SQL and PL/SQL

Don’t forget:
The key of Life is Knowledge

Lecturer: Ass.Prof Esmatullah Sabet

Prepared by: Ali Rahman “Shinwari”
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 SQL and PL/SQL
Lecture#01

ORACLE RDBMS (Relational Database Management System)

Oracle is the product of Oracle Corporation, the Oracle Corporation founded in 1977 and they
have released their first version 3.0 in 1981 than version 4.0 and so on and so forth now they
have latest version like Oracle Database 10G, 11G.

The Oracle Database based on Relational database management system (RDBMS), and having
different module like SQL (Structure Query language), PL SQL (Procedural Language Structure
Query language), Forms and Reports so all these four module will be studied in this course of
Database developer one by one.

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Lecture#02

SQL> select * from cat;

To See the Catalog of the database we will use the above query.

In the above query * means all Columns.

SQL> desc EMP;

To see all the columns means description of a table.

SQL> select * from emp;

To select all records of a table we will use the above query.

SQL> set pagesize 300 SQL> set linesize 300 set pagesize and set line size are sql plus

commands used to set the page and line size of a page.

SQL> select ename,job,sal from emp;

To select some specific fields of a table.

Arithmetic

Using arithmetic we can do the +, -, *, / operations.

SQL> select ename,job,sal,comm,sal+comm as total from emp;

The above query will select ename, job, sal, and will add sal and comm and will alias with name
of total.

Introducing nvl function:

NVL (Null value): the nvl function is used to put any other value instead of a null value.

SQL> select ename,job,sal,comm,sal+nvl(comm,0) from emp;

SQL> select ename,job,sal,sal-comm from emp;

The above query is used for the subtraction of commission from salary.
SQL> select ename,job,sal*2 as bonus from emp;

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The above query is used for the Multiplication of commission with salary.

SQL> select ename,job,sal/30 as perday from emp;

The above query is used for the division of salary by 30.

SQL> select ename,job,sal,comm,nvl2(comm,100,200) as total from emp;

NVL2 is also a function work the same like nvl but there is one variable more, for null and for
not null and as well as the null value column itself.

SQL> select ename, job, sal, comm, sal+nvl2 (comm, comm, 100) from EMP;

Where clause

SQL> select * from EMP where sal>3000;

The above query will select those employees whose salary is greater than 3000.

SQL> select * from EMP where sal<>800;

Will select the record of those employees whose salary is not equal to 800.

SQL> select * from EMP where sal=800;

Will select all those employees whose salaries are equal to 800.

SQL> select * from emp where sal<800;

The above query will select those employees whose salary is less than 800.

BETWEEN AND

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE SAL BETWEEN 800 AND 4000;

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The above query will select those employees whose salary is between 800 and 4000.

Like:

SQL> select * from EMP where ename like 'S%';

Will select records of those employees whose name starts with S.

SQL> select * from EMP where ename like '%H';

1* select * from emp where hiredate like '%DEC%'

SQL> select * from emp where ename like 'S_ITH';

When we don’t know about one letter than we are using underscore (_) sign.

Distinct or unique keyword:

Used to eliminate the repeated data in the columns.

SQL> select deptno from emp; SQL>

select distinct(deptno) from emp;

IN, AND, OR:

In operator is used for the avoidance of multiple or operator, & and will return when both the
condition becomes true and false even one condition become false while OR operator will return
true even one condition become true and false will both of them become false.

1* select * from emp where ename='SMITH' and sal='800'

Or:

SQL> select * from EMP where ename='SMITH' OR SAL=600;

IN:

SQL> select * from emp where JOB

IN('CLERK','MANAGER','DOCTOR','ENGINEER','SALEMAN');
ORDERS:

Is used for ordering the data in a table whether ascending or descending order.

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SQL> select * from EMP order by ename;

Now descending order by default if we don’t specify it will make it in ascending order

SQL> select * from EMP order by ename desc;

To_char function:

This function is used to convert date or number into character data type.

SQL> select ename,job,sal,hiredate,To_char(hiredate,'year') from emp;

SQL> select ename,hiredate,to_char(hiredate,'mm') from emp; By

this we can select just month in a number format.

SQL> select ename, hiredate, to_char(hiredate,'mon') from emp; By

this we can select month in alphabets.

SQL> select ename, hiredate, to_char (hiredate,'dy') from EMP;

Will select the name of the days in the characters.

SQL> select to_char(sysdate,'month') from dual;

Through this query we will select the months. SQL>

select to_char(sysdate,'year') from dual;

By this query we will select he Year.

SQL> select ename, job, sal, to_char(sal,'L9999') from emp;

Through this query we can select the currency sign with the amount.

