Role of Artificial Lighting in Emphasizing The Entrance Approach

Architecture and Planning Journal (APJ)
Volume 26 Issue 2 Article 3

ISSN: 2789-8547
September 2020
ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING IN EMPHASIZING THE ENTRANCE

APPROACHES
Maged Youssef
Associate Professor, Faculty of Architecture, Design and Built Environment, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon,
[email protected]
Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.bau.edu.lb/apj
Part of the Architecture Commons, Arts and Humanities Commons, Education Commons, and the
Engineering Commons
Recommended Citation
Youssef, Maged (2020) "ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING IN EMPHASIZING THE ENTRANCE
APPROACHES," Architecture and Planning Journal (APJ): Vol. 26: Iss. 2, Article 3.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.54729/2789-8547.1041
ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING IN EMPHASIZING THE ENTRANCE APPROACHES
Abstract
Building's entrance is metaphorically a threshold between two realms, the first is an outdoor exposed
to climatic change, hazards, and environmental factors, while the second is controlled, monitored, and
determined to certain functions. It plays an important role in enriching users' experience. Moreover, it is
the first impression a visitor takes to evaluate a whole building. Architecturally, the entrance is a very
special part in the elevation, distinguished and emphasized by different design approaches. One of these
approaches is using lighting. There is a direct connection between recognition of a space and light
assimilation in it. From sunset to dawn, the artificial lighting plays a role in drawing attention to texture,
colours, and forms of external elevations, which supports architecture to achieve its purpose. This paper
sheds the light on the problem of architects' failure to manage an entrance perception due to insufficient
light integration, over illumination, or weak transition from space to another. Many architects consider the
entrance as a challenging task, because they believe that it has a direct impact on visitors' perception. This
paper, therefore, aims to propose design methods to emphasize the entrance of buildings at night through
using the proper artificial lighting. To achieve this aim, the paper used a scientific methodology, based on
tracing literature review about design of entrances, investigating ideas of entrances' emphasis, and then
analysing four case studies trying to identify the different design approaches of their entrances and how
the location, direction, and intensity of illumination became a part of their nocturnal architectural elevation.
As a conclusion, techniques of lighting entrances contribute in perceiving architecture’s true purpose and
raise the aesthetic dimension of the building at night.
Keywords
Entrance Approach, Architectural Design, Artificial Light, Nocturnal Architecture, Transition, Perception
This article is available in Architecture and Planning Journal (APJ): https://digitalcommons.bau.edu.lb/apj/vol26/

iss2/3
Youssef: ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING IN EMPHASIZING THE ENTRANCE APPROACH
1. INTRODUCTION
A title to a book is what an entrance approach is to a
project; a golden key into the building. The circulation starts with
the outdoor environment and the entrance that leads users inside.
An architect can choose one out of the wild variety of the
approaches that construct an entrance and its path. These types
include frontal, oblique, and spiral geometrical approaches in
addition to the approaches of the different types of entrances.
Emphasizing the entrance is applied through choosing different
materials, colours, sizes, dimensions, and lights to construct a
flushed, projected or a recessed one. Particularly focusing on the
lights chosen for an entrance, this research discusses the various
deviations it can impact an entrance through. Light is a portion of
an electromagnetic spectrum that can be perceived by human eyes
where the wavelength ranges between 380 and 780 nm. The light
is either natural or artificial, and both types of light fit through
architecture. The delightful effect of light adds to the project as
links between space perception and the way light integrates with
and enters this space. It also enhances the objects and elements put Fig.1: Entrance approach
in the entrance and space. Once a person steps into the space, or showing direction and guidance
passes by through walking by the street, the light used gives an at MTY House, San Pedro
impression to what this person might see or discover inside this Garza García, Mexico.
building and predict its function. Architects use the lighting to Source: www.Archdaily.com
show rhythm or make the building feel as if flying for instance. Furthermore, the direction of lights
to the objects alters spaces and changes the feelings of people towards this particular entrance
(Waldman, 2002). Architects may face a challenge of how to affect a visitor’s perception through
lighting the entrance. This paper sheds the light on the problem of architects' failure to manage an
entrance perception due to insufficient light integration, over illumination, or weak transition from
space to another. Several buildings around the world have extraordinary form aesthetics, values, and
even high function efficiency, but unfortunately their architects miss-handled the proper design
approaches of entrances, neglecting the role of artificial light in emphasizing the buildings'
entrances. As shown in figure 1, a building's entrance can be emphasized through using certain
types of lighting.
This research aims to propose the proper design methods through a checklist of lighting units’
intensities and its emphasis on the entrance. The proposed hypothesis suggests that the external
lighting whether artificial or natural at an entrance and the path preceding has the main role in
determining what is inside and how this building functions. In order to achieve the mentioned aim,
this paper follows a scientific methodology, based on a desk-work method to introduce a literature
review about the design of building's entrance, its approaches, tools, and giving similar examples of
using artificial light in entrances. Then the paper concludes certain parameters of analysis to be used
in analysing four case studies; two of them are (local) - Lebanese - and the other two are
international. Respectively, these case studies are:
- Cluster H or The Backyard Hazmieh, designed by Bernard Mallat Architects (Lebanon)

- A-MUSE-UM, designed by Nadim Karam & Atelier Hapsitus (Lebanon)
- OCT Shenzhen Clubhouse by Richard Meier Architects (Hong Kong)
- Maina Panettoni by Gianni Arnaudo (Italy)
To support these analyses, the author used a field method by visiting the two local case
studies, captured photographs, and held interviews with users of these projects. Analysing these
case studies targeted identifying different design approaches of entrances and recognizing how the
location, direction, and intensity of the artificial light became a part of the architectural elevation at
night time.
Published by Digital Commons @ BAU, 2020 1

Architecture and Planning Journal (APJ), Vol. 26, Iss. 2 [2020], Art. 3
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
“Architecture is the learned game correct and magnificent

of forms assembled in the light.”
-Le Corbusier
“Light is a principal beauty in a building.”
-Thomas Fuller
The literature review depicts previous architectural attempts of designing an approach and
what architects, experts, and pioneers have said about the matter. Then, it will give a historical
background on the entrance approach emphasis and offer some examples where lighting was used
to emphasize this aspect. Previous practices of using light in architecture have shown its importance
and several advantages. When the right lighting is used effectively in areas heavily used by people,
such as doorways and bus stops, they feel safer for all kinds of users. Moreover, lighting an area
properly draws attention to its uniqueness and historical value if any. Using the right kind of light
can create a sense of drama depending on its intensity, brightness and color (Martin, 2019).
According to previous readings, one of the important articles tackled the topic of nocturnal
architecture. This article explained how the external light can change the perception of the outer
elevation of a building. It indicated that certain typologies of architectural projects can employ the
external light to draw a nocturnal image for their users (Nikoudel, F., Mahdavinejad, M., &
Vazifehdan, J., 2018). Other articles focused on clarifying the role of artificial light in the internal
spaces and studied its effect on users, function, and design efficiency. As an extension to such
studies, this paper concentrates on the entrance-approaches of buildings and tries to formulate
proper design methods to emphasize entrances through using artificial light. The literature review
therefore introduces firstly the definition of entrance approach, presents a historical background of
emphasizing the entrance-approach, explains its different geometrical types and ideas, and then
highlights examples of buildings used light in their entrance approaches.
2.1 Definition of the Entrance Approach

