INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

(CHM 101)
LECTURE NOTE

INTRODUCTION TO INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Objectives: interactions of contaminants with the environment are chemical reactions hence, chemistry is
important to ease the environment and ourselves from these poisons.
At the end of this topic, the students should be able to:  People- we are living organisms made up various complex biochemical like
 Discuss the importance of chemistry in our daily lives. carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, etc. Biochemical processes like digestions,
 Enumerate the different branches of chemistry. respiration, cellular metabolism, reproduction and many others are accomplished by
biochemical reactions In short; we will not exist without chemistry.

INTRODUCTION Branches of Chemistry

Chemistry is a very important branch of science since its Deals with constituents of matter
The five major branches of Chemistry are:
like atoms, molecules, ions, Etc, and its properties, structure, and interactions among Them, since
everything is made up of atoms and molecules, we can see that chemistry is all around us. Today, 1. Inorganic chemistry- is the study of the properties and behavior of inorganic compounds. It
chemistry Has grown into a very diverse field. There is a significant Overlap between chemistry and covers all the chemical compounds except organic compounds.
other branches of science, for Example, biochemistry (chemistry and biology), physical Chemistry 2. Organic chemistry- involves in the study of the structure, properties, and preparation of
(chemistry and physics), forensic chemistry (forensic science and chemistry), etc., the reason why it is chemical compounds that consists primarily of carbon and hydrogen.
Called the central science. 3. Analytical chemistry- involves the qualitative and quantitative determination of the
chemical components of substances.
Most people consider chemistry as boring and Complicated subject, but the truth is because
4. Physical chemistry- the study of the effect of chemical structure on the physical properties
of Chemistry, many of our daily activities are achieved. The advancement of chemistry plus the
of a substance.
technology Makes our life easy. Many household appliances That help us in our daily living were
5. Biochemistry- is the study of chemical reactions that take place in the living things. It tries to
produced with the help of chemistry. Soaps, cosmetics, food, Plastics, clothes, and many others are
explain them in chemical terms.
products of Chemistry.

Without your knowledge, you are already involved in simple chemical experiments the moment you
wake up, like washing your face with soap and water, brushing your teeth, eating your breakfast, all
Week 2 Topic:
of which involve chemical reactions.
Going to school, riding in a jeep or tricycle which is powered by fuel is also an example of
chemistry inaction.
MEASUREMENTS (Part 1)
Objectives
Importance of Chemistry
Principles of chemistry are relevant to various areas:
At the end of this topic, the students should be able to:
 Food- the food that we eat is just a mixture of various chemicals. From its production to
cooking, chemistry plays a very significant role. In the production of fruits and vegetables,  Give the importance of measurements.
fertilizers are being used to replenish the nutrients of the soil. Pesticides, insecticides,
fungicides, etc. are being used to kill pests, insects, and the likes in order to produce good  Differentiate accuracy from precision, fundamental from derived quantities.
harvest.  Explain the different quantities used in measuring matter and how to compute them.
 Environmental protection- chemistry is the central focus in the study of environmental
MEASUREMENTS
preservation All those pollutants and greenhouse gases are nothing but harmful chemicals
that destroy our environment, deplete the ozone layer, and enter our food chain All these Measurements are an integral part of science. A measurement consists of a number and a unit.
For example, the length of a stick is 10 inches. In this measurement, ten is the number and inches are
the unit. Both a number and a unit are always needed to make sense of a measurement. Appropriate Unit conversion are important in chemistry because many calculations use different units of
unit must be used in every measurement. There will be confusion if you will not indicate the proper measurement and using conversion factor, we can convert one unit to another desired unit. A
unit for certain measurement. conversion factor is a ratio or fraction which represents the relationship between two different units.

A measurement is a collection of quantitative or numerical data that describes a property of Common Conversion Factors
an object or event. It is made by comparing a quantity with a standard unit. Since this comparison
cannot be perfect, measurements inherently include error, which is how much a measured value
deviates from the true value. Length Volume Mass
1 meter = 100 cm 1L = 1000mL 1 kg = 1000 g
Accuracy and Precision
2.54 cm = 1 in 1000cm3 = 1 L 1 g = 1000 mg
10 mm = 1 cm 1000 L = 1 kL 453.6 g = 1 lb
Scientists typically make a repeated measurement of a quantity to ensure the quality of their
1000 m=1 km 1 gal = 4 quarts 1 lb = 16 oz
findings and to know both the accuracy and precision of their results Measurements are said to be 1 quart = 2 pints 1 m3 = 1000 L 1 metric ton = 1000 kg
precise if they yield very similar results when repeated in the same manner. A measurement is 1 short ton = 2000 lbs
considered accurate if it yields a result that is very closed to the true or accepted value. Precise value 1 long ton = 2240 lbs
agreed with each other accurate value agreed with the true value Consider the illustration below.