SQL> select ename, job, sal, to_char(sal,'9999L') from emp;

The same like above query but before the amount the currency sign.

SQL> select months_between(sysdate,hiredate) from emp;

Return the number of month between two dates.

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1* select months_between(sysdate,hiredate)/12 as year from emp

Will calculate the months and than will return the year.

SQL> select months_between(sysdate,hiredate)*30 as days from emp;

Will return the days between two dates.

SQL> select ename,job,sal,hiredate,trunc(months_between(sysdate,hiredate),0) as months,

2 trunc(months_between(sysdate,hiredate),0)/12 as year,

3 trunc(months_between(sysdate,hiredate),0)*30 as days from emp;

The above query will return the months, days, year between two dates.

SQL> select next_day(sysdate,'Thu') from dual; will return the next

day to the day given. SQL> select last day (sysdate) from dual;

Will return the last day of the month.

SQL> select add_months (sysdate,3) from dual;

Will add the numbers of month to a date.

Decode:

Used to give the condition inside the sql transaction to a statement.

SQL> select ename,job,sal,decode(job,'CLERK',SAL+3,'MANAGER',5,SAL) FROM

EMP;

1* select ename,job,sal,decode(job,'CLERK',SAL+3,'MANAGER',SAL+5,SAL) FROM

EMP

UNION OPERATOR:

Used to perform union operation of maths here in Oracle database.

SELECT * FROM EMP;

SQL> CREATE TABLE EMP1 AS SELECT * FROM EMP;

The above query is used to have the copy of a table.

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SQL> INSERT INTO EMP(EMPNO,ENAME,JOB,SAL)
VALUES(2,'KHALID','ENG',300);

the above query is used to add a record to a table.

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP

2 UNION

3 SELECT * FROM EMP1;

The above query is used for the union of two tables.

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP

2 UNION ALL

3 SELECT * FROM EMP;

INTERSECT:

Is used for the intersection purpose of two table, and will take the common records of both table.

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP

2 INTERSECT

3 SELECT * FROM EMP1;

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP

2 MINUS

3 SELECT * FROM EMP1;

NUMBER FUNCTIONS:
SQL> SELECT SUM (SAL) FROM EMP;

SQL> SELECT SUM (SAL), MIN (SAL), MAX (SAL), AVG (SAL), COUNT (SAL)
FROM EMP;

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SUM (SAL) MIN(SAL) MAX(SAL) AVG(SAL) COUNT(SAL)

---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------

29325 300 5000 1955 15

Lecture#03

GROUP BY:

This clause is used with the secondary key column and it group the similar fields, preparing for
the aggregate function operation.

SQL> SELECT DEPTNO,SUM(SAL) FROM EMP GROUP BY DEPTNO;

The above query will sum the salary according to the grouping of department numbers.

SQL> SELECT JOB,SUM(SAL) FROM EMP GROUP BY JOB;

The above query will sum the salary according to the grouping of Jobs.

SQL> SELECT DEPTNO, MAX(SAL) FROM EMP GROUP BY DEPTNO;

The above query will return the Maximum salary according to the department numbers.

SQL> SELECT DEPTNO,MIN(SAL) FROM EMP GROUP BY DEPTNO

Will return the Minimum salary according to the departments.

SQL> SELECT DEPTNO,COUNT(SAL) FROM EMP GROUP BY DEPTNO;

Will return the numbers of employees according to the salary.

SQL> select job,sum(sal) as total,count(sal) from emp group by job;

SQL> select deptno,sum(sal) from emp group by deptno

2 having sum(sal)>8000;

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1 select deptno,sum(sal) from emp group by deptno

2* having sum(sal)<8000

select deptno,sum(sal) from emp group by rollup(job) rollup

will show the total salary of all departments as well.

DEPTNO SUM(SAL)

---------- ----------

10 8750

20 10875

30 9400

300

29325

SQL> select deptno,job,sum(sal) from emp group by grouping sets(deptno,job);

Grouping sets is used for the combining of the group by function.

DEPTNO JOB SUM(SAL)

---------- --------- ----------

30 9400
300

20 10875 10

8750 doc

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CLERK 4150

SALESMAN 5600

ENG 300

PRESIDENT 5000

MANAGER 8275

ANALYST 6000

11 rows selected.

SQL> select job,sum(sal) from emp group by cube(job);

Cube is the same like rollup but is show the summation at above portion.

JOB SUM(SAL)

--------- ----------

29325 ENG

300

doc

CLERK 4150

ANALYST 6000
MANAGER 8275

SALESMAN 5600

PRESIDENT 5000

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8 rows selected.

