of

several modules which are aimed to design different segments of components. CST MWS

performs fast and accurate 3D EM simulation of high frequency applications. It provides

shorter development cycles and enables virtual prototyping before physical trials. CST

MWS will be used to calculate and plot the gain, return loss, VSWR, radiation pattern,

directivity and efficiency. The operating frequency of all the designed antennas is about 28

GHz which is suitable for 5G mobile communication.

4.1 Simulation Result for Printed Dipole Antenna

The proposed printed dipole antenna of length 4.8 mm, width 1 mm and feed gap 0.3

mm is simulated and observed to resonate at 28 GHz frequency. The default units of the

values for frequency GHz and for length mm, are selected. Global mesh properties have

been optimized for making the simulation fast and more accurate.

S-parameters

After the simulation, S-parameter has been observed as in the Figure 4.1 and 4.2 for

single element and array elements of printed dipole antenna, respectively.

From these figures it is found that the value of return loss at the center of frequency, 28

GHz, for single printed dipole antenna is -10.97 dB and for the printed dipole array antenna

is -7.57 dB (approx.).

38
 Figure 4.1: S-parameter for single printed dipole antenna

Figure 4.2: S-parameter for 4×1 printed dipole array antenna

VSWR

The value of VSWR at frequency of 28 GHz as can be seen from Figures 4.3 and 4.4 for

single printed dipole antenna and for printed dipole array antenna, respectively, is equal to

1.78 and 2.4 (approx.).

39
 Figure 4.3: VSWR plot of single printed dipole antenna

Figure 4.4: VSWR plot of 4×1 printed dipole array antenna

Radiation Pattern:

The three dimensional far-field radiation pattern views of the single and 4 × 1 printed

dipole array antenna are shown from Figure 4.5 to 4.8. The gain and directivity, respectively,

are found to be 5.06 dBi and 5.28 dBi for single printed dipole antenna, and 9.87 dBi and

10.12 dBi for printed dipole array antenna. Red color shows the maximum radiation while

the blue color shows the minimum radiation. The power plot for the azimuthal angle is

shown in Figure 4.9.

40
 Figure 4.5: 3-D far-field radiation pattern of single printed dipole antenna

Figure 4.6: 3-D far-field gain of single printed dipole antenna

4.2 Simulation Result for Microstrip Patch Antenna

S-parameters

After the simulation, taking values of height of substrate h = 0.15 mm, width of the

patch W = 4.235 mm and length of the patch L = 3.536 mm, S-parameter of single and

array of microstrip patch antenna are observed as in Figure 4.10 and 4.11, respectively.

41
 Figure 4.7: 3-D far-field radiation pattern of 4×1 printed dipole array antenna

Figure 4.8: 3-D far-field gain of 4×1 printed dipole array antenna

From Figures 4.10 and 4.11 the value of return loss at resonating frequency of 28 GHz

has been found as -9.27 dB for single microstrip patch antenna and -27.37 dB microstrip

patch array antenna.

VSWR

Figure 4.12 and 4.13 which are captured from the simulated result of CST software

shows VSWR for microstrip patch antenna at frequency of 28 GHz is equal to 2.05 for

single element and 1.09 for 4×1 array elements.

42
 Figure 4.9: 3-D polar plot of 4×1 printed dipole array antenna

Figure 4.10: S-parameter for single microstrip patch antenna

Radiation Pattern Plots

A microstrip patch antenna radiates normal to its patch surface. Figure 4.14 shows the

3D radiation pattern of the single microstrip patch antenna at the designed frequency, and

its gain is found as 5.94 dBi and directivity is found as 6.44 dBi. Figure 4.16 and 4.17 shows

the 3D radiation pattern of the 4×1 microstrip patch array antenna, and its directivity and

gain are found as 12.37 dBi and 12.09 dBi, respectively. The power plot is shown in Figure

4.18 for array of microstrip patch antennas.

43
 Figure 4.11: S-parameter for 4×1 microstrip patch array antenna

Figure 4.12: VSWR plot of single microstrip patch antenna

4.3 Simulation Result for Planar Inverted-F Antenna

S-parameters

The scattering parameter, S11 of the single PIFA and 4 × 1 planar inverted-F array

antenna, respectively, is given in Figure 4.19 and 4.20. The value of return loss at 28 GHz

for single and 4×1 elements of this antenna is found to be -1.6 dB and -2.5 dB (approx.).

44
 Figure 4.13: VSWR plot of 4×1 microstrip patch array antenna

Figure 4.14: 3-D far-field radiation pattern of single microstrip patch antenna

VSWR

From the Figures 4.21 and 4.22 it can be observed that the VSWR of single PIFA is

equal to 2.9 and that of PIFA array is equal to 2.6 (approx.) at 28 GHz.