An entrance approach is the transition space between the exterior of a project and its
interior space. It is the threshold people have to penetrate to enter a certain space. It is meant to
give the user a hint about what to expect to experience as they go inside the building. The
degree of how the approach is located, design and how much it is articulated depends on the
building’s typology, capacity and of course the space building regulations allow in its area
(Ching, 1943).
2.2 Historical Background of Entrance Approach Emphasis in Architecture

The first noticeable use of artificial light in architectural expression was by the Nazi
German architect Albert Speer, whose work defined fascist architecture from the period from
1934 to 1941. Rallies at ‘Lichtdom’ or the Cathedral of light would assemble lights all around
the space of assembly as shown in figure 2. It was the perfect physical translation of the Nazi
part’s thirst for domination and control. His work would be characterized by three words: big,
concrete and composing (Weller, 2016)
https://digitalcommons.bau.edu.lb/apj/vol26/iss2/3
DOI: 10.54729/2789-8547.1041 2
Fig.2: Nazi Rallies at the Cathedral of Light

Source: Commons/ German Federal Archive
Speer was professional in representing feelings of strength, power, and fear through
implanting spots of artificial light in the bottom of elevations and entrances in particular. He
employed these spotlights to embed the Nazi ideology of domination and control in all
surroundings. After a while, architectural design in the periods ranging from 1950s to 1960s
relied heavily on natural lighting by allowing large opening of fenestration with no further
consideration for artificial lighting. This focus on many openings created problems like
overhearing and uncomfortable period. In the post-modernist era of the 1970s, design changed
to focus on small openings that made interiors gloomy, but were contradicted by innovative
practices by architects like James Stirling, whose buildings had functional and environmental
problems but where preferred by users
(Mansfield, 2017). After that, lighting
research started going into a more
environmental approach by taking into
consideration factors such as energy
efficiency and overturning the uniformity
of lighting provision and pushing for
more variety lighting. These
developments were paralleled by
emerging projects in Germany in 1990s
after the collapse of the Berlin-Wall by
signature architects’ work like Norman
Foster’s Reichstag project that employed
innovative employment of natural an
artificial lighting design. New projects
like that in cities with an already existing
urban fabric and eventful history pushed
designers to think of how to emphasize
their work and make it stand out yet
remain respectful to its context. The
necessity for considering environmental Fig.3: Assessing flow of light through vector
considerations like energy saving also Source: Adapted from Cuttle
pushed designers to design considering
sufficient use of natural light during the day to save energy and use artificial lighting at night to
showcase what is important for the project’s typology and users’ comfort, thus focusing on the
building’s entrance approach as it is the project’s first impression by users. Scientific lighting
research joined by design considerations for architects also dictated the intensity of light used
as expressed in the following diagram, shown in figure 3 (Mansfield, 2017).

2.3 Geometrical Types of Entrance Approach

Building approaches mark the beginning of the user's experience intended by the
architects. A well-designed building approach promises an exciting architectural adventure for
targeted building users. There are various ways to design an effective building approach. The
first step for an architect in designing a building approach starts with the pathway leading to
the entrance.
The chosen type of pathway is a principal part of the project’s circulation system, as it
dictates what the hierarchy of what users are arranged to see, get involved in, and utilize the
spaces inside a building. There are three main types of approaches:
2.3.1 Frontal approach
It leads directly to the entrance of the building within a straight path, and its visual
goal is clear, as shown in figure 4. It may be the entire façade or an elaborated entrance
(Millet, 2018).
Fig.4: Frontal Approach

Source: Building Approach pdf by Shahul
2.3.2 Oblique approach

It upgrades the effect of the perspective on the frontal façade and form of building,
as indicated in figure 5. The path can be redirected once, twice, and even more in order to
delay and prolong the sequence of reaching the approach (Millet, 2018).
Fig.5: Oblique Approach

Source: Building Approach pdf by Shahul.
DOI: 10.54729/2789-8547.1041 4
2.3.3 Spiral approach

It emphasizes the three-dimensional form of the building and prolongs the
sequence of reaching the approach as one moves around its perimeter, shown in figure 6.
The building can be viewed gradually during the approach or it can be totally hidden till
the arrival point. This type is usually intended is et the user view the whole project and
enjoy this journey before going inside (Millet, 2018).
Fig.6: Spiral Approach

Source: Building Approach pdf by Shahul
2.4 Ideas to Emphasize the Building’s Entrance

The entrance of a building is the threshold between the exterior environment and its
interior space. It contributes to the overall identity of the building and plays a vital role in the
first impression and the experience of the visitors. A building’s entrance may lead to an
entrance hall and then into further interior spaces. The entrance approach can be emphasized
through different ways and ideas.
2.4.1 Integrating different building materials
The entrance may be signified by using
a material that is different from the other parts
of the building. This can make the entrance
stand out in the elevation where it is
emphasized and shown clearly. There are
different options for using materials. For
example, glass can be used for the entrance
and stone on the remaining part of the façade,
etc. Figure 7 is an example of the
incorporation of a different material to Fig.7: Bianchini Office Building, Italy
emphasize the entrance (Chudinova, 2017). Source: Archilovers
2.4.2 Using different colours

Changing the colour of an entrance clarifies the entrance for visitors and makes
seem as if emerged from the main elevation as shown in figure 4 (Howard, 2013).
2.4.3 Using different style
Emphasizing the entrance can be done through changing its style than the façade's
style, such as making the entrance ultra-modern while the whole façade is classic style.
2.4.4 Shaping the entrance form
The form of the building where the entrance is located has a strong visual emphasis
for users approaching the building. When the architect creates a plane perpendicular to
the path approach, the user entering the space is directed into the building in the best way
as shown in figure 8.

Thus, an architect can distinguish the entrance through making it different in size,
scale, volume, height, width, pattern, or even architectural style than the other parts of the
elevation.
Fig.8: Three shots showing entrance form.

