U21CSG04 – JAVA PROGRAMMING

Java Fundamentals
2 Marks
1. What are the features of java? [Remembering]
1. Simple
2. Object-Oriented
3. Portable
4. Platform independent
5. Secured
6. Robust
7. Architecture neutral
8. Interpreted
9. High Performance
10. Multithreaded
11. Distributed
12. Dynamic
2. Difference between JDK, JRE, and JVM. [Analyzing]
JDK is abbreviated as Java Development Kit which has a physical existence. It can be
considered as a kit inside which resides the JRE along with developing tools within it. The
programmers and developers mostly use it.
JVM is abbreviated as Java Virtual Machine, is basically a dummy machine or you can say an
abstract machine which gives Java programmers a runtime environment for executing the
Bytecode.
For each execution of your program, the JDK and JRE come into use, and they go within the
JVM to run the Java source code.
JRE is abbreviated as Java Runtime Environment, as the name suggests used as a package that
gives an environment to run the Java program on your machine
3. What is bytecode? [Remembering]
Bytecode is a highly optimized set of instructions designed to be executed by the java run-time
system. Which is called the java virtual machine (JVM). JVM is an interpreter for bytecode.
4. What is a variable? What are the different types of variables? [Remembering]
Variable are locations in the memory that can hold values. Java has three kinds of variable
namely, Instance variable
Local variable
Class variable
Local variables are used inside blocks as counts or in methods as temporary variables. Once
the block or the method is executed, the variable ceases to exist. Instance variable are used to
define attributes or the state of a particular object. These are used to store information needed
by multiple methods in the objects.
5. What are the difference between static variable and instance variable? [Analyzing]
The data or variables, defined within a class are called instance variables.
Instance variables declared as static are, essentially, global variables. When objects of its class
are declared, no copy of a static variable is made.
6.What are primitive datatypes in java? [Remembering]
There are 8 types of primitive data types:
1. boolean data type
2. byte data type
3. char data type
4. short data type
5. int data type
6. long data type
7. float data type
8. double data type
7. Define Array? How to declare an array? [Remembering]
Java array is an object which contains elements of a similar data type. It is a data structure
where we store similar elements. We can store only a fixed set of elements in a Java array.
There are two types of array.
1. Single Dimensional Array
2. Multidimensional Array
int a[]=new int[5];//declaration
8. List out the operator in Java. [Creating]
1. Arithmetic Operators
2. Increment and Decrement Operators
3. Bitewise Operators
4. Relational Operators
5. Logical Operators
6. Assignment Operators
9.what is object? [Creating]
An object is an instance of a class. A class is a template or blueprint from which objects are
created. So, an object is the instance(result) of a class.
1. An object is a real-world entity.
2. An object is a runtime entity.
3. The object is an entity which has state and behavior.
4. The object is an instance of a class.
10.Define Construcor? [Remembering]
Constructor in java is a special type of method that is used to initialize the object. Java
constructor is invoked at the time of object creation. It constructs the values i.e. provides data
for the object that is why it is known as constructor.
11. What are the Types of java constructors? [Understanding]
There are two types of constructors: 1. Default constructor (no-arg constructor) 2.
Parameterized constructor
12.What is meant by garbage collection? [Remembering]
It frees memory allocated to objects that are not being used by the program any more - hence
the name "garbage".In certain languages like C++, dynamically allocated objects must be
manually released by use of a delete operator. In Java deallocation happens automatically. The
technique that accomplishes this is called garbage collection.
13.Define method? [Creating]
Methods are functions that operates on instances of classes in which they are defined. Objects
can communicate with each other using methods and can call methods in other classes. Just as
there are class and instance variable, there are class and instance methods. Instance methods
apply and operate on an instance of the class while class methods operate on the class.
14. What is the use of ‘this’ Keyword? [Analyzing]
1. this can be used to refer current class instance variable.
2. this can be used to invoke current class method (implicitly)
3. this() can be used to invoke current class constructor.
4. this can be passed as an argument in the method call.
5. this can be passed as argument in the constructor call.
6. this can be used to return the current class instance from the method.
15. What gives java it’s “write once and run anywhere” nature? [Understanding]
All Java programs are compiled into class files that contain byte codes. These byte codes can
be run in any platform and hence java is said to be platform independent.
16. Why Java is Platform Independent. [Creating]
Java is platform independent because it can run on any platform i.e on windows,mac etc. ...
Because it contains its own virtual machine which have JRE which runs java program as byte
code. You may have different JRE for differentplatforms .Once you installed it in your system
you can run any java application on it.
17. Why Java is Architecture-Neutral. [Analyzing]
Java was designed to support applications on networks. To enable a Javaapplication to execute
anywhere on the network, the compiler generates anarchitecture-neutral object file format--the
compiled code is executable on many processors, given the presence of the Java runtime system
18 .What is finalize() method? [Remembering]
Finalize () method is used just before an object is destroyed and can be called just prior to
garbage collection

