Science 🪐✨

The Periodic Table of Elements

A chemical reaction is what happens when one substance meets and reacts with another and a
new substance is formed. The substances that react together are called reactants, and those
formed are called products. In a chemical reaction, atoms are only rearranged, never created
or destroyed.

Reactants and products:

The result of a chemical reaction is a chemical change, and the generation of a product or
products that are different from the reactants. Often, the product looks nothing like
the reactants. A solid might be formed by two liquids, a yellow liquid might turn blue, or a
gas might be formed when a solid is mixed with a liquid. It doesn’t always seem as if the
atoms in the reactants are the same as those in the products, but they are.

Compounds:
When two or more elements join together by forming chemical bonds, they make up a new,
different substance. This substance is known as a compound.

Acids and bases Chemical opposites, acids and bases react when they are mixed together,
neutralizing one another. Bases that are soluble in water are called alkalis. All alkalis are
bases, but not all bases are alkalis.

Alloys An alloy is a mixture of at least two different elements, at least one of which is a
metal. Alloys are used to make many things, including car and airplane parts, musical
instruments, jewelry, and medical implants.

In many alloys, all the elements are metal. However, some alloys contain non-metals, such as
carbon. The ingredients of an alloy are carefully chosen for the properties they bring to
the alloy, whether to make it stronger, more flexible, or rust-resistant. All alloys have
metallic properties, are good electrical conductors, and have advantages over pure metals.

Energy:
Scientists measure energy in joules (J). One joule is the energy transferred to an object
by a force of 1 newton (N) over a distance of 1 meter (m), also known as 1 newton meter
(Nm).

Sound:

Sound carries music, words, and other noises at high speed. It travels in waves, created by
the vibration of particles within a solid, liquid, or gas.

Electricity:

A useful form of energy that can be converted to heat, light, and sound, electricity
powers the modern world. Atoms contain tiny particles called electrons that carry
negative electrical charge. These orbit the positively charged atomic nucleus, but can
become detached. Static electricity is the build-up of charge in an object. Current
electricity is when charge flows.

Gravity:

Gravity is a force of attraction between two objects. The more mass the objects have and
the closer they are to each other, the greater the force of attraction.

Tides:

The gravitational pull of the moon and the sun cause the oceans to bulge outward. The
moon’s pull on the oceans is strongest because it is closest to Earth, and it is the main
cause of the tides. However, at certain times of each lunar month, the sun’s gravity also
plays a role, increasing or decreasing the height of the tides.

Mass and weight:

Mass is the amount of matter an object contains, which stays the same wherever it is. It is
measured in kilograms (kg). Weight is a force caused by gravity. The more mass an object
has and the stronger the gravity, the greater its weight. Weight is measured in newtons
(N).

An Animal Cell

Cells:
 The living building blocks of animals and plants, cells are the smallest units of life. Even at
this microscopic level, each one contains many complex and specialized parts. Cells need
to be complex to perform all the jobs needed for life. They process food, release energy,
respond to their surroundings, and—within their minuscule limits— build materials to
grow. In different parts of the body, many cells are highly specialized.

DNA: A material found in the cells of all organisms that carries instructions for how a
living thing will look and function.

MICROORGANISM: A tiny organism which can only be seen with the aid of a microscope.
Also known as a microbe.

red blood cell: A very small cell with no nucleus that delivers oxygen to every part of the
body.

Ciliated epithelium: Tissue that lines the tubes leading down to lungs.

Ciliated cell: A cell with tiny threads called cilia along its edge which can move in a wave-
like motion.

Cilia :Tiny, hair-like structures that extend from the surface of some cells.

Chloroplast; One of many structures inside some plant cells, which contain the green
pigment chlorophyll.

Cellulose The substance that makes up cell walls in plants.

Hemoglobin; A red pigment inside red blood cells, which carries oxygen around the body.

Neuron: A cell that carries electrical signals from one part of the body to another.

Tissue :A group of similar cells that work together for a particular function.

Virus :An extremely small structure made of a protein coat surrounding RNA (or DNA);
viruses can invade cells and cause them to produce new viruses.
All cells, including microorganisms, are kept alive by chemical reactions that happen inside
the cells.

Chemical reactions happen faster when it’s warm than when it’s cold. the reactions take
place very slowly, or not at all, at low temperatures, but speed up at higher temperatures.
However, at very high temperatures, the reactions stop.
Explain why There is darkness during The eclipse?

Because the dark part of the Earth is in the shadow of the Moon.
Explain how The earthquakes under The oceans can result damage on land.

Tsunami in the ocean can cause shocks on land that is closest to the location of the
earthquake.
YOU MUST NEVER LOOK DIRECTLY AT THE SUN, EVEN WHEN THERE IS

AN ECLIPSE. THE LIGHT FROM THE SUN IS VERY BRIGHT AND CAN

CAUSE PERMANENT DAMAGE TO YOUR EYES.

Explain why scientists cannot watch the complete process of a star and planets
forming.

Because it cannot be completed in a person’s lifetime.

It would be the same; mass is the quantity of matter in an object; mass is not affected by
the strength of gravity.
Describe one way that gravity and magnets are different.

Magnets repel while gravity cannot repel.

The pull from the Moon’s gravity is called a tidal force.

The Earth takes 24 hours to spin on its axis, this means that 12 hours later, the side that
was closest to the Moon will be now the furthest away.
When the Sun and the Moon are in line with Earth, this produces a larger tidal force.