Lecture#4

Joining

In some cases we need to retrieve data from more than one table, so in such situation we need to
join two or more than two tables, which in RDBMS are called Joining.

Inner Join:

For the inner join the association of primary key and foreign key is very important, and those
records from both the tables will be selected whose primary key and foreign key values match
each other.

SQL> select emp.ename, emp.job, emp.sal,dept.dname,dept.loc from emp,dept

2 where

3 emp.deptno=dept.deptno;

Right Outer Join:

SQL> select emp.*, dept.* from EMP right outer join dept

On emp.deptno=dept.deptno;

Left Outer Join:

SQL> select emp.ename,emp.job,emp.sal,dept.dname,dept.loc from emp left outer join

dept
2 on emp.deptno=dept.deptno;

Full Outer Join:

SQL> select emp.*,dept.loc from emp full outer join dept

2 on emp.deptno=dept.deptno;

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Self joining:

Joining a Table with itself is called Self Joining.

SQL> SELECT E.EMPNO,E.ENAME,E.JOB,E.SAL,EE.ENAME FROM EMP E,EMP

EE

2 WHERE E.EMPNO=EE.MGR;

EMPNO ENAME JOB SAL ENAME

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- ----------

7902 FORD ANALYST 3000 SMITH

7698 BLAKE MANAGER 2850 ALLEN

7698 BLAKE MANAGER 2850 WARD

1 SELECT EE.ENAME ||' '||'IS WORKING UNDER'||' '||E.ENAME FROM EMP E,EMP
EE

2* WHERE E.EMPNO=EE.MGR

3/

EE.ENAME||''||'ISWORKINGUNDER'||''||E.

--------------------------------------

SMITH IS WORKING UNDER FORD

ALLEN IS WORKING UNDER BLAKE

WARD IS WORKING UNDER BLAKE

JONES IS WORKING UNDER KING

Sub Query:

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A query inside another query is called sub query, or nested queries are called sub query, in this
case one query will become inner query and another will become outer query, first the inner
query will execute and it will pass the result to the outer than outer will be execute.

1* select * from emp where sal>(select sal from emp where ename='SMITH')

Will select all those employees whose salary is more than SMITH.

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------

7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1600 300 30

7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500 30

SQL> SELECT MAX(SAL) FROM EMP;

MAX(SAL)

----------

5000

SQL> SELECT ENAME FROM EMP WHERE SAL=(SELECT MAX(SAL) FROM

EMP);

Will select the name of the employee who is taking the maximum salary.
ENAME

----------

KING

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1* SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE SAL=(SELECT MAX(SAL) FROM EMP)

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------

7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000 10

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE SAL=(SELECT MIN(SAL) FROM EMP);

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------

2 KHALID ENG 300

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE SAL=(SELECT MAX(SAL) FROM EMP

WHERE SAL<>(SELECT MAX(SAL) FROM EMP));

THE ABOVE QUERY IS FOR THE SECND HIGHEST VALUE.

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------

7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 19-APR-87 3000 20

7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000 20

Lecture#4

DML (Data manipulating language):

Is used for the manipulation in the records, insert is used to add a record, delete used to remove
an existing record, and update used to update an existing record.

Insert, Delete, and update:

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Insert:

Insert into emp (empno, ename, job, sal) values (5,'kamran','Doctor', 500)

The above query is used for the insertion or adding of record.

SQL> commit;

The above query is used to save a record to a table.

SQL> insert into emp values(6,'Naveed','Eng',7902,'9-jan-80',800,10,20);

Delete:

SQL> delete from EMP where empno=5;

Will delete a record from the emp table whose id is 5.

1 row deleted.

SQL> commit;

Will save this change into a table.

SQL> delete from emp where empno in(12,2);

Will delete records whose employee’s number are 12 or 2.

SQL> commit;

UPDATE

SQL> update emp set ename='Rahman' where empno=6;

Used to update a record, and will update name to Rahman whose empno is 6.

SQL> commit;

SQL> update emp set comm=80 where comm is null;

Will set the commission 80 of those employees whose commission is null.

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SQL> update emp set sal=sal+100 where hiredate like'%80';

SQL> rollback;

The above rollback query is used to undo the change.

Lecture#6

DTCL (Data Transactional Control Language):

Is used to perform the operation on the transaction whether you want to save them or want to
undo them for the saving the changes we use the Commit command and for the undo we use
rollback command.

SQL> insert into emp(empno,ename,job,sal) values(32,'Mansor','Eng',400);

SQL> Rollback;

The record will be undo using rollback.