A. Arrows are closed to one another and they are on the bull’s eye, so they are both accurate Dimensional Analysis
and precise
Dimensional analysis is an approach in solving problems of measurements. It is the analysis
B. Arrows are close to one another but not on the target, so they are precise but not accurate of the relationships between different physical quantities by identifying their base quantities and units
of measure and tracking these dimensions as calculations or comparisons are performed.
C. Arrows are neither on target nor close to one another, so they are neither accurate not
precise. Steps in Problem Solving

1. Write the conversion as a fraction (that equals 1).

2. Multiply it out.

3. Cancel any units that are both on top and at the bottom Remaining unit/s are the desired ones.

Conversion
 1. Mass is the quantity of matter in a particular sample of matter. Mass is constant regardless of
where it is being measured. If the same material is being measured, say, the mass of the
material, it is the same whether you measure it on the moon or here on earth.
2. Weight is the gravitational force of attraction between the body’s mass and the mass of the
planet where it is being measured.
3. Length and volume. Length is simply measured with a ruler, or a meterstick. Volume of a
liquid is measured in a graduated cylinder, pipette, volumetric flask, etc. Volume of a regular
solid is determined by measuring its dimensions and multiplying them together, while the
volume of an irregular solid is determined by means of water displacement method. In water
displacement method, the amount of space taken by the object is the volume of the object.
4. Density of the substance is the relationship between the mass of the substance and how much
space it takes up (volume). The mass of the atoms, their size, and how they are arranged
determine the density of a substance. Density equals the mass of the substance divided by its
volume.

Fundamental and Derived Quantities Example 1: A student wants to know the

density of ethyl alcohol. He carefully measures
By definition, fundamental (basic) units are all those units of Metric System which are out 100 mL of the liquid in a graduated cylinder,
independent of any other unit; they can be determining even without using formulas. Example, are and then he weighs the 100 mL and finds the
mass, length, temperature, volume of liquid to cite some. On the other hand, derived units are all mass to be 79 g. what the density of the liquid is?
those units of Metric System which are derived or obtained by multiplying and/or dividing multiple
fundamental units and sometimes with other constants, in short, they cannot be measured directly Given: mass = 79 g
Some examples are density, area, and volume.
volume = 100 mL

unknown = density

Week 3 Topic:
MEASUREMENTS (Part 2)
Objective:

At the end of this topic, the students should be able to:

 Explain the different quantities used in measuring matter and how to compute them.

Measurement of Matter
Example 2. A 1.98L sample of metallic osmium (heaviest substance known) weighs 44.5kg.
Calculate the density of osmium in g/mL. 1L = 1000 mL, 1 kg = 1000g

Given: mass = 44.5 kg

volume = 1.98 L

unknown = density

6. Specific gravity is the ratio between the density of an object, and a reference
substance. Usually the reference substance is water which always has a density
Example 3: What is the volume of 27.2 g of mercury (Hg) with the density of 16.6 g/mL? of 1g/mL
Solution: Using the formula for density which is density = m/v, we can derive the formula for
volume.

Given: mass = 27.2 g

Density is directly related to mass of the object (unit is usually in grams), so the specific gravity can
density = 13.6 g/mL
also be determined by dividing the mass of the object by the mass of water.
unknown = volume

5. Temperature is the degree of hotness and coldness of a body measured by means of a Example 1:
thermometer.
System of measuring temperature: Given: mass of metal = 6.5g
1. Celsius scale (°C) - °C = 5/9 (°C – 32)
volume of metal = 1.5mL
2. Fahrenheit scale (°F) - °F = 9/5 (°C) + 32
3. Kelvin scale (K) - K = °C + 273 density of water = 0.96g/mL

SG of metal = unknown
Solution: Density of the metal will be computed first, (since there is no given value for the density of
the metals) before we can compute for the specific gravity of the metal.

Example 2: Exactly 150. 0 calories of heat will raise the temperature of 18.5 g of a liquid from
22oC to 44. °C. Calculate the specific heat of the liquid.

Solution: Given the no. of calories (heat) of the liquid and change in temperature (∆t) which is 44° –
Example 2: Suppose a 5.00cm3 volumetric flask holds 4.99g of water. When filled with a sample of 220 = 22°C, the specific heat (c) can be calculated.
gasoline, it holds 3.58g. What is the specific gravity of gasoline?

