16.

Boiling Salt
Solutions

Team Pakistan White

Problem Description:
The boiling temperature of aqueous salt
solutions is variable and may be higher than
100 ° C.

Formulate a problem requiring theoretical

and experimental studies with chemical
compositions of your choice.

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Our Problem Statement
i) Analyze the parameters influencing the boiling temperature
elevation in aqueous salt solutions.

ii) Compare the experimental results with the theoretical predictions

to validate the theoretical models.

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Hypothesis

The boiling point of an aqueous salt solution may be higher

H1 than 100 ° C if there is a higher concentration of salt

The Van't Hoff factor accounts for the degree of dissociation or

H2 ionization of the solute and affects the boiling temperature
elevation

Other factors such as Size and charge of ion, Properties of the

H3 solvent in the solution, Intermolecular Interactions also affect
the boiling point of the salt solutions

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What is Boiling Point Elevation?
1. It is an Increase in boiling point of a solution

2. Also known as Ebullioscopy

3. Colligative property (Depends On Concentration)

4. Has a positive correlation with molality of a solute

Why Does Ebullioscopy Occur? {3}
Why Does Ebullioscopy Occur?
● When a non-volatile solute, such as a salt, is dissolved in the
solvent,
it lowers the vapor pressure of the solution compared to that of
the pure solvent (water).

● As a result, the solution needs to be heated to a higher

temperature to reach the equilibrium vapor pressure and boil.

As a result, the boiling point of the solution is elevated.

Why Does Ebullioscopy Occur?
● The presence of more solute particles in the solution increases the
interactions between the solute and solvent molecules, making it more
difficult for the solvent molecules to escape into the vapor phase

● This results in a higher boiling point for the solution compared to the pure
solvent
Van’t Hoff Factor
● The Van't Hoff factor represents the number of
particles that a solute molecule dissociates into
in a solution

It also accounts for the degree of ionization of

the solute and affects the boiling temperature
elevation.

● Higher Van't Hoff factors result in greater

boiling point elevation.
What is ΔTb = Kbm?
What is ΔTb = Kbm? {2}

● The following formula can be used to make a theoretical study of

how much the boiling point of a solution would increase as we add
more salt to it

ΔTb m
Other Factors Affecting Boiling Point Elevation
1) Size and charge of ion:

Larger ions or ions with higher charges cause stronger disruptions in the
hydrogen bonding network of water, leading to a greater increase in boiling
temperature.
Other Factors Affecting Boiling Point Elevation {2}

2) Properties of the solvent in the solution:

Properties of the solvent, such as its boiling point and intermolecular forces,
also play a role in boiling point elevation. Different solvents may exhibit
different boiling point elevation behaviors for
the same salt concentration.
Other Factors Affecting Boiling Point Elevation {3}

3) Intermolecular Interactions:

Example: In aqueous salt solutions, the solute ions

interact with water molecules through ion-dipole
interactions. These interactions disrupt the
hydrogen bonding network among water
molecules, increasing the boiling temperature of
the solution.
Experimental Study
Apparatus:
● Distilled water

● Analytical balance / Electronic scale

● Salt(s) of choice ( sodium chloride in this case)

● Heat-resistant glassware (beakers or flasks)

● Thermometer or temperature probe

● Heat source (hot plate or Bunsen burner)

● Stirring rod or magnetic stirrer (optional)

 Experimental Procedure
1) Prepare a series of aqueous salt solutions with different concentrations by
dissolving the salt in distilled water.
Start with a range of concentrations, including dilute and concentrated solutions

2) Stir the solution using a stirrer until the salt is fully dissolved. Ensure Homogeneity

3) Place the Glass container with the solution on a heat source (Bunsen burner).
Insert the thermometer into the solution, making sure it doesn’t touch the beaker.
 Experimental Procedure {2}
4) Gradually heat the solution while monitoring the temperature. Observe and record
the temperature when the solution reaches a steady boil.