Radiation Pattern:

The radiation pattern plot of PIFA antenna shows from Figures 4.23 to 4.26 which

is obtained at the respective operating frequency. It is a plot of the antenna gain and

directivity versus the elevation angle. The antenna has a gain of 2.9 dBi and directivity of

45
 Figure 4.15: 3-D far-field gain of single microstrip patch antenna

Figure 4.16: 3-D far-field radiation pattern of 4×1 microstrip patch array antenna

2.92 dBi for single PIFA, and gain of 9.79 dBi and directivity of 9.81 dBi for array PIFA at

28 GHz. Power plot for the azimuthal angle is shown in Figure 4.27.

46
 Figure 4.17: 3-D far-field gain of 4×1 microstrip patch array antenna

Figure 4.18: 3-D polar plot of 4×1 microstrip patch array antenna

The above results are summarized in Table 4.1, to easily observe which antenna has a

better antenna performance.

From these three antennas microstrip patch antenna is selected as a good candidate for

5G mobile communication since it has a better gain, directivity, VSWR and return loss with

relatively same efficiency. Next the performance of microstrip patch antenna is analyzed by

changing the essential parameters such as dielectric constant of substrate (εr ), the height

of the dielectric substrate (h), the width of the patch (W), the length of the patch (L).

The analysis is based on the four scenarios of observation. In the first scenario the effect

on the antenna characteristics by varying the substrate material of the patch, then in the

47
 Figure 4.19: S-parameter for single PIFA antenna

Figure 4.20: S-parameter for 4×1 PIFA array antenna

second and third scenarios it analyzes the effect on the antenna characteristics by varying

the length of the patch and the width of the patch, respectively. In the last scenario the

height of the substrate is varied to observe the variation in the antenna characteristics.

Effect of Changing Substrate Material

The material which has the dielectric constant in the range of 2.2 ≤ εr ≤ 12 can be

used as substrate for microstrip patch antenna [1]. The system performance changes at the

point when the thickness of substrate and the substrate material of a microstrip antenna

are changed. In this way, in order to introduce appropriate accuracy in the design structure

of the antenna, it is important to know the impact of changing dielectric substrate material.

48
 Figure 4.21: VSWR plot of single PIFA antenna

Figure 4.22: VSWR plot of 4×1 PIFA array antenna

With changing the substrate material, the dielectric constant (εr ) of the substrate

changes. Here, four different substrate materials such as Rogers RT5880, RO4725, RT6002,

RO4350B, and RF-4 with dielectric constants 2.2, 2.64, 2.94, 3.66 and 4.3, respectively were

tested to see the behavior of their performance. For every different substrate material, the

antenna performance parameters are analyzed like gain, directivity, return loss, bandwidth

and the dimensions of patch of the antenna (length of patch and width of patch), where

the antenna configuration is same and the operating frequency is 28 GHz. These antennas

are designed and simulated by using CST MWS simulator. i.e. the height of the substrates

is fixed at 0.2 mm. Table 4.2 shows the summary of variation on antenna parameters with

49
 Figure 4.23: 3-D far-field radiation pattern of single PIFA

Figure 4.24: 3-D far-field gain of single PIFA

changing substrate material. NB: The height of the substrates is fixed at 0.2 mm, unlike

the previous results of microstrip patch array antenna.

From the simulations, it is clearly shown in Table 4.2 that the higher the value of the

dielectric constant, the lower the directivity and bandwidth but the patch antenna size

become small since the length of patch (L) and width of patch (W) decreases. A maximum

of 12.4 dBi directivity is obtained using Duroid RT5880 substrate material with a dielectric

constant of 2.2, while a directivity of 11.47 dBi is obtained using FR-4 substrate material.

The results prove that using a substrate material with a lower dielectric constant in design

of microstrip patch antenna leads to better antenna performance.