SQL> insert into emp(empno,ename,job,sal) values(32,'Mansor','Eng',500);

SQL> commit;

Change will be saved because of the using of Commit command.

SQL> rollback;

Once commit than cant be undo.

SQL> rollback;

Autocommit Command:

This command is used to save the record automatically.

SQL> set autocommit on;

SQL> delete from EMP where empno=32;

SQL> set autocommit off;

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Lecture#7

DDL (Data Definition Language):

Is used to define new data to the database schema, can be table, view, procedure, index,
synonym, sequence or trigger.

Creating Tables:

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SQL> create table stu(stid numeric(4) primary key,sname varchar2(30) not null,fname
varchar2(30) unique,fees numeric(4) default(300));

Table created.

SQL> desc stu;

This SQL plus command is used to describe the table.

SQL> drop table stu1;

Through the above query we will drop the table.

SQL> flashback table stu to before drop;

Above query was for just flashbacking means to recover the table from the recycle bin of oracle.

SQL> truncate table stu;

The truncate clause is used to make a table empty from the data.

SQL> alter table stu drop column fees;

The above query is used to drop the fees column from stu table.

SQL> alter table stu add (fee numeric (2));

The above query is used for Adding a columns to a table

SQL> alter table stu modify(fee numeric(4))

the above query used for modification of an existing columns or user

SQL> alter table stu modify(fee varchar2(3));

The above query is used for changing the data type of a column

SQL> create table teacher (tid numeric (3) constraints pk_1 primary key, name varchar2
(30) constraints uk_1 unique, sal numeric(3) constraints nn_1 not null);

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The above table has been created with the Constraints of primary key, unique key and Not null
constraints.

SQL> select * from user_constraints;

The above query is used for the user defined constraints to see.

Altering the constraints:

SQL> alter table teacher drop constraint pk_1;

The above query will drop the pk_1 constraint from the teacher table.

Lecture#8

Views:

are the logical table used for the reporting and calculation purpose.

SQL> create or replace view v_emp

2 as

3 select * from emp where sal>1000

4 with check option constraint a;

View created.

SQL> select * from v_emp;

The above query is used to select the data of the view.

SQL> create or replace view v_read_only

2 as

3 select * from emp

4 with read only;

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SQL> create or replace view v_gr

2 as

3 select job,sum(sal) as tot from emp group by job;

SQL> create or replace view v_g

2 as

3 select deptno,sum(sal) as tot,min(sal) as mini from emp group by deptno;

SQL> select view_name,text from user_views where view_name='V_G';

VIEW_NAME TEXT

------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

V_G select deptno,sum(sal) as tot,min(sal) as mini from emp group by deptno

SQL> create or replace view v_job

2 as

3 select * from emp where job='Eng'

4 with check option constraint aaaa;

SQL> create or replace view v_join

2 as

3 select emp.ename,emp.job,emp.sal,dname,loc from emp,dept

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4 where emp.deptno=dept.deptno;

SQL> create or replace view v_gro

2 as

3 select sum(sal) as tot,min(sal) as minimum,max(sal) as maximum from emp;

Sequence:

This object of the oracle database is used to generate the sequential number.

1 create sequence seq_1

2 increment by 1

3 start with 15

4 maxvalue 100;

SQL> select * from user_sequences;

The above query will select all the user sequence.

SEQUENCE_NAME MIN_VALUE MAX_VALUE INCREMENT_BY C O CACHE_SIZE

LAST_NUMBER

SEQ_1 1 100 1 N N 0 15
SQL> insert into emp(empno,ename,job) values(seq_1.nextval,'wali','Eng');

The above query is used to assign the value of sequence into the emp table.

SQL> select seq_1.currval from dual;

The above query is used to see the current value of the sequence.

SQL> select seq_1.nextval from dual;

The above query is used to see the next value of the sequence.

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Example 2# Create a sequence which start with 1 and ends with 40.

SQL> create sequence seq_2

2 increment by 1

3 start with 40

4 maxvalue 100

5 ;\

SQL> select seq_2.nextval from dual;

SQL> select seq_2.currval from dual;

SQL> insert into stu(stid,sname,fname) values(seq_2.nextval,'rahman','Gul');

SQL> insert into stu(stid,sname,fname)values(seq_2.nextval,'khan','raza');

SQL> select seq_2.nextval from dual;

SQL> select seq_2.currval from dual;

Synonym:

Used to give another name to an object, than the object can be access with different name.

Create synonym z for emp

So now z is another name for the EMP table, we can access the emp table with the z as well.
SQL> drop synonym z;

The above query is used for the Dropping the synonym.

