1.

Theme

Theme are the main ideas that unite the story, why, the ideas that underlie what happens
in a literary work, often statements about society or human nature. Explicit theme is when
the writer states the theme openly and clearly. Themes are the main ideas / thoughts in a
literary work that unite the story, the ideas that underlie what happens in a literature. The
theme of the story is sometimes stated explicitly by the author, either through dialogue,
presentation or the title of the work, so that the reader is easy to understand.

2. Setting

Setting refers to time and place. Setting is the place and time of the story. Setting is a
fictional element that tells the reader where and when events occur. Usually, the setting
becomes the character itself. Where and when the story action took place. In certain
stories, the environment can play an important role. Sometimes the environment is so
important that it can act as a character in the story or play a role in the story conflict.
Setting / setting is part of a prose whose content describes where the story takes place and
explains when the story takes place. There are 3 kinds of settings, namely:
• Setting: Is the setting that refers to the place or location of the events that are told in the
work of fiction. For example, urban, rural, rural, urban, at home, on the road and so on.
• Time setting: Is the setting that refers to the time when the events narrated in the work
of fiction occur. It can be in the form of hours, days, dates, months, years, historical
events, and even certain times of the background
• Atmosphere setting: The setting is the setting related to the situation or condition when
the events in the story occur. Examples of setting The atmosphere is when you are happy,
when you are upset, when you are sad, when you are disappointed, you are tense.
Types of settings.
a. Neutral Setting
Often the setting in a work of fiction is more than a reflection of the truth that
something must have happened somewhere. Neutral backgrounds are general in
nature, do not highlight certain characteristics that stand out from a background. If
the background is moved, it will not affect splicing and characterization.
b. Spiritual setting
 The expectations arising in us from a rural setting suggest that some settings are
completely neutral because some are just physical.

3. Plot

Plot is what happens in the story and plot is not just a sequence of stories from A to Z,
but is a cause-and-effect relationship between one event and another in the story. Flow
consists of action and reaction, also referred to as stimulus and response. At the macro
level, plots have a beginning, middle, and end. The story line is often depicted as an arc
with zigzag lines to represent the rise and fall of action. Apart from that, the story line
also forms a series of causal events.
• Introductory stage: The introductory stage generally contains a number of important
information relating to various points of evidence and setting recognition, such as place
names, natural atmosphere, time of occurrence (for example, it has to do with historical
time, etc. setting description). The main function of the initial (opening) stage of a story
is to provide information and explanation as necessary, especially with regard to
equipment and characterizations.
• Complication, namely the sequence of events that are related to cause and effect.
Complication is the beginning of the problem starting to emerge, and explaining the
cause of the emergence of the story / event, the character of the character begins to be
described.
• Towards a Climax of Problems (Conflict)
At this stage the problem being introduced will get hotter. And usually in this stage it will
trigger curiosity from the reader about what happened and how the character faced the
problem. The climax in the storyline means a condition in which a story experiences a
peak of problem or conflict (peak tension).
• The stage of the climax, complete or conflict that occurs, which is done or to the
characters of the story reaches the peak intensity. The climax of a story will be
experienced by the main characters who act as the main actors and sufferers. In this one
part is the culmination of the problems faced by the characters, in this section the
characters in the story will be faced with a final determination that they will experience,
 success or failure usually becomes a determination of the fate of the characters in the
story.
• Ending: At this stage, the final fate of the character will be described. There are two
types of solutions, namely the character will have a happy ending. Or the character gets a
sad ending.

4. Character and Characterization

Character is the mental, emotional, and social quality to distinguish one entity from
another (people, animals, spirits, robots, furniture, and other animated objects). Character
development is the change a character experiences from the beginning of the story to the
end.