Source: Theory of Architecture - Slideshare Website
2.4.5 Entrance dimensions and location

Dimensions of the entrance in the elevation whether it is big or small, and its
location whether it is centered or off-center, reinforces the entrance approach, as shown
in figure 9. The perception of an entrance can be visually strengthened by making the
opening low, wide, narrow, deep, or indirect where figure 10 explains this point.
Fig.9: Diagrams showing location of the entrance

with respect to façade Fig.10: Meijer building, USA.
Source: Theory of Architecture SlideShare Website Source: Beacon Journal Website
2.4.6 Structural elements and ornaments

Articulating the opening with ornamentation or decorative embellishment is
another way to emphasize the entrance of a building, as shown in figure 11.
Fig.11: Entrance of Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris signs that centrality,

axial arches, ornaments, structural and decorative elements are important
way to emphasize the entrance approach
Source: Photographed by the author, 2015
DOI: 10.54729/2789-8547.1041 6
2.4.7 Canopy
The canopy extended over the building’s entrance gives significance and
importance to the entrance and attracts passers to visit the building. As shown as in figure
12, a canopy can be static or kinetic, according to the function of the building, and its
environmental treatment.
Fig.12: ME Building (Laboratory of Biomaterials) in EPFL Campus in Lausanne, Switzerland.

It is an example of emphasizing the entrance approach by the design of a kinetic canopy,
designed by Dominique Perrault Architecture - Source: Photographed by the author, 2019
2.4.8 Recessed entrance

The recessed entrance provides a shelter and a part of the exterior space around the
building. It also acts as a foyer for people who can get to gather before entering the space
(Howard, 2013).
2.4.9 Artificial lighting
The lighting design plays an important role in emphasizing and orienting users’
view to the entrance approach. The chosen glow and intensity of lighting provide safety
during night hours. So, the right type of artificial lighting and its position should be
studied and chosen carefully. For instance, spotlights provide strong light source within
an addition to a modern touch. However, walk-on floor lights have aesthetic role and
direct visitors to the entrance (Millet, 2018).
After presenting different nine ideas to emphasize the entrance approach of a building, the
paper concentrates on the last idea (using the artifical light) to be the main cornerstone of this
study. In the following part, the paper highlights examples of using the artificial light in entrnace
approaches of buildings.
2.5 Examples of using Artificial Light in the Entrance Approach

The literature review presents two examples to recognize the ways of architects in
emphasizing the entrance approach at night through using artificial light.
2.5.1 Galleries Lafayette department store in Metz, France
This project is a renovation to a building
built in 1980s. In order to contrast its original
preserved stone façade, the entrance is emphasized
by a folding bright red glass canopy that runs
along the three facades varying in height from
2.30 m at its lowest point till 11 m over the
entrance. Red lighting is integrated with the
canopy’s structure and sustains the architectural
gesture of reflecting the landscape of Metz during
night hours, as shown in figures 13 and 14. As
Fig.13: Galleries Lafayette Department
Store Entrance Lighting
Source: Archdaily
described by the architect, the use of red light in the canopy aims to appear:
- Radiant; showing the brightness of the
staggering of the canopy elements at
different elements.
- Graphic; underlines the folds reflected in the
lower windows, emphasizing the effect of a
suspended staggered veil.
- Dynamic; Disturbing the regularity of the
facade by a vibration of the light to
deconstruct the drawing of the canopy. Fig.14: Galleries Elevation.
Source: ArchDaily
2.5.2 Hotel V in Dbayeh, Lebanon

The entrance of the hotel is situated
between two protruded masses of different
shapes. To the right, a cylindrical element
articulated by solid vertical columns. To the
left is a rectangular mass with alternating
illuminated windows. The entrance in between
articulated by lit frames set at three varying
heights that absorb the user into the building.
Lights are also situated at the bottom of
the steps which give the users a sense as if
they are floating into the interior space of the
building. The whole entrance approach is
designed a different architectural language and Fig.15: Louis V Hotel Approach Downward
seems to emerge from the building’s mass to Shot
welcome the users inside as shown in figure Source: Booking Website
15.
2.6 Parameters to analyse Artificial Light

Lighting design at the building entrances includes a combination of approaches based on
the architect’s design approach, the context of the project, the typology of the project. All these
points aim to enhance visibility and give an idea about the role and significance of the building.
The type of light says a lot to the architect’s consideration for the environment and what the
kind of lighting that suits the project. Illumination is the utilization of light to accomplish a
practical or aesthetic stylish impact. The location of the lighting units, whether mounted on a
vertical and horizontal vary according to what the architect wants to emphasize. As previously
discussed, the degree of luminance depends of the building’s design language, what its
typology demands and the available means present at the time of designing and executing the
project. Changes ought to be features to alter the visual adaption through for the duration of
the day and night. Vertical brightening and surface radiance ought to be considered to make a
lit entrance. Brightening divider luminaires ought to be considered to give visual intrigue and
make an obvious signal to check the structure of entrance from a distance. The colour of light
and its rendering are particularly important to privilege the mental impact the structure must
reflect on the user (Millet, 2018). Finally, an important aspect that goes un-discussed is the
color temperature. The color temperature can be defined as the temperature of an ideal black-
body radiator that radiates light of a comparable color to that of the light source. This means
that the color temperature is an indicator of the level of heat in the heat-up process within the
lighting source at which an ideal black-body radiator can project a light in a certain color
(Melander, 2017). Based on preceding points discussed, certain parameters are concluded and
listed in table. Since this paper mainly focuses on artificial lighting design, the parameters
listed in the table1 below guide this research.
DOI: 10.54729/2789-8547.1041 8
Table 1: Parameters of Analysis of Artificial Light in emphasizing Entrance Approach
Light Units’
Finishing Light Units’ Colour of Color Entrance
Type of Light Location at
Materials Illuminance Light Temperature Approach
the entrance
3. METHODOLOGY
This paper tackles two topics: the lighting design and its emphasis on the entrance approach.
To achieve the previous mentioned aim, it depends on four research methods; the inductive method,
the analytical Method, the field method, and the comparative-analytical method. The first one was
used to gather data about the selected case studies, depending on reading a variety of sources,
providing images and necessary drawings and diagrams to enhance the explanation. The second was
used to analyse this data, and represented it in sort of diagrams and charts. The third was a personal
author experience in visiting two case studies in Lebanon, taking photographs and making
interviews with projects' users. The fourth method was used essentially to compare between the case
studies according to the parameters of analysis, mentioned in table 1.
In this context, the study uses these parameters in analysing the case studies, which were
selected according to certain criteria. There criteria of selection were:
- Diverse functions, locations, and target users
- Completed projects within the last ten years
- Having emphasis on the entrance approach
- Different finishing materials
- Diverse types of lighting light units' specifications such as illuminace and colour temperature.
3.1 Case Study One: Cluster H - The Backyard, 2016

Project Title: Cluster H- The Backyard
Location: Hazmieh- Beirut, Lebanon
Architect: Bernard Mallat Architects
Date of Opening: June 1, 2016
Cluster H “The Backyard” in Hazmieh, shown in figure 16, is a food and beverage
cluster. As Beirut is in need to new public spaces, parks and infrastructure like this, the concept
came up to the architect Bernard Mallat. It is an organized chaos that was meant to organize the
crowd of Beirut. Figure 17 (a, b, c, and d) presents schematic sketches of the user’s experience
in approach and walking through (Mallat, 2016).
Fig.16: Cluster-H-the-Backyard.
Source: Photo of İeva Saudargaitė

