04 Rotation
04 Rotation
04 Rotation
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
EN PHYS 1 – PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS
Subject Instructor: Engr. Noli M. Esperas Jr.
Module No. & Title: 4. Kinematics of Rotation
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4. Kinematics of Rotation
Outline of Topics
1. Rotational and Angular Displacement
2. Angular Velocity and Acceleration
3. Motion Equation of Rotation
4. Linear and Angular Kinematics
Rotation occurs at all scales, from the motions of electrons in atoms to the motions of entire galaxies. We
need to develop some general methods for analyzing the motion of a rotating body. In this chapter and the
next we consider bodies that have definite size and definite shape, and that in general can have rotational
as ell as translated motion.
Real world bodies can be very complicated; the forces that act on them can deform them – stretching,
twisting, and squeezing them. We’ll neglect these deformation for now and assume that the body has a
perfectly definite and unchanging shape and size. We call this idealized model a rigid body.
We begin with kinematic language for describing rotational motion. Next, we look at the dynamic of rotation,
the key to using energy methods for rotational motion.
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Angular displacement – when a rigid body rotates about a fixed axis, the angular displacement is the
angle swept out by a line passing through any point on the body and intersecting the axis of rotation
perpendicularly. By convention, the angular displacement is positive if it is counterclockwise and negative if
it is clockwise. SI unit for angular displacement is radian (rad).
The angular coordinate θ of a rigid body rotating around a fixed axis can be positive or negative. If we
choose positive angle to be measured counterclockwise from the positive x-axis, then θ in the figure below
is positive. . If we instead choose the positive rotation direction to be clockwise, then θ is negative.
To describe rotational motion, the most natural way to measure the angle θ is not in degrees, but in
radians. One radian (1 rad) is the angle subtended at the center of a circle by an arc with a length equal to
the radius of the circle.
arc length(s ) s
θ ( ¿ radians ) = =
radius (r ) r
To convert between degrees and radians, it is only necessary to
remember that the arc length of an entire circle of radius r is the
circumference 2πr. Therefore, the number of radians that
corresponds to 360o, or one revolution, is
Example Problem
Synchronous satellites are put into an orbit whose radius is
4.23x107 m. if the angular separation of the two satellites is 2.00
degrees, find the arc length that separate them.
Solution:
s
θ=
r
θ=2.00 degrees ( 360 degrees )
2 π radians
=0.0349 rad
Practice Problem:
The angle between two radii of a circle with radius 1.50 m is 40 o. What length of arc is intercepted on the
circumference of the circle by the two radii?
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Answer: 1.05m
Now we instroduce the analogous idea of angular velocity to describe te motion of a rigid object rotating
about a fixed axis. The average angular velocity is defined as:
angular displacement
average angular velocity=
elapsed time
θ −θo ∆ θ
ω= =
t −t o ∆ t
The SI unit for angular velocity I the radian per second (rad/s), although other units such as revolutions per
minute are also used. In agreement with the sign convention adopted for angular displacement, angular
velocity is positive when the rotation is counterclockwise and negative when it is clockwise.
Example Problem
A gymnast on a high bar swings through two revolutions in a time
of 1.90 s. Find the average angular velocity of the gymnast.
Solution:
Δθ
ω=
Δt
−12.6 rad
ω= =− 6.63 rad /s
1.90 s
Practice Problem:
A pitcher throws a curveball that reaches the catcher in 0.60 s. the ball curves because it is spinning at an
average angular velocity of 3.30 rev/min (assumed constant) on its way to the catcher’s mitt. What is the
angular displacement of the baseball (in radians) as it travels from the pitcher to the catcher?
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dθ
ω= lim ω=
∆ t →0 dt
The magnitude of the instantaneous angular velocity, without reference to whether it is a positive or
negative quantity, is called the instanteous angular speed. If a rotating object has a consant angular
velocity, the instantaneous value and the average value are the same.
Example Problem
The angular position of θ of a 0.36m damter flywheel is given by
Solution:
a. c.
d.
b.
Practice Problem
The angular velocity of a flywheel obeys the equation ω(t) = A + Bt2, where t is in seconds and A and B are
constant having numerical values 2.75 rad/s and 1.50 rad/s 3, respectively. (a) What is the angular velocity
at t1 = 0s and t2 = 5s? (b) What is the angular displacement at t 2 = 5s, if at t1 = 0s the flywheel start at zero
degrees?
