Estabaya Virgilio Jr. Chapter 12 Thesis
Estabaya Virgilio Jr. Chapter 12 Thesis
Estabaya Virgilio Jr. Chapter 12 Thesis
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Criminology
October 2023
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Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Parenting styles refer to the approaches and techniques parents use to raise
and discipline their children. In India, parenting styles are influenced by cultural,
authoritarian, with parents using punishment and strict discipline to control their
With parents giving children more freedom and independence. (Imran & Sharma,
2023).
alarming rate, especially by those in 16-18 years’ age group. National Crime Records
Bureau reported in 2016 that the number of juveniles has increased from 18,939 to
31,396 in the year of 2005-2015. The involvement of minors in serious offences such
and abduction have raised concerns in the nation. The wrong doings submitted by
adolescents emerged because of the weakening social ties at community, peer and
family level, lack of finances, lack of education, and poverty. (Kparihar, 2020).
illegal acts, prompted the researchers to look into the perceptions of barangay
at Pook Pag-asa Barangay Batasan Hills, Quezon City. (Boquil et. al., 2019).
is typically associated with various risk factors such as poverty, parental neglect, and
exposure to violence. The problem of juvenile delinquency in India has been linked to
various factors such as poverty, social inequality, lack of education, and family
dysfunction. Compared to their peers from morcaffluent homes, children from poor
backgrounds are more prone to participate in delinquent behavior. The lack of access
Additionally, it has been discovered that parenting styles play a substantial role in the
permissive parenting styles have been linked to a higher risk of delinquent behavior,
other hand, have been associated with lower rates of juvenile delinquency. Juvenile
angles. While there are various factors that contribute to the problem. Parenting
styles have been identified as a critical factor that can be modified to reduce the risk
style and juvenile delinquency among middle adolescence of Tagum City National
Comprehensive High School and to develop best practices for parents and other
guardians.
In connection, the researchers have not come across with the study of
Influence of Juvenile Delinquency in the local setting. There had been studies
conducted such as the study of Gupta & Thakur (2020), Sharma & Singh (2020),
and Tyagi (2020) which is focused on examining the relationship between parenting
style and juvenile delinquency among urban and rural adolescent in India but not on
the influence of parenting style and juvenile delinquency , the respondents were from
India and not from middle adolescence aged 15-18years old of Tagum City National
Research Objectives
The study will be conducted to look into the influence of parenting style on
3.To find out which domain of parenting style best influences juvenile delinquency
Research Hypotheses
The various readings and research from different books, internet website and
scholarly work of authors are presented in this section to give further reading and
elaboration of the focus of the study. The literatures on influence of parenting style on
Parenting Style
to the time they are fully grown. Parental control and discipline are essential for
building the healthy personality of a child. More so when the structure of a family is
changing from extended to nuclear and further to single-parent family. Parents try to
understand their child's personality or the abnormalities their child has to handle the
situations amicably and twist or turn the unwanted behavioral aspects of their child.
The practices that parents follow while taking care of their child include the warmth
and control they provide to their child such that the responsiveness and
demandingness of their child are curbed to a desired level.(Patil & Vaishnav, 2021).
socialization for children, teenagers, and young adults. Parents play an important role
in that process of socialization for their children. The way in which a parent behaves
to their child, emotionally or physically, is expressed to the child, which in turn allows
for the child to interpret those behaviors and act out in a certain way. This goes to
show that parents are a major influence over their children and are responsible for
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shaping them into an adult; therefore, the discipline style that parents choose to use
Parents play an essential role in a child’s life, especially in childhood, till they
become self- sufficient. Discipline and control imposed by parents help develop a
Cultural backgrounds have a major impact on how the family unit exists and how
children are reared. In the last several years, the population of the United States of
America has had a makeup. Changes driven by immigration (with different cultural,
ethnic, and spiritual ideologies), socioeconomic status, and single-parent families are
some of the factors that determine a variety of parenting styles among families. As
per the 2014 U.S. Census Bureau data, ¼ of children lived in single-parent families,
and three-fourths lived in households with two married parents. These patterns differ
when race and ethnicity are considered. Although children can thrive in all types of
activities and behaviors that encourage their children’s early learning and
development. A good example is Head Start school (Kook and Greenfield, 2021).
outcomes, it’s not unexpected that there’s been a lot of curiosity about what factors
influence the kind and frequency of parents’ involvement in activities with their
children. Reduced cognitive stimulation in the home has also been linked to single
Every parent wishes best for their children, especially when it comes to their
intellectual abilities, moral values, and character development. Many parents, on the
other hand, are unaware that educating and caring for their children in an overly
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restricted or overly permissive manner might cause them to lose confidence and
2022).