(a) Sketch showing (b) Sketch showing natural (c) Sketch showing artificial light
natural light on Entrance light on Axis of Movement on Entrance Approach
Approach
Fig.17: (a, b, c, & d) Manual sketches explain

the positions of light in the entrance approach
of the project
Source: These sketches were drawn by the
Lebanese architect Nadeen El-Makkary, 2020
(d) Sketch showing artificial light

on Axis of Movement
Based on the parameters concluded in table 1, the case study will be analysed detecting
these parameters one by one as follows:
3.1.1 The finishing materials

In architecture usually steel rods which are used to hold the concrete formwork
are sawed and plastered over. In the architectural concept of 'The Backyard', these steel
rods are removed, cleaned, painted, and then replanted on the façade to form a hairy
Cladding recycling some of the waste of the surfaces.
3.1.2 Type of light

As seen the type of lighting used is
of temperature 5000k which is the
temperature of daylight where they want
the light they used to look as natural and
warm as possible. Light sources with a
colour temperature of 3000k: these light
sources have a positive effect on humans
when working a long time at the same
place sitting still. As shown in figure 18,
this type of light is emphasizing the
entrance, pulling the user into the cluster as
well as giving the feeling of coziness in the
Fig.18: A nocturnal Perspective for 'The
village style the design created (Mallat,
Backyard'
2016). Source: Photo of İeva Saudargaitė
DOI: 10.54729/2789-8547.1041 10
3.1.3 Light units' location at the entrance

The technical areas are covered by
vertical steel tubing louvers in this project
extending occasionally to the planters as a
custom lighting, shown in figure 19. Playful
snake-panels on ceilings are used also above
planters to illuminate the users’ path. The
roof terraces infuse some order to the
ostensible unruliness by light caps and varied
configurations of the tubes. Fireflies delineate
the boundaries below the custom lights edging Fig.19: Light units at the entrance
in the various hovering outlets. approach
Source: Photo of İeva Saudargaitė
3.1.4 Light units illuminance

The way the lighting design starts from the very beginning of the project on the
entrance approach is very different from the surrounding context. As shown in figure 20,
walking through the axis of the project, users move across the levels steps lit under
giving them a floating sense with guiding lights on the edges of the path triggering the
feeling of exploration throughout the project (Mallat, 2016).
Perception of Light
Fig.20: Axis of Movement

Source: Photo of İeva Saudargaitė - with analysis of the author
3.1.5 Colour of light

The colour of light used at the entrance approach is white and very close to the
colour of the moon. This eye-catching colour attracts the visitors giving this project a
unique look and an outstanding identity where it is iconic in relation with the
surrounding. The lights on the edge of the pathways along the approach are dark blue in
colour and are integrating with running water channels.

3.1.6 Colour temperature

The temperature of colours used are cool white (3100k-4500k) and daylight
(4600k-6500k). Figure 21 shows the colour saturations of artificial light, directed
towards English letters related to the purpose of the project.
Fig.21: The different colour saturations of artificial light

Source: Larsen, 2017
3.1.7 Entrance approach
As shown in figure 22, the type of approach is oblique approach on both the main
and secondary entrances were they play an important role on attracting the user and
enhancing the spirit of curiosity within them.
Fig.22: Entrance Approaches/ Main and S

Source: Bernard Mallat Architects Website
3.1.8 Interviews
After visiting this project, the following users and architects have been
interviewed and asked to know their opinions as follows:
- “I believe that emphasis of light has an important role on the architectural image of
the building, and in this project it is used very well to isolate the project from the
surrounding thus creating the spirit of the old Lebanese village in a new modern way
right from the entrance.” – Rawan, Architect
- ‘the positioning of the lighting on the ground is what makes me go there again and
again, every time you go, the lighting lifts you and gives you the sense of flying in
relation with the water element in a very harmonic way” – Cireen, Interior Designer
- ‘The way natural light enters every space gives you this weird feeling of being in a
private place yet you are in a public one, and spending the whole day there makes
you feel the idea of light being born and people interacting with it’. Mohammad,
Architect
DOI: 10.54729/2789-8547.1041 12
After experiencing this project and detecting the important role of artificial light in
emphasizing its entrance approach, the paper continues analysing the second case study as
follows…
3.2 Case Study Two: A. MUSE.UM / Nadim Karam+ Atelier Hapsitus, 2019
Project Title: A.MUSE.UM.
Date of Opening: 2019.
Architect: Nadim Karam + Atelier Hapsitus.
Location: Daroun, Lebanon.
Located in the villages of Daroun, architect/artist Nadim Karam placed his atelier in
order to reflect, create, and experiment. It is placed in between the landscape works in front of
his own traditional Lebanese stone family residence (Karam, 2019).
3.2.1 Type of light
The Atelier lighting was under
the supervision of Highlights SAL that
provided consultation about the lighting
used. Since the project is located in
between the landscape contour lines,
LED lights were used to emphasize the
approach given directly to the entrance,
shown in figure 23. Moreover, the LED
lights used among the project directly
Fig.23: Nadim Karam + Atelier Hapsitus 2019
give emphasis to the stairs located on
Source: ArchDaily Website
the roof of the Atelier that lead to the
traditional family residence house
(Karam, 2019). It is important to note that natural light has a direct link to the entrance in
which it has a direct visual connection with exploring space inside, shown in figs 24 &
25.
Fig.24: Plan - Source: ArchDaily Website

Fig.25: Section - Source: ArchDaily Website

The light units are fixated horizontally on the ground till reaching the entrance
giving an approach due to the fact that the entrance type is not direct, shown in figure 26.
Fig.26: Plan
Source: ArchDaily Website with analysis of the author
3.2.3 Light units' luminance

The lighting used is of medium luminance in a way that the circulation ramps and
stairs are easy to walk through and not eye irritating. LEDs gives them a much higher
light intensity in one direction per given total light output, as shown in figure 27.
Illuminated Pathway
Fig.27: An Illuminated Interior

Pathway
DOI: 10.54729/2789-8547.1041 14

Yellow tones correspond to dusk and dawn, times when the body is generally
more relaxed. This is why the lighting used at night is more of a dimmed yellow. It
creates an atmosphere of calm circulation around the project and thus more comforting
for the user’s eye. This might not add to the advantage that it is a working studio so at
night might endorse more of a non-working environment (Caballero, 2019).
3.2.5 Temperature of light
At night, the lighting should ease the visitor from the dark outdoors into a warm
interior light that will not overload their senses and help them relax. This is why a
warmer temperature is used. Moreover, outdoor spaces are more prone to warmer light
in order to enhance the visual appearance of the landscape elements (trees, bushes).
Table 2 shows guidance to the colour temperature of light used in this project (Caballero,
2019).
Table 2: Guide to Colour Temperature Used - Source: Ledlightforyou
emphasizing its entrance approach, the paper continues analysing the third case study as
follows…
3.3 Case Study Three: OCT Shenzhen Clubhouse/ Richard Meier& Partners, 2012
Project Title: OCT Shenzhen Clubhouse
Architect: Richard Meier & Partners
Location: Shenzhen, Hong Kong
Sited on a prominent island in the middle of the
OCT harbor lake, the 118,400 sf OCT Shenzhen
Clubhouse consists of two buildings occupying an
artificial island on the southern edge of Shenzhen, a
waterfront financial center north of Hong Kong. The
Clubhouse provides a quiet oasis for guests and
members with a restaurant, a multi-purpose area, as
well as recreational facilities, a fitness center and a
small exhibition gallery (Meier, 2012).
Fig.28: The entrance
approach of OCT Clubhouse
in Shenzhen

Fig.29: Location of entrance on the projects' plan.

