UEMX 2353 Chapter 1

Reinforced Concrete Design to EC2
UEMX 2353
Concrete
Structures
Design I
Reinforced Concrete Design to EC2
Bill Mosley
John Bungey
&
Ray Hulse
Properties of Reinforced Concrete
Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs)
1. Apply basic concept of the behaviour of

reinforced concrete structures.
2. Evaluate reinforced concrete structural
elements for serviceability
requirements.
3. Design reinforced concrete beams,
slabs and staircase.
1.1 Design Process
Balancing design criteria
1.1.1 Stages of design
Conceptual design
• Fully understand the requirements of the client and the
design brief
• Architects, structural, geotechnical & services
engineers , quantity surveyors
Preliminary design
• Initial calculation stage (hand calculations)
Detailed design
• Detailed calculations, drawings and other
documentation
1.1.2 Hand calculations
1.1.3 Role of computers
1.2 Composite Action
Deformed steel bars Concrete

1.2 Composite Action
Top
reinforcement
bars
Shear stirrups
(shear links)
Bottom
reinforcement
bars
1.2 COMPOSITE ACTION

Concrete strong in compression and weak in
tension
A
Load
Durability Compression
Shear
Fire resistance
Tension Strain Section A-A

Cracking Distribution
A
Reinforcement
1.3: Composite action
Figure 1.1:
1.2 COMPOSITE ACTION

3. STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS
1. Concrete
Assumed stress–strain relationship up to 50 N/mm2 cylinder strength
60 N/mm2 cube strength
Plastic
Stress
Elastic
0.0035
Strain
Figure 1.2:
1.4: Stress-strain curve for concrete in compression
in short-term loading
Estimated concrete strength development with age

40
2
Compressive strength N/mm
30
20
10
0
1 7 28 3 1 5
day days days months year years
Age of concrete (log scale)
1.5: Increase of concrete strength with age. Typical curve for a

Figure 1.3:
concrete made with a Class 42.5 Portland Cement with 28 day
compressive strength of 30 N/mm2
1.3 Stress-Strain Relations
100%
90%
65%
16%
Alternative elastic moduli for concrete

[Secant generally used in design]
0.4f cm
Ecm = (1.25 Ed - 19) kN/mm2
Stress
Tangent or dynamic modulus , Ed
Secant or static modulus , Ecm
Strain
1.6: M oduli of elasticity of concrete

Figure 1.4:
x 0.9 x 1.2
Gravel Limestone Basalt

(a)
(c)
(b)
1.3.2 Steel
Reinforcing steel characteristics – 3 ductility classes - no mild steel
Yield stress 0.2% proof stress

Stress
Stress
Es = 205 kN/mm2
Strain 0.002 Strain
(a) Hot rolled steel (b) Cold worked steel
1.7 Stress-strain curves for high-yield reinforcing steel

Figure 1.5:
Effect of loading reinforcement into plastic range
B
Stres
s
A C Strain
'slip'
1.8: Strain hardening

Figure 1.6:
1.4 Shrinkage and Thermal Movement
❑ Shrinkage – concrete hardens and reduction in

volume
❑ Liable to cause concrete crack
❑ Strengthening the bond between concrete and steel
reinforcement bar
❑ When shrinkage started?
1) Absorption
2) Evaporation
3) Hydration – thermal contraction
Saturated surface dry?

❑ Thermal shrinkage may be reduced by restricting the

temperature rise during hydration, which may be
achieved by:
1) Use a mix design with a low cement content or suitable
cement replacement , example fly ash (pulverised fuel
ash) or ground granulated blast furnace slag
2) Avoid rapid hardening and finely ground cement if
possible
3) Keep aggregates and mixing water cool
4) Use steel shuttering and cool with a water spray
5) Strike the shuttering early to allow heat of hydration to
dissipate
Steel shuttering Plywood shuttering

1.4 SHRINKAGE AND THERMAL MOVEMENT

Effects of internal and external restraint on concrete shrinkage
Original member -
as cast
free shrinkage strain

sh
Plain concrete -
unrestrained
 c t tensile strain in the concrete
Reinforced concrete -
unrestrained
 s c compressive strain in the steel
ct
Reinforced concrete -
fully restrained
1.9: Shrinkage strains

Figure 1.7:
Reinforcement restrains shrinkage movement and

generates tension in concrete
A c fct
A s fst
A s fsc
Figure 1.10 Shrinkage forces adjacent to a crack

1.5 CONCRETE CREEP
Development of creep deformation with time –
affects deflections and crack widths
Deformation
Creep
Short-term elastic
1 2 3 4 5
Time - years
Figure 1.11 Typical increase of deformation w i t h time for concrete

1.5 Concrete Creep
❑ The characteristics of creep are:

1) Final deformation = 3 or 4 x short term elastic
deformation
2) Intensity of load increase, deformation increase
Concrete strength increase, deformation decrease
3) If the load removed, elastic deformation would
recover, but plastic deformation will not
4) Redistribution of load between the concrete and any
steel present
1.5 Concrete Creep
❑ Continuous deformation under sustained load