Your parenting style can affect everything from your child's self-esteem and
physical health to how they relate to others. It’s important to ensure your parenting
style is supporting healthy growth and development because the way you interact
with your child and how you discipline them will influence them for the rest of their
between regulations and support. In this style, parents set clear expectations for their
children’s behavior, but they also provide them with support and understanding.
Parents who are authoritative encourage their kids to think independently and make
their own decisions, but they also provide support and advice when necessary. It is
commonly believed to help to lower juvenile criminality. Parents who practice this
control while still establishing clear expectations for their kids. (Imran & Sharma,
2023).
Authoritative parenting is often considered the ideal style for its combination
of warmth and flexibility while still making it clear that the parents are in charge. (3)
explain reasons for the rules and consequences for breaking them. Parents also
listen to their child’s opinions, but the parent remains the ultimate decision maker.
(Nelson, 2023)
capable of managing their emotions. They are also friendly, curious and
activities. This style requires parents to constantly intervene in the lives of their
children. The freedom to conduct any activity is limited by the parental view of the
appropriateness of certain behaviors. Even though such a style may seem overly
strict, statistically, it is more likely to deter children from perpetrating. (Xiong & Xia,
2020).
guidelines, high standards, and consequences for disobedience. In this style, parents
have complete control over their children’s behavior and decisions Children raised in
authoritarian households are expected to obey their parents without questioning their
authority. Failure to comply with their parents’ demands often results in harsh
as a way to assert their independence and autonomy. Lack of emotional support and
the stringent regulations can cause sentiments of resentment and rebellion, which
can culminate in delinquent actions like drug use, aggressiveness, and missing class.
behave well. However, these children might grow up with a fear of punishment and
lack experience making their own decisions. As a result, some might become
aggressively rebellious, lack social skills and may have difficulty making sound
and discipline. In this style, parents give their children a lot of freedom and
independence, and they do not impose strict rules or punishment for disobedience.
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The lack of self-control and entitlement feelings that can emerge from permissive
parenting can make kids act in delinquent ways. It can lead to the development of
abuse. Children may engage in delinquent behavior as a way to seek excitement and
attention, without considering the consequences of their actions. (Imran & Sharma,
2023).
Permissive parents might pride themselves on being their child’s best friend.
These parents are warm and nurturing with open communication. They are actively
involved in their children’s emotional well-being. They also have low expectations
and use discipline sparingly. Permissive parents let children make their own choices,
but also bail them out if it doesn’t go well. Children of permissive parents have the
freedom to make decisions like what to eat, when to go to bed and whether to do
their homework. These children tend to have good self-esteem and social skills. But
they can be impulsive, demanding and lack the ability to self-regulate. (1) Permissive
parents often try to control their child’s environment, so the child doesn’t have to
experience rejection or failure. This means the child might enter adulthood
Juvenile Delinquency
and adolescents which the society does not approve and for which some kind of
the public interest. Juvenile delinquency refers to the failure of children and youth to
meet certain obligations expected of them by the society in which they live. The term
juvenile delinquency applies to the violation of criminal code and pursuit of certain
patterns of behavior disapproved off or children and young adolescents (More, 2020).
alarming rate, especially by those in 16-18 years’ age group. National Crime Records
Bureau reported in 2016 that the number of juveniles has increased from 18,939 to
31,396 in the year of 2005-2015. The involvement of minors in serious offences such
and abduction have raised concerns in the nation. The wrongdoings submitted by
adolescents emerged because of the weakening social ties at community, peer and
family level, lack of finances, lack of education, and poverty (Kparihar, 2020).