Source: ArchDaily Website
3.3.1 Type of light

The firm’s guiding principles of metal panel and mastery of natural light define
the building. The shift of natural light throughout the day animates the interior of the
clubhouse revealing different spaces and the crisp surfaces of the OCT Shenzhen
Clubhouse. The dramatic planes and natural light shape the space and mark the passage
of time and the presence of the sky. As night falls, luminaries are used to attract the users
into the building as they are integrated with the water elements, placed below the
entrance and the main building walls (Meier, 2012).
The light units are fixated horizontally on the ground along the pathway leading to
the entrance where each lighting unit is joined with a nearby small water fountain
integrating the soothing natural sounds of flowing water accompanying the users
approaching the direct entrance pathway chosen. At the entrance, units are placed
horizontally beneath the entrance to further emphasize it. Lights are also placed across
the folding planes of the massing to showcase its clean white colour, lightness and glow.
Figure 29 shows the location of the entrance on the plan and the architect’s lighting
treatment (Grieco, 2012).
3.3.3 Light units' illuminance

Metal panels unite the buildings on
the site as well as an interior space
experience driven by natural daylight s
shown below in figure 30. The natural
luminance is directed to reflect across
surfaces and its shifting angles reveal
spaces during the passage of time. As for
the light units, the luminance degree is high
since the building’s light colour demands a
bright light colour to emphasize the planes
and their movement (Grieco, 2012). Fig.30: The interior space of the entrance hall
in OCT Clubhouse
Source: Courtesy by Roland Halbe, 2012
DOI: 10.54729/2789-8547.1041 16

There are two colors observed in this proect. At the entrance approach, the light
color is white to emphasize the direct pathway to the entrance, the entrance door into the
space and the building’s planes shown from that angle of the project, seen in figures 31
& 32. From the other angles of the project, the color shifts to a warmer yellow giving the
users a sense of coziness and a welcoming sense of coziness.
Fig.31: A Sketch of Richard Meier Fig.32: Shifting the colour to a warmer

represents the entrance approach yellow is deliberate
Source: Courtesy by Roland Halbe, 2012
3.3.5 Colour temperature of artificial light
The OCT Shenzhen Clubhouse demonstrates innovative composition of light and
space, and challenges the usual fitness centre typologies. The dramatic planes and
natural light shape the space, define the building and animate the interior spaces. The
firm’s signature guiding principles of the white metal panel and mastery of natural light
highlight the building. The overlay of solid planes and clear voids create depth through a
play of shades and shadow from skylights and vertical screens, shown in figure 33. The
artificial lighting units have temperatures that vary between (3000k – 6000k) (Grieco,
2012).
Fig.33: The different color saturations of artificial light - Source: Larsen, 2017
emphasizing its entrance approach, the paper continues analysing the fourth case study as
follows…

3.4 Case Study Four: Maina Panettoni / Maina Headquarters, 2014.

Project Title: Maina Panettoni / Maina
Headquarters.
Architect: Gianni Arnaudo
Location: Fossano, Italy
A big red ribbon is a symbol for joy and
cheerfulness both in the West and in the Orient. This
is what “wraps” the completely extended Mania
works to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary since the
foundation of this industry in Fossano, Italy. It is
called the new “house” of the Nocciolato bread and Fig.34 : Maina Panettoni perspective
other specialties of the confectionery industry, Source: SIMES
shown in figure 34.
3.4.1 Type of light
The lighting designers have looked
after the complete lighting project that has
dressed the innovative building by enhancing
the volumes that come to life when
illuminated and that validate the creative
concept of the architect. While the sinuous
unwinding of the staircase is emphasized by
the light transpiring from the glass walls, the
lighting requirement consisted of designing an
adequate exterior lighting concept to
emphasize the structure of the red ribbon. The Fig.35: Maina Panettoni entrance
ribbon takes shape starting from the red walls Approach - Source: SIMES
that wrap the building. The lighting designers
chose the post mounted large beam diffusing twist luminaires. Artificial lighting at the
entrance is used by the main headquarters. The entrance walkway was developed for
grazing light effects in the range of walk-over luminaires, used for highlighting paths
and façades. The minimalist design and low recessing depth make it possible to install
discreetly in narrow niches. This linear entrance walkway was supplied with asymmetric
optic and accented fluorescent lamps (Simes, 2018).
The light units used in the project are under the entrance. The entrance approach is
emphasized by light, in addition to In-ground asymmetric linear luminaires, seen in
figure 36. Also there is a small pool of water in front of the main entrance; it is enhanced
by immersion luminaires from mini pool (Simes, 2018).
Fig.36: A 3D Shot of the entrance approach shows the LED

lighting fixtures - Source: SIMES
DOI: 10.54729/2789-8547.1041 18
3.4.3 Light units' illuminance

The SUIT luminaires in the interior behind the red wall mark the steps of the
sidewalk that leads to the entrance hall of the reception. On the background is the office
building with high vertical and narrow windows. LOFT wall luminaires that diffuse their
light beam from the top down give rhythm to the alternation of the windows, creating a
colonnade feeling (Simes, 2018).
The colour of light used at the entrance approach is white and very close to the
colour of the moon. This eye-catching colour attracts the visitors giving this project a
unique look and an outstanding identity where it is iconic in relation with the
surrounding. The lights on the edge of the pathways along the approach are dark blue in
colour and are integrating with running water channels.
3.4.5 Colour temperature of the artificial light
The colour of light used at the entrance approach is warm white (appearing
reddish) and yellow. This colour attracts the visitors and passengers and is very eye-
catching also gives this project a unique look and an outstanding identity (Simes, 2018).
Also along the entrance, the lighting designer choice has focused for this architecture on
diffusing light beams; they enhance the shapes without interfering at all with the
structure. As shown in figure 37, the building is treated as if it were a sculpture, an art
work, where light allows the lifelines of the colours to emerge against the shadows of the
evening and with them, to bring their symbolic message of feast.
Fig.37: Vertical Lighting - Source: SIMES
emphasizing its entrance approach, the paper may hold an analytical comparison between
the case studies as follows …