5. Sudut Pandang/Point of View

Point of view in a prose work is the way in which a writer tells the existence of a
character in an event. The events in a story are not always seen from the point of view of
the main character. To determine this we can review it from who saw the story ?, or who
told the story? The point of view is divided into; person I, person III, or mixed (person I
and person III).
Person I is divided into;
the first person as the main actor, the first person as the participant, and the first person as
the observer. The pronouns used are 'me or' I, we, we '.
Person III is divided into;
the third person is all-knowing, and the third person is focused. The pronouns that can be
used are, 'he, he, they, a person's name, or any other third person pronoun'.
The first person as the main actor;
The first person as the main actor, tells himself, as if the author was telling himself in a
fictional work. This first person as the main actor is also a feature of the autobiographical
essay.
The first person as a participant;
The main character only takes a small part in the events of a story. For example, the
character 'I', or the author speaks as one of the principals.
 The first person as an observer;
Even though the 'I' character is among the other characters, the 'I' character is not telling
himself, the 'I' character is telling the behavior of other characters he observes in the
event of a story.
The third person knows everything;
The author reports all the behavioral behaviors, even the thoughts and feelings of the
characters in a story event. The author uses the perspective of "dia", "he", or "character
name". The author can tell anything about the character “he”, “he” including the
thoughts, feelings or motivations of the character. Not only that, the narrator is also very
familiar with the attitudes and behavior of all characters in the story.
Third person directional;
The third person is directed is often referred to as the third person as the main actor. The
author's point of view is centered on one character. The pattern of depiction is the same
as the first person as the main actor, only for this third person the point of view is 'he'

6. Conflict

Conflict occurs when the protagonist fights against the antagonist.

Types of conflict: There are five basic types of conflict. In these modern times, Person vs.
Machine, also known

a. Person vs. Him or Herself is placing the character against his will, confusion, or fear.
Person vs. Him or Herself can also be a place where characters try to figure out who they
are or come up with a character change.

b. Person vs. Person is a theme in literary works where the conflict between the main
character and another character becomes the focus of the story. There are usually several
confrontations before reaching a climax. Conflict is external.

c. People vs. Society is a theme in fiction in which a main character, or a group of main
characters, the main source of conflict is social concepts. In this sense, the two parties
are: a) protagonists; b) the society to which the protagonist belongs. Society itself is often
seen as a single character, just as opposing parties would be seen in a Person vs Person
 conflict. It can also be one of the protagonists against an antagonistic group or society or
a society led by an antagonistic force.

d. Person vs Nature is a theme in literature that puts character against the forces of nature.
Many disaster films focus on this theme, which is dominant in many survival stories.
Like a story about struggling to survive in a remote area.

e. People vs. Supernatural is a theme in literary works that puts characters against
supernatural forces. When an entity is in conflict with itself-, he-, or itself, the conflict is
categorized as internal, otherwise, it is external.

7. Style and tone

Style

In literature, style is the author's way of writing and / or telling stories. Style is a way of
expressing a unique person for an author and a way of using a specific language by an
author. There are many important parts that together make up a writer's style; such as
tone, choice of words, grammar, language, descriptive techniques, and so on. Style also
determines the mood of a literary work, so it is of great importance in all genres. The
term style in literary works implies "the way the author expresses his ideas by using
beautiful and harmonious language media and is able to impose meaning and atmosphere
that can touch the intellectual and emotional power of the reader. So, style is a way of
expressing and also using a unique, specific language by an author. Each author has their
own style.

Elements of style: diction, parable and syntax.

The meaning of diction is only the author's choice of words. The aim in analyzing diction
is to recognize the choices that have been made by the author and to conclude if possible
the reasons that have been made. The analysis of diction always leads to several
considerations about the denotation and connotation of words chosen by the author.

Tone
Tone is an expression of the attitude and quality of the style that describes the author's
attitude towards the problems raised and also towards the readers of his work. Thus, tone
is an expression of attitude, a stylistic quality that describes the author's attitude toward
problems.

Irony is closely related to disparaging statements but a clearer focus is the tone of
criticism commonly referred to as irony. The irony in fiction consists of the discrepancy
between what is said and what is suggested.

Hyperbole: the opposite of disparaging is hyperbole or exaggeration which is used for