In Japan, since 1980’s juvenile crime was started more active. The delinquent
rate was highest during 14-16 years old, and common delinquent acts include rape,
theft, burglary, assault and extortion. Out of 30,939 juvenile delinquents convicted,
0.1% are charged with homicide in 2018. The reasons why youngsters committed
such acts were due to their parents’ attitude, such as neglectful, harshness, spoiling
juvenile offenders in Japan further disclosed that 70% of them has two living parents
which 90% was from families which were financially stable or affluent (Money, 2019).
prevention programs. Because parents are the most important element in reducing
risk factors, community- based programs that emphasize family interactions are the
not only the juvenile, but society as a whole. With success comes a rise in education,
Two factors have been identified as being important for a child to develop morality
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described as the degree of support offered to a child by the parent. ( Johnson, 2019).
The parent has been seen to be a critical element for child development and
seeks to explore the relationship between various family-related factors and crime. It
also attempts to ascertain whether these factors can act as causative agents for
“juvenile delinquency” or whether this is caused by the interaction between the family
and other external factors. Proper nurturing of children is the primary responsibility of
parents, because the values given to children and the type of training they receive
from their parents seem to largely determine their future life-style. Parents help their
children establish certain behavioral attitudes, and once established these attitudes
are difficult to change or suppress. Parents who instill antisocial attitudes and
(Mwangangi, R. 2019).
Theoretical Framework
This study will be initially anchored to Albert J. Reiss (1951) Social Control
Theory (SCT) and Travis Hirschi (1969) Social Bond Theory (SBT).
Albert J. Reiss (1951) was one of the first researchers to introduce the
concept of social control. He was interested in whether personal (ie., the ability to
resist the temptation to meet ones needs by breaking the law) or social controls (ie..
control” was the best predictor of recidivism in juveniles Furthermore. Reiss (1951)
distinguished between two forms of social control, formal and informal. Informal
social controls are those controls exercised by parents and other individuals with
whom a person may have close personal contact. Formal social controls are those
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justice agencies.
A few years later, Jackson Toby (1957) introduced the concept of stakes in
conformity – “how much a person has to loose when he or she breaks the law” (Void.
Bernard & Snipes, 2002 ). Toby (1957) argued that all youth have the potential to
break the law, but they “vary in the extent to which they feel a stake in American
jeopardize their careers if they participate in deviant activity. It could result in their not
only being suspended or expelled from school, but being labeled as a difficult
student.
youths are aware that their current state has placed limitations on future endeavors.
Toby (1957) argued that parents are vital to the educational process of youth. If they
encourage their child to do well in school, then their attitude toward school would be
more positive. This would consequently affect school performance. The following
year, F. Ivan Nye (1958) published a study that directed attention to the family as an
important source of informal social control for adolescents. Nye (1958) took Reiss’
(1951) theory a step further and introduced three types of informal controls – direct.
Indirect and internal. Direct control is usually exercised by parents and involves
into account the affection or attachment an adolescent may have toward a significant
other and the adolescent’s consideration of how their behavior will impact these
individuals. Internal control applies to how the adolescent’s guilt prevents him/her
from participating in delinquent activities. Nye (1958) also acknowledged there were
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gender differences in how direct controls were utilized. He argued that more rigid
of two categories: inner and outer containment. Inner containment is a form of self-
Outer containment moves beyond the individual to those primary socializing agents
The most influential variation of control theory, which Hirschi called social
break the law. There are four elements of a social bond or points of control:
“control theories have described the elements of the bond to society in many ways,
Hirschi (1969) himself suggested that each element of the bond can be linked to
certain institutions in society: "...control theory has remained decidedly eclectic, partly
because each element of the bond directs attention to different institutions. For these
empirical interpretation of control theory, and not attempt at this point to say which
should be more or less important". Furthermore, Simons, Simons and Wallace (2004)
have since pointed out that a child's attachment to his or her parent was more
influential to the child's behavior than "all relationships within a child's social network"
Conceptual Framework
independent variable using indicator based on a study that has been undertaken to
Imran & Sharma ( 2023).Parenting styles are constructs used to describe the
different strategies parents tend to utilize when raising children means that parenting
styles is the approaches and techniques parents use to raise and discipline their
children.