Example 2#

SQL> create synonym d for emp;

SQL> drop synonym d;

INDEX:

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Is the object of the database used to make the searching fast, it is automatically defined to the
field on which we have applied primary key. But we can apply it manually as well.

SQL> CREATE INDEX IDX_1 on stu(sname);

Through above query we create index for the sname column of stu table.

SQL> drop index idx_1;

SQL> select * from user_indexes;

The above query is used to to list all the user indexes.

Lecture#9

DCL (Data Control Language):

Used for the controlling of the Data, in this category we create user, we grant privileges to user
and we revoke back the privileges from the user.

Creating User

Example 1#

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SQL> create user mansor identified by mansor;

User created now granting him create session privileges to be connect.

SQL> grant create session to mansor;

Now this user can connect

Again connecting to system

SQL> connect system

Connected.

SQL> grant create table to mansor;

Create table privileges is used to give a user creating table rights.

SQL> grant create view, create procedure to mansor;

Create view, Create procedure privileges are used to give the rights for the creation of view
and procedure.

SQL> grant select any table to mansor;

Select any privileges are used to grant selection on any table to a user.

SQL> grant delete any table to mansor;

Delete any privileges is used to give a user the right to delete a record from any table.

SQL> grant update any table to mansor;

Update any privileges is used to give a user to update a record in any user table.

SQL> grant insert any table to mansor;

Insert any privileges is used to give a user to insert a record in any user table.

SQL> grant drop any table to mansor;

Drop any privileges is used to give a user to drop a table of any user.

SQL> grant unlimited tablespace to mansor;

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The above query is used to grant unlimited tablespace to a user.

SQL> grant select on scott.emp to mansor;

The above query is used to give privileges on the specific table.

SQL> grant delete on scott.dept to mansor;

Granting the delete privileges on the dept table to user mansor.

SQL> grant update,insert on scott.emp to mansor;

Grant update, insert privileges on emp table to user mansor.

Revoking privileges:

The revoke clause is used to take back the privileges from a user.

SQL> revoke select on scott.emp from mansor;

Take back the select privileges from the mansor on emp table.

SQL> revoke delete on scott.dept from mansor;

Take back the delete privileges from mansor on department table.

SQL> revoke create table from mansor;

Take back the create table privileges from mansor.

SQL> revoke create view,create procedure from mansor;

Take back the create view and create procedure privileges from mansor.

SQL> revoke select any table from mansor;

Take back the select any table privileges from mansor.

SQL> revoke delete any table from mansor;

Take back the delete any table privileges from mansor.

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SQL> select * from user_sys_privs;

The above query is used to see the privileges of a user

Role:

Role is used to group the privileges into a package and than we can easily assign this role to a
user with the bundle of the privileges.

SQL> create role manager;

In the above query we have created a role with the name of manager.

SQL> grant delete,update,select on scott.emp to manager;

Granting the privileges to the role. SQL>

grant manager to mansor;

Granting role to a user.

Module 2
Lecture#10

PL/SQL (Procedural Language Structured Query Language)

PL/SQL is the procedural or programming language for the oracle database; we can perform all the
programming structures here like IF, Switch Case, For Loops and Functions.

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First program:

SQL> set serveroutput on;

SQL> Declare
2 begin
3 dbms_output.put_line ('Hi this is first program of PL Sql');
4 end;
5/

Declaration of variables:

1 declare
2 a number;
3 b number;
4 res number;
5 begin
6 a:=3;
7 b:=6;
8 res:=a+b;
9 dbms_output.put_line(res);
10* end;
SQL> /
9
Values assignment to a variable at the time of declaration:

SQL> declare
2 a number:=7;
3 b number:=3;
4 begin
5 a:=a*b;
6 dbms_output.put_line(a);
7 end;
8 /
21

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Input at the time of running, for this we are using the & sign.

1 declare
2 a number; 3 b
number;
4 res number;
5 begin
6 a: =&no1; 7 b: =&no2;
8 res:=a+b;
9 dbms_output.put_line (res);
10* end;
SQL> /
Enter value for no1: 2
Enter value for no2: 3
5

Lecture#11
IF Condition

SQL> declare
2 a number; 3
b number;
4 begin
5 a:=&no1; 6 b:=&no2;
7 if (a>b) then
8 dbms_output.put_line('A is greater than b');
9 end if;
10 if (a<b) then
11 dbms_output.put_line('A is smaller than b');
12 end if;
13 if (a=b) then
14 dbms_output.put_line('a is equal to b');
15 end if;
16 end;
17 /

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program for the +,-,*,/:

SQL> declare
2 a number; 3
b number;
4 res number;
5 sign varchar2(3);
6 begin
7 a:=&num1; 8 b:=&num2;
9 sign:='&symbol';
10 if (sign='+') then
11 res:=a+b;
12 dbms_output.put_line(res);
13 end if;
14 if (sign='-') then
15 res:=a-b;
16 dbms_output.put_line(res);
17 end if;
18 if(sign='*') then
19 res:=a*b;
20 dbms_output.put_line(res);
21 end if;
22 if (sign='/') then
23 res:=a/b;
24 dbms_output.put_line(res);
25 end if;
26 end;
27 /

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Lecture#12
Execution of the Sql Statements in PL block of Code

1 declare
2 salary number;
3 begin
4 select sum(sal) into salary from emp;
5 dbms_output.put_line(salary);
6* end;
SQL> /
30224

SQL> declare
2 p_max number;
3 p_min number;
4 begin
5 select max(sal) into p_max from emp;
6 dbms_output.put_line('the max sal is ='||' '||p_max);
7 select min(sal) into p_min from emp;
8 dbms_output.put_line('the min sal is='||' '||p_min);
9 end;
10 /

1 declare
2 p_name varchar2(30);
3 begin
4 select ename into p_name from emp where empno=7902;
5 dbms_output.put_line(p_name);
6* end;
SQL> /
FORD

SQL> Declare
2 p_sum number;

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 SQL and PL/SQL
3 begin
4 select sum(sal) into p_sum from emp where deptno=&deptno; 5 dbms_output.put_line(p_sum);
6 end;
7 /

SQL> /
Enter value for deptno: 30
9400

SQL> /
Enter value for deptno: 20
11675
SQL> declare
2 job_sal number;
3 begin
4 select sum(sal) into job_sal from emp where job='&job';
5 dbms_output.put_line(job_sal);
6 end;
7 /
Enter value for job: CLERK
4150
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> /
Enter value for job: MANAGER
8275
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

1 DECLARE
2 p_ename varchar2(30);
3 p_job varchar2(30);
4 p_sal number;
5 begin
6 select ename,job,sal into p_ename,p_job,p_sal from emp where ename='&name';
7 dbms_output.put_line(p_Ename||' '||p_job||' '||p_sal);
8* end;
SQL> /

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 SQL and PL/SQL
Enter value for name: SMITH
SMITH CLERK 800

Counting the all employees

SQL> declare
2 p_all number;
3 begin
4 select count(*) into p_all from emp;
5 dbms_output.put_line(p_all);
6 end;
7 /
19
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

1 declare
2 p_count number;
3 begin
4 select count(empno) into p_count from emp where deptno=&deptno;
5 dbms_output.put_line(p_count);
6* end;
SQL> /
Enter value for deptno: 20
7
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> /
Enter value for deptno: 30
6
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

The above program show us that how much employees work in one department.

%type:

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 SQL and PL/SQL
%type is used to declare a variable with the data type of columns.

SQL> declare
2 p_sal emp.sal%type;
3 begin
4 select sum(sal) into p_sal from emp;
5 dbms_output.put_line(p_sal);
6 end;
7 /
29424
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> declare
2 p_ename emp.ename%type;
3 p_job emp.job%type;
4 p_sal emp.sal%type;
5 begin
6 select ename,job,sal into p_ename,p_job,p_sal from emp where Ename='SMITH';
7 dbms_output.put_line(p_ename||p_job||p_sal);
8 end;
9 /
SMITHCLERK800
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

%Rowtype:

SQL> -- %Rowtype: is used to assign all datatypes of a table to one variable.

1 declare
2 p_all emp%rowtype;
3 begin
4 select * into p_all from emp where ename='&name';
5 dbms_output.put_line(p_all.empno||p_all.ename||p_all.job||p_all.sal);
6* end;
SQL> /

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 SQL and PL/SQL
Enter value for name: SMITH old 4: select * into p_all from
emp where ename='&name'; new 4: select * into p_all
from emp where ename='SMITH';
7369 SMITH CLERK 800

Lecture#13
Loops:

SQL> declare
2 begin
3 for a in 1...30 loop
4 dbms_output.put_line (a);
5 end loop;
6 end;
7/

SQL> declare
2 b number;
3 begin
4 b:=1;
5 for a in 1..19 loop
6 b:=b+2;
7 dbms_output.put_line(b);
8 end loop;
9 end;
10 /

SQL> declare
2 begin
3 for a in reverse 1..8 loop
4 dbms_output.put_line(a);

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 SQL and PL/SQL
5 end loop;
6 end;
7 /

1 declare
2 begin
3 for a in 1..5 loop
4 for b in 1..6 loop
5 dbms_output.put_line(a||' '||b);
6 end loop;
7 end loop;
8* end;
SQL> /

Cursors:

Cursor is used to retrieve or access multiple records from a table.