50
Parameter Printed Dipole Antenna Microstrip Patch Antenna PIFA
Single Array Single Array Single Array

Gain (dBi) 5.06 9.87 5.94 12.09 2.9 9.79

Directivity (dBi) 5.28 10.12 6.44 12.37 2.92 9.81
Rad. efficiency (dB) -0.226 -0.248 -0.284 -0.275 -0.15 -0.18
VSWR 1.78 2.4 2.05 1.09 2.9 2.6
Return Loss (dB) -10.97 -7.57 -9.27 -27.37 -1.6 -2.5

Table 4.1: Comparison of antennas performance

Substrate Name RT5880 RO4725 RT6002 RO4350B FR-4

Dielectric constant (εr ) 2.2 2.64 2.94 3.66 4.3

Length of patch (mm) 3.51 3.21 3.05 2.74 2.53
Width of patch (mm) 4.24 3.97 3.82 3.50 3.29
Gain (dBi) 12.18 11.52 11.46 10.70 10.34
Directivity (dBi) 12.4 12 11.76 11.49 11.47
Return Loss (dB) -31.14 -23.47 -26.55 -40.31 -24.22
Bandwidth (GHz) 0.748 0.683 0.672 0.665 0.658

Table 4.2: Effect of substrate material

51
 Figure 4.25: 3-D far-field radiation pattern of 4×1 PIFA array antenna

Figure 4.26: 3-D far-field gain of 4×1 PIFA array antenna

Effect of Changing Width (W)

Now let’s select the microstrip patch antenna, which has preferable performance, with

RT5880 substrate having dielectric constant εr = 2.2 for this analysis. In this analysis

the height of the patch is kept fixed at 0.2 mm and the length of the patch is also kept

fixed at 3.5 mm, then the width of the patch is varied as (4.0, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4,) mm. The

characteristic parameters of proposed antenna in terms of directivity, return loss, bandwidth

and efficiencies is tabulated in the following Table 4.3.

As varying values of the patch width, the simulation result shows there is no significant

change on directivity, radiation efficiency and bandwidth.

52
 Figure 4.27: 3-D polar plot of 4×1 PIFA array antenna

Width (mm) W = 4.0 W = 4.1 W = 4.2 W = 4.3 W = 4.4

Gain (dBi) 12.24 12.23 12.20 12.19 12.17
Directivity (dBi) 12.43 12.42 12.41 12.40 12.39
Tot. efficiency (dB) -3.54 -3.69 -3.89 -4.05 -4.28
Rad. efficiency (dB) -0.19 -0.196 -0.209 -0.216 -0.228
Return Loss (dB) -38.83 -43.65 -32.55 -27.98 -24.79
Bandwidth (GHz) 0.76 0.74 0.731 0.727 0.724

Table 4.3: Effect of the patch width

Effect of Changing Length (L)

In Table 4.4 observation, the dielectric constant, height of the substrate and width of

the patch are kept fixed at 2.2, 0.2 mm and 4.2 mm, respectively and the length of the

patch is varied as (3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7) mm.

53
 Length (mm) L = 3.3 L = 3.4 L = 3.5 L = 3.6 L = 3.7
Gain (dBi) 12.32 12.40 12.18 11.79 11.29
Directivity (dBi) 12.45 12.53 12.40 12.11 11.64
Tot. efficiency (dB) -0.29 -1.13 -4.09 -6.40 -8.24
Rad. efficiency (dB) -0.127 -0.125 -0.21 -0.318 -0.352
Return Loss (dB) -19.29 -23.28 -32.55 -42.06 -26.97
Bandwidth (GHz) 0.691 0.721 0.731 0.717 0.706

Table 4.4: Effect of the patch length

Different simulation result is observed by varying the length. As the length increases

there is no significant change in the bandwidth. At length below 3.5mm there is no signifi-

cant variation in the directivity and radiation efficiency obtained.

Effect of Changing Substrate Thickness

Selection of appropriate substrate thickness is another significant task in microstrip

patch antenna design. To choose appropriate substrate thickness (h), a designer needs to

know the effect of changing substrate thickness on the different antenna parameters. In

Table 4.5, the antenna parameters are compared by shifting substrate thickness (h) from

0.1 mm to 0.3 mm and the width and length of patch are kept fixed at 4.2 mm and 3.5 mm,

respectively for rectangular microstrip patch antenna.

From the comparison data of Table 4.5, it is seen that with increasing the substrate

height the directivity of the antenna decreases but the bandwidth increases and a better

return loss performance from (h=0.1 to h=0.2).

54
 Height (mm) H = 0.1 H = 0.15 H = 0.2 H = 0.25 H = 0.3
Gain (dBi) 12.14 12.09 12.18 12.15 12.01
Directivity (dBi) 12.49 12.37 12.40 12.32 12.15
Tot. efficiency (dB) -5.21 -4.54 -4.09 -3.89 -3.71
Rad. efficiency (dB) -0.35 -0.28 -0.21 -0.16 -0.14
Return Loss (dB) -14.95 -27.37 -32.55 -20.37 -26.45
Bandwidth (GHz) 0.37 0.58 0.71 0.81 0.85

Table 4.5: Effect of the substrate thickness

In the above analysis the effect of the antenna parameters on millimeter wave antenna

performance is done and the results have been obtained and discussed. It can presumed

that, corruption of antenna performance results but size of the antenna reduces due to

the use of substrate material with higher dielectric constant in microstrip patch antenna

design. With increasing substrate thickness (h), the bandwidth of the antenna is enhanced

with taking into account small reduction in the directivity. The bandwidth can be enhanced

by increasing the substrate thickness and decreasing the permittivity of substrate.