research on the relationship between parenting styles and juvenile delinquency. The
parenting practices can help to prevent juvenile delinquency based on Singh &
Sasha (2021). The term juvenile delinquency refers to a large variety of behavior of
children and adolescents which the society does not approve and for which some
justified in the public interest means juvenile delinquency applies to the violation of
criminal code and pursuit of certain patterns of behavior disapproved off or children
Parenting Style
Authoritive Parenting
Juvenile Delinquency
Authoritarian Parenting
Neglectful Parenting
Permissive Parenting
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The findings of the study will be used as valuable information that would give
adolescence. Hence, this study would be benefited the following involved agencies
and people.
proper use of their time in productive thing and to educate them on the wrongs of
juvenile delinquency.
Government. It will help the government to keep up to date with parent and
Definition of Terms
parents use to raise and discipline their children. In India, parenting styles are
styles tend to be authoritarian, with parents using punishment and strict discipline to
control their children’s behavior. In contrast, modern parenting styles tend to be more
permissive. With parents giving children more freedom and independence. (Imran &
Sharma, 2023).
Juvenile. Juvenile refers to child and young person under the age 18, more
specifically, a child under the age of 14 and a young person up 14 but less than 18.
( Enokela, 2022).
between the ages of 15 to 18, although the age is sometimes lowered for murder and
other serious crimes. Delinquency implies conduct that does not conform to the legal
adult, would be termed criminal. It is thus distinguished from a status offense, a term
applied in the United States and other national legal systems to acts considered
(Britannica, 2023).
variety of behavior of children and adolescents which the society does not approve
and for which some kind of admonishment, punishment, or preventive and corrective
measures are justified in the public interest. Juvenile delinquency refers to the failure
of children and youth to meet certain obligations expected of them by the society in
which they live. The term juvenile delinquency applies to the violation of criminal
code and pursuit of certain patterns of behavior disapproved off or children and
Chapter 2
METHODOLOGY
This section covers the methods used to address the objectives of the study.
The section discusses the research design, locale, respondents, sampling technique,
Research Design
design. This design will look if influence of parenting style has significant influence in
findings are conclusive and usually descriptive in nature used to recommend a final
course of action.
about the present existing condition and the prediction of relativity and influence
two or more variables. The method is prospective and cross-sectional in nature and
assumed to cause the change in other variables and measure the other variables’
Research Locale
Tagum City, Davao Del Norte. It is a public school that offers junior high school
education for grades 7 to 10, as well as senior high school education for grades 11
and 12. The school provides Academic Track, Arts and Design, Technical Vocational
Tagum City National Comprehensive High School lies within the twelve
hectare DavNor Sports Complex at the sprawling capitol site in Mankilam, Tagum
City. The area is approximately three kilometers away from the busy center of the city
and lies at the heart of the provincial government site. Tagum City is the first
component city of Davao del Norte together with the Island City of Samal. Davao del
Norte is the biggest province in Region XI and the 9 th biggest in the country with an
The TCNCHS school served as the basis for the analysis. The research is
focused on the participants, where the participants are Grade 9 and Grade 10 with a
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total of 163. By ensuring that students from different levels are included, the scope of
the study is broadened and the results obtained and shown become more accurate.
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The participants in the study will be the grade 9 and 10 students from the
Tagum City National Comprehensive High School. The researchers will have
a census method is a method wherein each and every item in the population or
universe is selected for the data collection. The population might constitute a
particular place, a group of people or any specific locality which is the complete set of
Distribution of Respondents
Grade 9- Hope 40
Grade 9-Love 41
Grade 10- 40
Socrates
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Grade 10- 42
Aristotle
Research Instrument
questions geared to identify the parenting styles used in the home. It includes a five-
point scale (1=strongly disagree to 5-strongly agree) and the individual gives an
opinion for each statement. Results of several studies (Buri, 1991) have supported
authority prototypes. Both the parent and the student completed the PAQ
seriousness of juvenile delinquent behavior. The 45- item scale assesses a range of
criminal activity, including vandalism, theft, drug usage, and violence. Each item is
rated on a five- point scale, ranging from “never” to “often.” The scale is intended to
gauge an adolescent’s level of delinquent behavior over time. Higher score indicates
numerical value assigned to each potential choice and a mean figure for all the
responses is computed at the end of evaluation or survey. The final average score
observed.
parenting style is
occasionally observed.
observed.
observed.
juvenile delinquency is
always observed.
juvenile delinquency is
observed.
juvenile delinquency is
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occasionally observed.
juvenile delinquency is
seldom observed.
juvenile delinquency is
rarely observed.