5) Repeat the process and make sure the beaker is thoroughly cleaned.
Experimental Setup
2.5 Grams Of Salt 5.0 Grams Of Salt
7.5 Grams Of Salt 10 Grams Of Salt
Data analysis 200 ml water was used for each trial

Trial Water (°C) 2.5 Grams 5 Grams (° 7.5 Grams (° 10 Grams (°

(°C) C) C) C)

1 100 100.25 100.50 100.75 100.90

2 100 100.28 100.45 100.70 100.92

3 100 100.23 100.50 100.67 100.88

Average °C 100.00 100.25 100.48 100.70 100.90

(2 d.p)
Data Analysis {2}

Positive correlation is seen upon

plotting points.
Saturation Point
Stage at which no more of a substance can be absorbed into a vapour or
dissolved into a solution.

At this point, the solubility reaches its maximum value. Beyond this point,
adding more salt to the solution will not increase its solubility and boiling
point further.
Boiling Point Calculation Using theoretical Formula
Theoretical calculations for the other concentrations of NaCl in
water

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Comparison between experimental and
theoretical data

In general, the experimental values of boiling point elevation are expected to be slightly higher than
the theoretical values (theoretical formula validated)
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Reasons for the slightly variating results
1) Deviations from ideality: Theoretical models often assume ideal behavior.
In reality, there can be deviations from ideal behavior due to solute-solvent
interactions, solute aggregation, or other factors.
These deviations can lead to higher boiling point elevations than predicted by
idealized models.

2) Experimental setups may involve impurities in the solvents or salts used, or

non-ideal conditions such as variations in pressure or temperature. These
factors can contribute to small deviations.

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Reasons for the slightly variating results

3) Experimental measurements are subject to various sources of error, such as

instrumental limitations, calibration errors, or human error during data
collection.

These errors can be reduced with precaution but not completely they
introduce discrepancies between the experimental and theoretical results.

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Other type of salts

Acidic salt:
Ammonium Sulfate (fig 1.1)

Basic salt:
Sodium Hydroxide (fig 1.2)

Neutral salt:
Potassium Chloride (fig 1.3)

Polyvalent salt:
Calcium Carbonate (fig 1.4)

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How the nature of the salt has no direct effect on
boiling point elevation
While the previous salts differ in terms of their acidity, basicity, and polyvalency,
the primary factor driving the boiling point elevation in all cases is the van't Hoff
factor and the molality of the solution.

The van't Hoff factor determines the number of particles (ions or molecules)
present in solution and is a key determinant of the extent of boiling point
elevation.

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How the nature of the salt has no direct effect on
boiling point elevation {2}

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Conclusion
● In conclusion, the presentation discussed the phenomenon of boiling point
elevation in aqueous salt solutions.

● The theoretical analysis explored the factors influencing the boiling

temperature elevation, including the van't Hoff factor, concentration of the
salt, and the specific properties of different salts.

● The experimental study aimed to determine the boiling temperature of

selected aqueous salt solutions at different salt concentrations

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Conclusion {2}

The presentation shed light on the complex nature of boiling point elevation in
aqueous salt solutions and highlighted the importance of careful experimental
design, accurate measurements, and comprehensive analysis to obtain reliable
and accurate results in future studies

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Experiment with Ammonium Salts

Objectives:
- To see if endothermic salts have an inverse relationship with boiling point
elevation
Hypothesis:
- Perhaps due to the endothermic quality of ammonium salts such as NH4F,
there would be a lowering of the boiling point of the aqueous salt solution

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Ammonium Flouride Experiment

- Experimental procedure remained the

same, with all previous controls in place

- New apparatus of Ammonium Flouride

salt was required, and new readings were
taken with the same experimental set-up,
NaCl being swapped with NH4F

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Experimental Data

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Analysis of Phenomenon

1. Instead of more energy being released, and the temperature

subsequently increasing due to the added reactions cause by salts
such as NaCl

2. Due to the endothermic nature of reactions for ammonium salts, it

causes energy to be absorbed, and the temperature of the boiling
point is observed to be lower

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Bibliography
"The Boiling Point Elevation of Aqueous Salt Solutions" by James W. Gibbs,
published in the Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences in
1876.

"The Effect of Salts on the Boiling Point of Water" by William Ostwald, published in
the Journal of Physical Chemistry in 1888.

"The Boiling Point Elevation of Aqueous Salt Solutions: A Review" by John S.

Rowlinson, published in Advances in Physical Chemistry in 1969.

Image sources: (slide 20)

https://www.shutterstock.com/search/calcium-carbonate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_chloride
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide 39