1.6 DURABILITY
The durability of the concrete is influenced by
(1) the exposure conditions
(2) the cement type
(3) the concrete quality
(4) the cover to the reinforcement
(5) the width of any cracks
❑ Adequate cover is essential to prevent corrosive agents

reaching the reinforcement through cracks and pervious
concrete.
❑ The thickness of cover required depends on the severity of
the exposure and the quality of the concrete
❑ The cover is also necessary to protect the reinforcement
against a rapid rise in temperature and subsequent loss of
strength during a fire.
1.6 Durability
1.7 SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS

Concrete
❑ The concrete strength is assessed by measuring the crushing
strength of cubes or cylinders of concrete made from the mix.
❑ Concrete of a given strength is identified by its ‘class’ – a

Class 25/30 concrete has a characteristic cylinder crushing
strength (fck) of 25 N/mm2 and cube strength of 30 N/mm2.
❑ Exposure conditions and durability can also effect the choice

of the mix design and the class of concrete.
❑ The concrete mix may either be classified as ‘designed’ or

‘designated’.
Strength classes of concrete

Class fck Normal lowest class for use as
(N/mm2) specified
C16/20 16 Plain concrete
C20/25 20 Reinforced concrete
C25/30 25
BS8500 C28/35 28 Prestressed Concrete/ Reinforced Concrete
classes not subject to chlorides
EC2 C30/37 30 Reinforced Concrete in Foundations
C32/40 32
C35/45 35
C40/50 40
C45/55 45
C50/60 50
C55/67 55
C60/75 60
C70/85 70
C80/95 80
C90/105 90
1.7 Specification of Materials
❑ Designed concretes is one where the strength class,

cement type, and limits to composition including
water-cement ratio and cement content, are specified.
❑ For Designated concretes, the producer must provide

a material to satisfy the designated strength class and
consistence (workability) using a particular aggregate
size.
Reinforcing Steel
❑ Grade 500 (500N/mm2 characteristic strength) has
replaced Grade 250 and Grade 460 reinforcing steel
throughout Europe. EC2 permits use of up to Grade 600
Strength of reinforcement
Designation Normal sizes Specified
(mm) characteristic
strength
2
f (N/mm )
yk
Hot-rolled high All sizes 500

yield (BS4449) Up to and 500
Cold-worked high including 12
yield (BS4449)
• *Note that BS4449 should be used in conjunction with BS EN10080. EN10080

provides the performance characteristics and testing methods but does not specify
the material properties. These are given in Annex C of EC2
❑ Grade 250 bars are hot-rolled mild-steel bars - not now

recognised in the European Union and they are no longer
available for general use in the UK.
❑ The ductility of reinforcing steel is also classified for design

purposes. Ribbed high yield bars may be classified as:
Class A – which is normally associated with small diameter
(  12 mm) cold-worked bars used in mesh and fabric. This
is the lowest ductility category
Class B – which is most commonly used for reinforcing
bars.
Class C – high ductility which may be used in earthquake
design or similar situations.
❑ The bar types are commonly identified by the following codes:

H for high yield steel, irrespective of ductility class or HA, HB,
HC where a specific ductility class is required
Square twisted bars
Mesh and fabric
End of chapter 1
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Reinforced Concrete Design to EC2

1. Apply basic concept of the behaviour of

Deformed steel bars Concrete

1.2 COMPOSITE ACTION

Tension Strain Section A-A

1.2 COMPOSITE ACTION

Estimated concrete strength development with age

1.5: Increase of concrete strength with age. Typical curve for a

Alternative elastic moduli for concrete

Tangent or dynamic modulus , Ed

Secant or static modulus , Ecm

1.6: M oduli of elasticity of concrete

Gravel Limestone Basalt

Yield stress 0.2% proof stress

Strain 0.002 Strain

(a) Hot rolled steel (b) Cold worked steel

1.7 Stress-strain curves for high-yield reinforcing steel

Effect of loading reinforcement into plastic range

1.8: Strain hardening

❑ Shrinkage – concrete hardens and reduction in

Saturated surface dry?

❑ Thermal shrinkage may be reduced by restricting the

Steel shuttering Plywood shuttering

1.4 SHRINKAGE AND THERMAL MOVEMENT

free shrinkage strain

 c t tensile strain in the concrete

1.9: Shrinkage strains

Reinforcement restrains shrinkage movement and

Figure 1.10 Shrinkage forces adjacent to a crack

Figure 1.11 Typical increase of deformation w i t h time for concrete

❑ The characteristics of creep are:

❑ Continuous deformation under sustained load

❑ Adequate cover is essential to prevent corrosive agents

1.7 SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS

❑ Concrete of a given strength is identified by its ‘class’ – a

❑ Exposure conditions and durability can also effect the choice

❑ The concrete mix may either be classified as ‘designed’ or

Strength classes of concrete

❑ Designed concretes is one where the strength class,

❑ For Designated concretes, the producer must provide

Hot-rolled high All sizes 500

• *Note that BS4449 should be used in conjunction with BS EN10080. EN10080

❑ Grade 250 bars are hot-rolled mild-steel bars - not now

❑ The ductility of reinforcing steel is also classified for design

❑ The bar types are commonly identified by the following codes:

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