55
 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTURE WORK

5.1 Conclusion

In this thesis a printed dipole, microstrip patch and PIFA antenna arrays have been

designed and stimulated using CST Microwave Studio software for mobile communication.

These antennas can be mounted on the surface of handheld cell phones. Antennas at 28

GHz are required to achieve high data rate for the next generation of mobile communica-

tion systems. They should have a high gain to overcome the high path loss at mm-wave

frequencies. The high gain antenna provides a wide coverage area for data exchange. Since

the gain obtained by array procedure is much higher than that of single element antenna, an

array antenna of four elements aiming for 5G mobile communications is used in this thesis.

The radiation pattern and other important parameters such as gain, return loss, efficiency,

directivity and VSWR have been studied to analyze their performances at an operating

frequency of 28 GHz.

Comparison between a printed dipole antenna, patch antenna and planar inverted-F

antenna using the simulation results have been carried out. Based on the results obtained

4×1 array antennas have maximum gain and directivity of 9.87 dBi and 10.12 dBi for printed

dipole antenna, 12.09 dBi and 12.37 dBi for microstrip patch antenna, and 9.79 dBi and

9.812 dBi for PIFA, respectively. The VSWR and return loss value, respectively, is found

to be 2.4 and -7.57 dB for printed dipole array antenna, 1.09 and -27.37 dB for microstrip

patch array antenna, and 2.6 and -6.5 dB for array of PIFA. The radiation efficiency for

printed dipole array antenna is -0.248, for microstrip patch array antenna is -0.275, and

for array of PIFA is -0.18. In this regard, it is revealed that the microstrip patch antennas

are quite capable of achieving the highest performances and represent an obvious choice for

56
mobile applications due to their low fabrication cost, lightweight and volume, a low-profile

configuration and highest performance results as compared to the other types of antennas.

From this thesis, it is also clear that the dielectric constant and height of substrate ma-

terial have significant effect on the performance of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna.

In this design use of substrate material with higher value of dielectric constant results degra-

dation of antenna performance, such as lower gain and bandwidth, but size of the antenna

reduces. Less substrate thickness results better gain and directivity but the bandwidth of

the antenna is decreased.

5.2 Recommendation for Future Work

The following areas of study are worthy of consideration to carry out further study.

First, an experimental demonstration of the effect of a person, hand- and body-effect,

on the signal propagation between the transmitter and the receiver should be presented in

the future work.

Moreover, the researcher can increase the array size to further improve the antenna

performance.

Finally, it is recommended to develop practical infrastructure of the above designed

antenna systems.

57
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60
 APPENDIX

SAMPLE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS PROCEDURE USING

COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNIQUE (CST) STUDIO SUITE

CST microwave studio (CST MWS) is a pro instrument for the 3D EM simulation of

high frequency components. CST MWS empowers the fast and accurate analysis of high

frequency (HF) devices such as antennae, filters, couplers, planar and multi-layer structures

and SI and EMC effects which makes it the first choice in technology leading research and

development. CST software makes accessible time domain and frequency domain solvers,

CST MWS offers further solver modules for explicit applications. Filters for the import of

specific CAD files and the extraction of SPICE parameters can enhance design possibilities

and also save time.

For design the different antennas we follow the next steps:

Step 1: Open CST Studio Suite. Then select and open CST Microwave Studio (new

project template):

61
 Step 2: Select ’Antennas’ template from the ’MW & RF & OPTICAl’ application area:

Step 3: Select the most convenient option for the analysis of a wire antennas. The

software will give some initial parameters which are commonly used for this type of antennas.

62
 Step 4: To select the recommended solver for the work-flow follow the indications of the

quick start:

Step 5: Define the units: Typically ”mm” for the lengths, ”GHz” for the frequency, and

”ns” for the time analysis. Other unites are also listed on the figure below.

63
 Step 6: Define the frequency of study and the monitors: The frequency will be set

from 26 GHz to 30 GHz. Then visualize the electric fields and the far fields at the central

frequency of 28 GHz.

Step 7: Set the parameters and design the antenna:

64
 Step 8: After finalizing the antenna design start the simulation:

Step 9: Displaying the simulation results:

From the simulation results the S-parameters, radiation pattern, gain and directivity

can be shown.

65
66