SQL> declare
2 cursor dl is select * from emp;
3 begin
4 for i in dl loop
5 delete from emp where deptno=&deptno;
6 end loop;
7 end;
8 /

SQL> declare
2 cursor cur_for is select * from emp where sal>2000;
3 begin
4 for a in cur_for loop
5 dbms_output.put_line(a.empno||a.ename||a.job||a.sal);
6 end loop;
7 end;
8 /

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 SQL and PL/SQL

SQL> declare
2 cursor cur_sel is select * from emp where job='MANAGER'; 3
begin
4 for i in cur_sel loop
5 dbms_output.put_line(i.empno||' '||i.ename||' '||i.job||' '||i.sal);
6 end loop;
7 end;
8 /
7566 JONES MANAGER 2975
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 2850
7782 CLARK MANAGER 2450
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

Lecture#14
Procedures:

Procedure is the set of instructions which can be call again and again after the creation and it Cannot
return a value like function and this is the difference between functions and procedures. SQL> create
or replace procedure p1
2 as
3 begin
4 dbms_output.put_line('Hi this is P1');
5 end;
6 /

Procedure created.

SQL> call p1();

Call completed.

SQL> create procedure p_del (pid number)

2 as
3 begin

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 SQL and PL/SQL
4 delete from emp where empno=pid;
5 end;
6 /

1 create or replace procedure sal_cng(empid number,empsal number)

2 is
3 begin
4 update emp set sal=empsal where empno=empid;
5* end;
SQL> /

Cursor with procedure

Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 create or replace procedure p_cur

2 is
3 cursor cur_emp is select * from emp where job='CLERK';
4 begin
5 for a in cur_emp loop
6 dbms_output.put_line(a.empno||' '||a.ename||' '||a.job);
7 end loop;
8* end;
.

SQL> call p_cur();

7369 SMITH CLERK
7876 ADAMS CLERK
7900 JAMES CLERK
7934 MILLER CLERK
Call completed.

SQL> create or replace procedure p_cursor(dno number)

2 is

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 SQL and PL/SQL
3 cursor cur_dep is select * from emp where deptno=dno;
4 begin
5 for a in cur_dep loop
6 dbms_output.put_line(a.empno||' '||a.ename||a.job||a.sal);
7 end loop;
8 end;
9 /

Procedure created.

SQL> call p_cursor(30);

7499 ALLENSALESMAN1600
7521 WARDSALESMAN1250
7654 MARTINSALESMAN1250
7698 BLAKEMANAGER2850
7844 TURNERSALESMAN1500
7900 JAMESCLERK950
Lecture#15
Function:
It is same like procedure while it returns a value.

SQL> create or replace function myfunc

2 return varchar2
3 is
4 begin
5 return('Hi this is ali');
6 end;
7 /

Function created.

Calling the function

SQL> variable a varchar2(30)

SQL> execute :a:=myfunc;

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

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 SQL and PL/SQL
SQL> print a;

A
--------------------------------
Hi this is ali

Second example of function

SQL> create or replace function fun_squ(a number)

2 return number
3 is
4 begin
5 return(a*a);
6 end;
7 /

Function created.
Calling
SQL> variable a number
SQL> execute: a: =fun_squ (5);

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> print a;

A
----------
25

SQL> /

1 create or replace function fun5(sal number,com number)

2 return number
3 is
4 begin
5 return(sal+nvl(com,0));

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 SQL and PL/SQL
6* end;
SQL> /

Function created.

SQL> select ename,job,sal,comm,fun5(sal,comm) from emp;

ENAME JOB SAL COMM FUN5(SAL,COMM)

---------- --------- ---------- ---------- -------------- karim
Eng

Lecture#16
Trigger

Trigger is the self-executing Block of instruction which will be automatically fired when the relevant
delete, update or insert operation occur.

SQL> create or replace trigger Tr1

2 after delete on Emp
3 begin
4 dbms_output.put_line('Record Deleted by Ali Rahman Shinwari');
5 end;
6 /

Trigger created.

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 SQL and PL/SQL
SQL> delete from emp where empno=8;
Record Deleted by Ali Rahman Shinwari

1 row deleted.

Trigger which execute accordance to rows:

SQL> Create or replace trigger Tr2

2 after delete on emp
3 for each row
4 begin
5 delete from emp where job='Driver';
6 end;
7 /

Trigger created.