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change ∈angular velocity
average angular acceleration=
elapsed time
ω − ωo ∆ ω
α= =
t −t o ∆t
Example Problem
As seen from the front of the engine, the fan blades are rotating with an angular speed of -110 rad/s. as the
plane takes off, the angular velocity of the blades reaches -330 rad/s in a time of 14 s. Find the angular
acceleration, assuming it to be constant.
Solution:
α=
( − 330
rad
s ) − (− 110
s )
rad
=−16
rad
14 s s
2
Practice Problem
The angular velocity of a flywheel obeys the equation ω(t) = A + Bt2, where t is in seconds and A and B are
constant having numerical values 2.75 rad/s and 1.50 rad/s 3, respectively. (a) What is the angular
acceleration at t1 = 0s and t2 = 5s? (b) At what acceleration will the angular velocity be maximum?
Example Problem 3: the blades of an electric blender are whirling with an angular
velocity of 375 rad/s when the “puree” button is pushed. When the “blend” button is pushed. The blades
accelerate and reach a greater angular velocity after the blades have rotated through an angular
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displacement of 44 rad. The angular acceleration has a constant value of 1740 rad/s 2. Find the final angular
velocity of the blades.
Solution:
2 2
ω =ω +2 αθ
ω=√ ω o2+ 2αθ= √ ¿ ¿
Practice Problem
You have finished watching a movie on Bu-ray and the disc is slowing to
a stop. The disc’s angular velocity at t = 0s is 27.5 rad/s, and its angular
acceleration is a constant -10 rad/s2. A line PR on the disc’s surface lies
along the +x-axis at t = 0s. (a) What is the disc’s angular velocity at t =
0.30s? (b) How many revolution does the line PQ make with the +x-axis
at this time?
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Centripetal component of acceleration is associated with the change of direction of the particle’s velocity.
Example Problem
An athlete whirls a discuss in a circle of radius 80.0 cm. at a certain instant, the athlete is rotating at 10.0
rad/s and the angular speed is increasing at 50.0 rad/s 2. AT this instant, find the tangential and centripetal
components of the acceleration of the discuss and the magnitude of the acceleration.
Solution:
Practice Problem
A helicopter blade has an angular speed of ω = 6.50 rev/s and has an
angular acceleration of α = 1.30 rev/s2. For point 1 ans 2 on the blade
in the figure, find the magnitude of tangential speed ands and the
tangential acceleration.
References:
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4. Rotation
Assessment Task:
Direction: Accomplished and submit only the assessment task on the next delivery of learning materials.
Rotational Motion, Angular Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration
1. An airplane propeller is rotating at 1900 rpm. (a) Compute the propeller’s angular velocity in rad/s.
(b) How many seconds does it tale for the propeller to turn through 35o?
2. The earth spins on its axis once a day and orbits the sun once a year (365 ¼ days). Determine the
average velocity (in rad/s) of the earth as it (a) spins on its axis and (b) orbits the sun. In each case,
take the positive direction for the angular displacement to be the direction of the earth’s motion.
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4. A space station consists of two donut-shaped living chambers. A and B, that have the radii shown in
the figure. As the station rotates, an astronaut in chamber A is moved 2.40 x 10 2 m along a circular
arc. How far along a circular arc is an astronaut in chamber moved during the same time?
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6. The wheels of bicycle have an angular velocity of +20.0 rad/s. Then, the brakes are applied. In
coming to rest, each wheel makes an angular displacement 0f +15.92 revolutions. (a) How much
time does it take for the bike to come to rest? (b) What is the angular acceleration (in rad/s 2) of each
wheel?
7. At the local swimming hole, a favourite trick is to run horizontally off a cliff that s 8.3 m above the
water. One diver runs off the edge of the cliff, tucks into a “ball”, and rotates on the way down with
an average angular speed of 1.6 rev/s. Ignoring air resistance, determine the number of revolutions
she makes while on the way down.
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9. A racing car travels with a constant tangential speed of 75.0 m/s around a circular track of radius
625m. Find (a) the magnitude of the car’s total acceleration and (b) the direction of its total
acceleration relative to the radial direction.
10. An electric drill starts from rest and rotates with a constant angular acceleration. After the drill has
rotated through a certain angle, the magnitude of the centripetal acceleration of a point on the drill is
twice the magnitude of the tangential acceleration. What is the angle?