3.5 Comparison Between the Four Case Studies

The following table presents an analytical comparison between the case studies, based
on the parameters that were measured and detected previously.
Table 3: Comparative analysis between the four case studies
Cluster H A. MUSE.UM OCT Shenzhen Maina Panettoni
Clubhouse
Satisfied (LED Satisfied (LED Lights, Satisfied (LED Lights,

Satisfied (LED Lights, long
Lights, long life natural light, long life natural light, long life
life span; appropriate
Type of Light span; appropriate
Direction of People’s
span; appropriate span; appropriate
Direction of People’s Direction of People’s Direction of People’s
Movement)
Movement) Movement) Movement)
Light Units’ Satisfied ( Clear Satisfied (Clear
Satisfied (Clear pathway Satisfied (Clear pathway
Location at the pathway across the
across the entrance) across the entrance)
pathway across the
Entrance entrance) entrance)
Satisfied (reveal spaces
Semi- satisfied (reveal
Satisfied (Soothing during the passage of
Light Units’ Satisfied (Soothing and spaces during the passage
and relaxing time with more
Illuminance relaxing environment) of time with more
environment) emphasis on day
emphasis on day lighting)
lighting)
Semi-satisfied (since Semi - Satisfied (Not a Semi - Satisfied (Not a
Semi-satisfied ( Due to the
they are using cozy high variation of colors of high variation of colors
fact that yellow is a relaxing
Color of Light lighting and relaxing
color and it is a working
light used, they are within of light used, they are
while it is a hyper the range of white light affected by the
studio)
place with activities) colors) building’s color )
Satisfied (Serves the
Satisfied (Serves the Semi- Satisfied (the
outdoor landscape Satisfied (define the
Temperature of outdoor landscape and the temperature varies
and the interior building and animate the
Light interior showcase of slightly across the
showcase of interior spaces)
projects) user’s path)
projects)
The lit Sources emitting Horizontal elements, fixed
architectural light from landscape, Spotlights are fixed on the at the bottom line of the Twisted Beam, spiral
elements of steel tube-louvers in ground of the indirect entrance, as source of light staircase, curtain wall,
entrance the ceiling, light of pathway to the entrance + other elements are fixed & entrance walkway
approach roof terraces with water features
From this table, the paper may reach to certain findings as follows…
4. FINDINGS
According to the previous analyses, the four case studies shared using LED lights as they are
environmentally responsible choices being both cost-efficient and energy-efficient signifying a
positive awareness by the architects while executing their projects. They took advantage of natural
light in their designs. All project installed floor-mounted lighting units to guide users through the
approach to the entrance and at the project’s entrance door. However, only project with an irregular
massing like The Backyard and OCT Clubhouse where were the architects used wall-mounted lights
to emphasize the different planes and shapes for users to enjoy the experience at night. Both of
these cases also integrated light with water elements to give a further dramatic approach and
journey for users.
As for light Units’ luminance, the degree differs depending on the typology of the project and
usage. In the OCT Shenzhen Clubhouse natural light was used to generate a specific spectrum of
time for the user and special artificial lighting was restricted to the entrance approach and
emphasizing its special features. Besides, in The Backyard and the Maina Headquarters are using
strong luminance light sources to give a cheerful effect on the users. While the A.MUSE.UM uses
low light luminance around the museum space to give the importance on the art that displayed
rather than the space itself. Strong luminance treatments were for users approaching the new
museum and the old building.
DOI: 10.54729/2789-8547.1041 20
Warm light colours are heavily used in the projects OCT Shenzhen, A.MUSE.UM and the
Maina Headquarters to give a calming cosy feeling and enough significance for the project’s
function, while the Backyard used both warm and cool colours so that they give exciting effect by
showing the contrast. This difference showed a maturity of using the colours across different years.
The temperature differs from a project depending on the type of the zones, from exterior into the
interior in the project where it varies from cool to warm at close degrees.
5. DISCUSSION
Consequently, it is agreed that the supposed hypothesis that the external artificial lighting at
the entrance could hint at the building's internal purpose. This paper followed a research
methodology that began by describing the entrance approach with a thorough literature review
explaining the history and ways of highlighting the entry into a building. The appropriate design of
lighting joined by of meticulously using various materials, different colors, sizes and lengths and
adding some structural elements or ornamentation may be used to highlight the entrance. The
literature review also depicted previous light design attempts around the entrance and what
architects, experts, and pioneers have said about the entrance approach throughout different time
periods. Lighting is used for geographic orientations as lit focal points such as for major buildings
and bridges as light can the ability to emphasize the significance of a place and provide safety. The
first stage of the circulation system of a building is the path that always starts at the entrance
approach of the building. In brief, light plays an important role in emphasizing building and
building entrances through different methods. Each of type of light units, their location, color,
illumination and temperature play a vital part in how users perceive building’s approach. Each of
the above examples discussed above shows the importance each of the following characteristics
implies in different ways, whether in their presence or in their absence. Exterior artificial lighting in
a project either provides illumination for the entirety of it or it highlights specific elements
depending on the building’s typology and architect’s intentions. Tracking lighting is the perfect
example of positional lighting. The shown table concludes a proposal for the proper design methods
to emphasize the entrance approaches as follows:
Table 4: Proposed design methods to emphasize entrance approaches in different building typologies
Note: This table is a theoretical proposal for using certain architectural elements to emit artificial lighting to emphasize
entrance approaches on certain typologies of buildings
Proper Architectural Function of
Ideas to Emphasize Entrance Elements in Entrance A. L. in
Building Typology
Approaches Approaches to emit Artificial Entrance
Light
- Heighten the entrance remarkably, - In the high-class residential
artificial light, different materials, buildings, bright lighting Decoration &
Villas units can be fixed on or under
different style, water & landscape Security
canopies, beyond curtain
features
walls, over structural
- Frontal piazza, remarkable height, elements at the entrance, light Decoration &
Palaces different materials, artificial light, can be directed towards Security
water, & landscape features landscape, texture, pattern,
Residential - Decorative entrance, artificial light, crown of the entrance. Attraction &
Buildings Hotels different colours, different - In the middle and low class Entertainment
materials, & canopies residential buildings,
- Intimate scale, porch, different horizontal lighting units can Functionality
Houses colours, different materials, be fixed under the entrance & Security
artificial light, landscape elevation. Dim lighting can
- Intimate scale, colourful entrance, be fixed over the entrance.
Landscape elements can be Functionality
Orphanages soft surface materials, & artificial
functioned to emit light on & Security
light
the entrance.
This table is continued in the next page ….