Data Collection
ensure the protection of the rights of each individual who participated in this
conducted research. The process of obtaining information and data is also outlined to
to conduct research.
by the researcher to their adviser for further scrutiny. Subsequently, these were
referred to the panel of assessors to ensure the relevance of each item in the
conducted study.
the permission to conduct the study, the researchers personally distribute the
research instrument. With the assistance of the Principal, the questionnaires are
used to gather and record the data. Afterwards, it will be handed over to the
TCNCHS were analyzed using statistics with the necessary study data. The
the study. Descriptive statistics such as Statistical Tool, Pearson r, Mean, and
Mean. This method was used in the study to indicate the average, which is
the total of a set of data divided by the number of data points. It can be an effective
method when comparing different sets of data and to obtain the overall result of the
research instrument.
Pearson-r Correlation. This method was used for the research purpose of
determining the significant correlation between the influence of parenting style and
juvenile delinquency.
Multiple Regression. This will be used to determine the parenting style that
Arranging the research results. At this point, the researcher organizes all
Ethical Considerations
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conducting the interview, allowing them to easily decline participation in the interview
addition, the study and why it we always follow 1s being conducted. The safety In
protocols. Participants were asked to answer the questions honestly and were
Risk-Benefit Assessment
To ensure that research risk are minimized and benefits are maximized, the
study observed the following major potential benefits to participants (a) improved
knowledge about themselves and their current conditions at work through personal
reflections or through direct interaction with researcher, (b) comfort in being able to
discuss their situation or problem at work with responsive, objective person, (c)
opportunity to participate in the research (d) pleasure that information provided may
satisfaction that information provided may help the organization under the study
improve. Moreover, the following potential research risk will be eliminated: (a)
physical discomfort, boredom, and fatigue: (b) social harms such as alienation, loss
of status and loss of personal relationship; (c) psychological harm such as fear of
Prior to the actual participation to the study, the prospective respondent was
notified about the purpose, procedures and the anticipated potential benefits of the
study, the right to voluntary participation, the right to withdraw and terminate from
participation at any time, the right to withhold information and the confidential nature
of the information and provided full consent to participate. The research did not apply
any form of inducement and pressure to encourage participation in the study. The
Confidentiality Procedures
loss, Information gather will be securely lock in the researchers’ personal cabinet
store in a password protected computer. The participant may or may not disclose
information such as name in the informed consent form and research instrument. The
researcher assigned numeric code to protect participant who opted to disclose such
form to assure that participants’ indent is duly protected during the research. All
All information about the research will fully disclose and discuss with the
the content of the informed consent from to ensure clarity and understanding of the
Incentives or Compensation
as a promise to draw credible program that will benefit both the institution and its
employees.
Conflict of Interest
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will strictly choose base on the inclusion and exclusion criteria which will ensure to be
understand prior to the actual participation in the study. All respondents are legal of
age and are capable to decide and give consent. The researcher has no financial
conflicts of interest in the conduct of the study. The study is personally funded by the
studies which information gather and results will be objectively use for research
purposes only.
REFERENCES
Boquil, J.,Garcia, E., Hitosis, J., Lopez, M., Uy, E., and Mosqueda, R.
https://ojs.aaresearchindex.com/index.php/aasgbcpjmra/article/view/1522
juvenile-delinquency/
delinquent-children-responsibility-of-parents-in-encouraging-violent-
behavior.html
Martin, A., Partika, A., Johnson, A. D., Castle, S., Horm, D., and Tulsa Seed Study
Team (2022). Both sides of the screen: predictors of parents’ and teachers’
article=4160&context=jclc
delinquency/1364/
for-you/
https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.cnbc.com/amp/2021/06/29/child-
psychologist-explains-4-types-of-parenting-and-how-to-tell-which-is-right-for-
you.html