7. Specific heat is the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of a given amount of
substance by one degree Celsius. Specific heat is important as it will give an indication of
how much energy will be required to heat or cool an object of a given mass by a given
amount.
Week 4 Topic:
Where: Q = heat energy, cal
MATTER (Part 1)
m = mass, gram
Objectives:
c = specific heat, cal/goC
 At the end of this topic, the students should be able to:
Δt = change in temperature, oC  Discuss the different phases of matter.
 Discuss the classes of matter.
 Differentiate between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixture and give examples.
Example 1: How much heat is absorbed by 5 grams of gold heated from 20° to 100°C? Specific
heatgold = 0.0312 cal/g°C

Solution: Given the specific heat of gold and change in temperature (∆t) which is 100°-20° = 80°C,
the number of calories (heat) can be calculated.
MATTER Example 2. Water in liquid form

Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass. All physical objects are composed of
matter, in the form of atoms which are in turn composed of protons, neutrons and electrons. Matter Evaporation Heat
can exist in several states, also called phases.
Liquid Gas
Matter can be broken down into two types: pure substances and mixtures. Pure substances are
further broken down into its elements and compounds. Mixtures are physically combined in variable Cool Condensation
proportions that can be separated into their original components using some physical methods. Classes of Matter

3 states or phases of matter: 1. Element – is the simplest form of matter, made up of only one kind of atom. Elements have
their own chemical symbols, usually the first and second letter of the English, or sometimes
1. Solid – has definite shape as well as mass and volume, and do not conform to the shape of the the Latin or Greek names of the elements.
container in which they are placed. Solids also have high density, meaning that the particles 2. Compound – is composed of two or more different elements which are chemically combined
are packed tightly together so they don’t move much. in definite and constant proportion. Compound cannot be separated into another substance
2. Liquid – has no definite shape but with definite volume; the particles are more loosely by physical methods
packed than in solid and are able to flow around each other, giving the liquid an indefinite
shape, and conform to the shape of the container. Most liquids have lower density than solid Types of Compounds:
and are incredibly difficult to compress. a. Acid – yields hydrogen ion (H+) when dissolved in water. Examples are HCl, H2SO4,
3. Gas – has no definite shape and volume; if unconfined, the particles of a gas will be spread HNO3, etc.
out indefinitely; if confined, the gas will expand to fill its container. When a gas is put under b. Base – yields hydroxide ion (OH-) when dissolved in water. Examples are NaOH,
pressure, by reducing the volume of the container, the space between particles is reduced and NH4OH, LiOH, etc.
the gas is compressed. c. Salt – solid product in the neutralization reaction between an acid and a base. Examples are
NaCl, BaSO4, Na2SO4, etc.

3. Mixture – made up of two or more substances in variable proportion. Usually, it can be

How can you change the state of a material into another state?
separated by ordinary operation that does not change the composition of the substituent
Example 1. Water in form of ice substances.

Types of Mixture:
Melting Heat Homogeneous mixture – appears to be made up of one phase only; has the same
proportions of its components throughout any given sample. Example: sugar and water
Solid Liquid
Heterogeneous mixture – appears to be made up of two or more phases; components in
which proportions vary throughout the sample. Example: fruit salad
Solidification
Illustration: Properties of Matter

Property is quality or characteristic in which a given substance is being identified.

Properties that depend on the amount of the material like mass, length and volume are
classified as extrinsic (extensive) properties and properties that depend on the quality of the material
like odor, taste, specific gravity, etc. are called intrinsic (intensive) properties.

Physical properties – are those properties that can be observed without changing the
composition of the substance. It is used to observe and describe matter. Physical properties include
appearance, texture, color, odor, melting point, boiling point, density, etc. If the change in a
substance alters the form and not the composition, the change is then called physical change.

Example 1 of Physical Change:

When water in form of ice is heated, it turns to liquid water and heating further will turn it
into vapor or steam. There is no change in composition of water only in form in which it exists.
Hence, the changes taking place is simply physical change.

Example 2 of Physical Change:

Consider the change that takes place in sugar dissolve in water. Even if the form of the sugar
changes, the composition does not. It is still sugar only dissolved in water.

Chemical properties – are those properties that can be measured or observed only when
matter undergoes a change to become entirely different kind of matter. They include reactivity,
flammability, and the ability to rust. Reactivity is the ability of matter to react chemically with other
Week 5 Topic:
substances. When a substance undergoes a change in composition, a chemical change takes place,
MATTER (Part 2) meaning the substance is transformed into new substances.
Objectives: Examples of chemical change:
 At the end of this topic, the students should be able to:  Rusting of iron.
 Discuss the properties of matter.  Digestion of food
 Differentiate physical form chemical properties, physical from chemical change.  Burning of wood
 Enumerate the different characteristics of matter.  Heating of sugar
Characteristics of Matter

1. It has density
2. It has volume
3. It has mass
4. Impenetrability – no two objects can occupy the same space at the same time.
5. Malleability – property of certain material to be hammered into a very thin sheet.
6. Ductility – property of certain metal to be drawn into fine wires.
7. Viscosity – resistance of liquid flow.
8. Porosity – property of having pores or spaces
9. Hardness – property of certain material to resist being scratched by another.
10. Brittleness– property of certain material to be easily broken.
11. Temperature