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 Create or replace trigger Tr2

2 after delete on emp
3 for each row
4 begin
5 dbms_output.put_line('more than one record is going to delete');
6* end;
SQL> /

Trigger created.

SQL> delete from emp where job='DRIVER';

Record Deleted by Ali Rahman Shinwari

0 rows deleted.

SQL> drop trigger Tr1;

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 SQL and PL/SQL
Trigger dropped.

SQL> delete from emp where job='MANAGER';

more than one record is going to delete more
than one record is going to delete more than
one record is going to delete

After insertion trigger:

1 create or replace trigger T_stu

2 after insert on stu
3 begin
4 dbms_output.put_line('One Row Added');
5* end;
SQL> /

Trigger created.

SQL> insert into stu values(3,'Rahman','Qasim',900);

One Row Added
1 row created.

Before insertion Trigger for Stu table and this trigger will validate the data.
I am going to validate the fee column
Those fees should not be less than 300 and more than 5000

SQL> create or replace trigger t_stu

2 before insert on emp
3 for each row
4 begin
5 if not(:new.fee between 300 and 5000) then
6 raise_application_error(-20530,'Sorry this record is invalid');
7 end if;
8 end;

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 SQL and PL/SQL
9 /

1 create or replace trigger ali

2 before insert on stu
3 for each row
4 begin
5 if not(:New.FEE between 300 and 5000) then
6 raise_application_error(-20530,'Sorry this record is invalid');
7 end if;
8* end;
SQL> /

Trigger created.

SQL> create or replace trigger tr_sun

2 before insert on stu
3 for each row
4 begin
5 if(to_char(sysdate,'dy')='sun') then
6 raise_application_error(-20530,'Sorry record cant be insert on Sunday');
7 end if;
8 end;
9 /

Another trigger the security:

SQL> conn scott
Connected.
SQL> create table stu_secure(byuser varchar2(30),bydate date,recid number);

1 create or replace trigger tr_sec

2 after insert on stu
3 for each row

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 SQL and PL/SQL
4 begin
5 insert into stu_secure values(user,sysdate,:new.stid);
6* end;
SQL> /

Trigger created.

SQL> conn mansor Connected.

SQL> insert into scott.stu values(123,'jam','jam1',650,sysdate);

1 row created.

SQL> conn scott Connected.

SQL> select * from stu_secure;

BYUSER BYDATE RECID

------------------------------ --------- ----------
MANSOR 18-AUG-10 123
Lecture#17
Packages:
Package is the collection of functions and procedure, there are multiple built in packages here we will
focus on to create our own packages and will learn that how to invoke the package contents. SQL>
create package pak1
2 as
3 procedure p1(a number);
4 procedure p2(b varchar2);
5 end pak1;
6 /

Package created.

SQL> create package body pak1

2 as
3 procedure p1(a number)
4 is
5 begin
6 dbms_output.put_line(a);

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 SQL and PL/SQL
7 end;
8 procedure p2(b varchar2)
9 is
10 begin
11 dbms_output.put_line(b);
12 end;
13 end pak1;
14 /

Package body created.

SQL> --======================testing the package=============

SQL> execute pak1.p1(43);

43

SQL> execute pak1.p2('khan');

khan
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> execute pak1.p2('shinwari');

shinwari

SQL> create or replace package maths_pak

2 as
3 procedure p_square(a number);
4 procedure p_cube(b number);
5 end maths_pak;
6 /

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 SQL and PL/SQL
Package created.

SQL> create package body maths_pak

2 as
3 procedure p_square(a number)
4 is
5 begin
6 dbms_output.put_line(a*a);
7 end;
8 procedure p_cube(b number)
9 is
10 begin
11 dbms_output.put_line(b*b*b);
12 end;
13 end maths_pak;
14 /

Package body created.

SQL> --============================Testing of the package============

SQL> execute maths_pak.p_square(5);
25

SQL> execute maths_pak.p_cube(3);

27
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> execute maths_pak.p_cube(10);

1000
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

Now Creating A Package for delete and update

SQL> create package dml_pak

2 as
3 procedure p_del(eno number);

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 SQL and PL/SQL
4 procedure p_upd(eno number,salary number);
5 end dml_pak;
6 /

Package created.

1 create or replace package body dml_pak

2 as
3 procedure p_del(eno number)
4 is
5 begin
6 delete from emp where empno=eno;
7 end;
8 procedure p_upd(eno number,salary number)
9 is
10 begin
11 update emp set sal=salary where empno=eno;
12 end;
13* end dml_pak;
SQL> /

Package body created.

SQL> execute dml_pak.p_del(2);

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> execute dml_pak.p_upd(1,800);

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

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 SQL and PL/SQL

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