Building Typology
Light
- Lighting signage, logos, & texts to - Vertical panels, lit banners,
guide users in, differentiating lit signage, & lit hospitals' Functionality
Hospitals
colours, shaded car-drop-off, & names can emphasize the & Guidance
transparent curtain walls main entrance. There are
- Differentiating the entrance's form, other entrances such as
Outpatient Clinics / materials, & colours than the morgue, emergency, &
service entrances can be Functionality
Medical repetitive clinics / laboratories , &
lower emphasis with dimmer & Guidance
Medical Laboratories lighting the banner of the main
entrance light.
Facilities
- Using lit elements behind
curtain walls of entrance
- Artificial light is essential on elevation can emphasize the
signage & logo for guiding people entrance. Attraction &
Pharmacies - Fluorescent lighting with
to go it. Simplicity, directivity, & Guidance
clarity colourful light for signage is
proper for pharmacies'
entrance
- Intimate scale, colourful entrance,
- Colourful artificial light at Attraction &
Kindergartens soft surface materials, & artificial
night can remark entrances of Entertainment
light
educational facilities. Hiding
- Colouring entrance, soft surface
vertical lightings behind
materials, artificial light, designing Functionality
Schools stands can thrill users'
a unique innovative form & Guidance
experience
welcoming students
- Dim light behind elements of
- Heighten the entrance, glorifying
staircases in the entrance
Faculties / its scale, expressing originality, Functionality
- Lit Landscape elements can
Universities differentiating its materials, & Guidance
play a role in welcoming
attractive with playful form
Educational students
- Differentiating the entrance's form,
Facilities - Recessed elements can
Lecture Halls / materials, & colours than the Functionality
accommodate lighting units.
Laboratories repetitive laboratories , & lighting & Guidance
- Working hours of some
the banner of the main entrance
libraries extend till night.
- Emphasizing entrance of a library Lighting curtain walls of their
can be through a symbolic form, entrances, lighting landscape
manipulative artificial light, water elements, and lighting the Attraction &
Libraries
features, landscape, distinguishing pathway to their entrances Guidance
its scale, colour, level, or may enrich users' experience
transparency
- Lifting entrances of office Security &
Banks - Recessed elements can
buildings on a higher level than Defence
accommodate lighting units.
street-level is an important for
- Bright artificial light fixed on
security issues Functionality
Companies / Firms the entrance can play the role
- Lighting a bank's name or a firm's & Guidance
Office of a security-guard.
name can emphasize the entrance
Buildings - Vertical lighting can beautify
- Adding softscape elements or water
the high-rise office buildings
features
Governmental - Landscape elements can emit Functionality
- Designing frontal piazza can be
buildings lighting to emphasize the & Security
proper for some governmental
entrance
buildings
Theatres / Operas - Twisted beams, structural
elements, & unique forms
- Free forms can emphasize
Cinemas can emit rays of colourful
entrances of entertainment facilities
artificial light to emphasize
Amusement Parks - Distinguishing colours, materials,
the entrance
and scale
Entertainment Restaurants / Cafés - Suspended elements in the Attraction &
- Attracting people by artificial light
Facilities entrance hall can emit light- Entertainment
that remark logos & signage
rays
- Adding digital screens and kinetic
- Dim phosphoric light can
Night-Clubs / Pubs light can attract people and
attract people to go inside. It
emphasize entrances
can be emitted from hidden-
recessed panels or walls.
DOI: 10.54729/2789-8547.1041 22

Building Typology
Light
Cultural Centres - Deconstructive forms,
- In such typology, architects
Galleries / distinguishing colours, materials,
have variety of methods
Exhibitions heights, and level can emphasize
- Artificial light can be a part
the entrance
Museums of the design concept Attraction,
- Lighting the pathway of the
- Lighting pergolas, ceiling, A Part of the
Cultural Pavilions entrance approach
suspended elements, layers, Concept, &
Facilities - Manipulating users' minds to reach
Memorials panels, openings, doors, & Interaction
the entrance can thrill their
landscape can be deliberate with Users
experience
- Lighting the pathway to the
- Parametric elements, digital
City-Gates entrance can create
screens, & kinetic lights can
storytelling environment.
emphasize the entrance
- The most important element

Shopping Malls
in this typology is the
artificial light
- Spotting light on goods such
Markets as clothes, perfumes,
- Welcoming scale can emphasize
chocolates, cigarettes,
the entrance
jewellery, candy, toys &
- Entrances'' bright colours can
Souks electronic devices is Attraction,
attract people
tremendously vital for Guidance,
Commercial - Landscape elements with water
commercial issues. Interaction
Facilities features can emphasize the
- Suspending tubes and bars with Users, &
entrance
that emit lights is crucial in Security
- Adding panoramic elevators,
the interior spaces, but for
digital screens, colourful artificial
entrances, lighting curtain
light can draw a welcoming image
Shops walls, using technological
features, & colouring light
coming from landscape
elements can emphasize the
entrance.
Prisons - Structural elements (beams,

columns, girders, &
- Maximising scale, volume, &
Military Bases staircases) can emit artificial
height is important to emphasize
light in the entrance
Military Airports entrances of these buildings.
- Sources of light over fences,
Military & - Strong artificial light is definitely Security,
Police Stations on the ground, & over the
Security crucial to secure, control, & Control, &
rooftops
Facilities surveillance circulation of users. Defence
- In such typology, architects
- Technological features are
design bulky forms with
Courts important elements to emphasize
limited narrow openings.
entrances.
Sources of light can be fixed
on recessed walls or panels.
Bus Terminals - Remarkable form, height, and scale
Railway Stations can emphasize the entrance. These
Airports characteristics are essential for
hosting the maximum number of
Ports
people under wide span space.
- Signage, logos, &
- Artificial light is used for guiding
Transport destinations are the elements
users. Guidance
Facilities emitting light to guide
- Car / Van / Bus drop off
people.
Parking Garage - Canopies can emphasize entrances
of these mega-structure buildings
- Adding handicapped elements is
essential in entrances


Building Typology
Light
- Technological features such as

Stadiums digital screens, kinetic light on
- Lit cladding panels
façade's cladding panels, &
Clubs - Suspended lit elements Attraction,
Sport parametric elements can definitely
- Colourful light emitted from Entertainment
Facilities emphasize the entrance elevation.
walls, curtain walls, & ,& Guidance
- Distinguishing scale & colours
Gymnasiums ceilings.
- Adding handicapped elements is
essential in entrances
- Symbolic forms can emphasize the
Mosques entrance of these buildings
- Adding the spiritual dimension to
the entrance can be done through - Natural light is important to
Cathedrals / distinguished structural elements, access entrance and spaces of
Churches / Chapels white colour, neutral colours, & these buildings to make users
transparency interact with heaven in direct
Symbolism &
Spiritual & - Distinguishing scale & height connection. Openings, doors,
Spirituality
Religious - Entrances can be enriched with windows, arches, & holes can
Shrines Interaction for
Facilities utopian touches (water features & be employed to draw natural
Natural Light
landscape elements) light rays inside spaces.
- More integration with nature is - Artificial light can be fixed in
important for mediation limited way in hidden places
Graveyards - Artificial light is not the most ideal in the entrances.
in emphasis of entrances. The
natural light is preferred to interact
with heavenly entity.
According to these proposed design methods, architects can enrich users' experience, which
raises buildings' values and aesthetic dimension. Through using simple architectural and landscape
elements, sources can highlight a halo of light on users during their entering a building. From table
4, functions of artificial light in entrances are diverse according to the building typology. This paper
did not concern with the electrical information regarding the wattage of lamps, type of lamps, and
wiring system, while it focused on the design methods to emphasize the entrances using the
artificial light from a theoretical perspective not technical one. As mentioned, methods vary
between suspending sources of light from the ceiling, adjusting necks and lamps to be pointed at
specific items. Consider mounting them on the walls, also. Special picture and mirror frames also
have built-in lighting to highlight specific areas on a wall. Recessed lighting can be used in floors
and ceilings to create vertical beams of light as opposed to an overall glow from central light
fixtures hanging from a ceiling. Lighting needs to serve a purpose, and in every case study
mentioned in the both natural and man-made lighting help with the illusion of space and for every
type, colour, intensity, a new feeling arouses. The way in which a designer incorporates lighting
into their project helps shape the mood of the user of the space as it has a great impact on their and
perception and user experience. Employing good lighting can increase the brightness of a space and
create ideal mood sets. The right lighting helps in adding elegance, sophistication and style to any
project.
6. CONCLUSION
Upon completion of the study, this paper has arrived at the determination that applying the
used research methodology was important to fulfil the required aim. By studying the cadenced
examples of light, rhythmic patterns, their points and forms, their temperatures and colours, the
study was able to gain an understanding of how it cooperates with individuals and their everyday
rhythms, their realistic space requirements, and the essential physical treatment of space to promote
the best impact for each space. As a result of the research, it has been discovered that in spite of the
fact that the target for the task began as an effort to preserve a good physical link between man and
DOI: 10.54729/2789-8547.1041 24
light, in spots where this relationship is as strong, the designer has to find elective strategies to
preserve an advantageous interaction. The following points offer some guidelines for emerging
designers approaching the lighting design of a building’s entrance.
• Showing a beneficial use for illustrating the person's inherent interaction with rhythmic light.
• The approach to the building is clear to visitors and tourists throughout the day and night.
• The lighting should help people understand the function of a building.
• Different safety and weather protection must be taken into consideration.
• Different types of arrangements can be used to perceive different approaches.
• Lighting must distinct between exterior and interior spaces.
• Different elements can be used with lighting to emphasize a building’s approach like
landscaping.
Eventually, techniques of lighting entrances contribute in perceiving architecture’s true
purpose and increase the aesthetic dimension of the building at night.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author would like to thank the architects who thought out side of the box to employ
artificial light in emphasizing entrance approaches, which eases accessibility of users. In addition, a
full gratitude and appreciation to the Lebanese architects Ms. Rayan Namro and Ms. Ghina
Kanawaty who cooperated in editing parts of this paper.
REFERENCES
− Caballero, P. (2019). A.MUSE.UM / Nadim Karam + Atelier Hapsitus. Retrieved from
− Ching, F. D. K. (2014). Architecture: Form, Space, and Order. London: Wiley, 4th Edition
− Chudinova, V. G. (2017). Modern Role of Architectural Style Category in Russian Practice. IOP
Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 262, International Conference on
Construction, Architecture, and Technosphere Safety, pp. 21-22
− Crafti, S. (2015). Architecture: entrance ways that create a strong first impression. Financial
Review Magazine, Issue of 19 July, 2015.
− Grieco, L. (2012). Richard Meier Architects: OCT Shenzhen clubhouse now complete. Design
Boom Magazine, Issue of Sep. 04, 2012.
− Hesson, R. (2019). History - Artificial Lighting. Blog: Northern Architecture. Retrieved from
doi.org/10.1177/1477153517736803
− Karam, N. (2019). A.MUSE.UM. The official website of the architect Nadim Karam:
www.nadimkaram.com
− Larsen, R. S. (2017). A world of lighting: What is colour temperature? Lumega
− Mallat, B. (2016). Cluster H – The Backyard. The official website of Bernard Mallat Architects
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Architecture and Planning Journal (APJ)

Volume 26 Issue 2 Article 3

ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING IN EMPHASIZING THE ENTRANCE

Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.bau.edu.lb/apj

This article is available in Architecture and Planning Journal (APJ): https://digitalcommons.bau.edu.lb/apj/vol26/

- Cluster H or The Backyard Hazmieh, designed by Bernard Mallat Architects (Lebanon)

Published by Digital Commons @ BAU, 2020 1

“Architecture is the learned game correct and magnificent

“Light is a principal beauty in a building.”

2.1 Definition of the Entrance Approach

2.2 Historical Background of Entrance Approach Emphasis in Architecture

Fig.2: Nazi Rallies at the Cathedral of Light

Published by Digital Commons @ BAU, 2020 3

2.3 Geometrical Types of Entrance Approach

Fig.4: Frontal Approach

2.3.2 Oblique approach

Fig.5: Oblique Approach

2.3.3 Spiral approach

Fig.6: Spiral Approach

2.4 Ideas to Emphasize the Building’s Entrance

2.4.2 Using different colours

Published by Digital Commons @ BAU, 2020 5

Fig.8: Three shots showing entrance form.

2.4.5 Entrance dimensions and location

Fig.9: Diagrams showing location of the entrance

2.4.6 Structural elements and ornaments

Fig.11: Entrance of Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris signs that centrality,

Fig.12: ME Building (Laboratory of Biomaterials) in EPFL Campus in Lausanne, Switzerland.

2.4.8 Recessed entrance

2.5 Examples of using Artificial Light in the Entrance Approach

2.5.2 Hotel V in Dbayeh, Lebanon

2.6 Parameters to analyse Artificial Light

Table 1: Parameters of Analysis of Artificial Light in emphasizing Entrance Approach

3.1 Case Study One: Cluster H - The Backyard, 2016

Published by Digital Commons @ BAU, 2020 9

Fig.17: (a, b, c, & d) Manual sketches explain

(d) Sketch showing artificial light

3.1.1 The finishing materials

3.1.2 Type of light

3.1.3 Light units' location at the entrance

3.1.4 Light units illuminance

Fig.20: Axis of Movement

3.1.5 Colour of light

Published by Digital Commons @ BAU, 2020 11

3.1.6 Colour temperature

Fig.21: The different colour saturations of artificial light

Fig.22: Entrance Approaches/ Main and S

Fig.24: Plan - Source: ArchDaily Website

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Fig.25: Section - Source: ArchDaily Website

3.2.2 Light units' location at the entrance

3.2.3 Light units' luminance

Fig.27: An Illuminated Interior

3.2.4 Colour of light

Table 2: Guide to Colour Temperature Used - Source: Ledlightforyou

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Fig.29: Location of entrance on the projects' plan.

3.3.1 Type of light