Method Overloading and Inheritance

TWO MARKS
1. Define method overloading? [Remembering]
In Java it is possible to define two or more methods within the same class that share the same
name, as long as their parameter declarations are different. When this is the case, the methods
are said to be overload, and the process is referred to as method overloading.
2. What is meant by an innerclass? .[Applying]
An inner class is a nested class whose instance exists within an instance of its enclosing class
and has direct access to the instance members of its enclosing instance
class <EnclosingClass>
{
class <InnerClass>
{

}
}
3. What are the uses of the keyword ‘final’? [Remembering]
• The class can be declared as final, if instances or subclasses are not to be created.
• The variables are declared as final, value of the variable must be provided at the time
of declaration.
• The Method can be declared as final indicating that they cannot be overridden by
subclasses.
4. What are static methods? [Remembering]
Static methods and variables can be used independently of any object. To do so, you need only
specify the name of their class following by the dot operator.
5. What is inheritance? [Applying]
In Object-Oriented programming, inheritance refers to the properties of a class being available
to many other classes. A derived class / sub class is one that has been created from an existing
class.
Inheritance is the process of deriving a class from a super class or a base class. No changes are
made to the base class. The derived class has a larger set of properties that its base class.
Inheritance has two advantages
a) Reusability of code
b) Data and methods of a super class are physically available to its subclasses
6. What is the use of ‘Super’ Keyword? Give an example. [Remembering]
Usage of ‘super’ keyword’
1. The first calls the superclass constructor
2. To access a member of the superclass that has been hidden by a member of a subclass
7. Difference between method overloading and method overriding in java. [Analyzing]
Overloading Overriding - Whenever same method or Constructor is existing multiple times
within a class either with different number of parameter or with different type of parameter or
with different order of parameter is known as Overloading.
Whenever same method name is existing multiple time in both base and derived class with
same number of parameter or same type of parameter or same order of parameters is known as
Overriding.
Arguments of method must be different at least arguments.
Argument of method must be same including order.
Method signature must be different. Method signature must be same.
Private, static and final methods can be overloaded.
Private, static and final methods can not be override.
Access modifiers point of view no restriction. Access modifiers point of view not reduced
scope of Access modifiers but increased.
8. What is constructor overloading. [Understanding]
Constructor overloading in Java is a technique of having more than one constructor with
different parameter lists. They are arranged in a way that each constructor performs a different
task. They are differentiated by the compiler by the number of parameters in the list and their
types.
9. How to pass object as argument in java? [Remembering]
1. We can pass Object of any class as parameter to a method in java.
2. We can access the instance variables of the object passed inside the called method.
3. It is good practice to initialize instance variables of an object before passing object
as parameter to method otherwise it will take default initial values.
10. What is recursion? [Understanding]
Java supports recursion. Recursion is the process of defining something in terms of itself.
As it relates to java programming, recursion is the attribute that allows a method to call
itself. A method that calls itself is said to be recursive.
11. List Access Specifiers in java. [Analyzing]
Java Access Specifiers (also known as Visibility Specifiers ) regulate access to classes,
fields and methods in Java.
There are 4 types of java access modifiers:
1. private
2. default
3. protected
4. public
12. What are the uses of the keyword ‘final’? [Analyzing]
1 The class can be declared as final, if instances or subclasses are not to be created.
2 The variables are declared as final, value of the variable must be provided at the time
of declaration.
3 The Method can be declared as final indicating that they cannot be overridden by
subclasses.
13. What are static methods? [Applying]
Static methods and variables can be used independently of any object. To do so, you need only
specify the name of their class following by the dot operator.
14. What is inheritance? [Understanding]
In Object-Oriented programming, inheritance refers to the properties of a class being available
to many other classes. A derived class / sub class is one that has been created from an existing
class.
Inheritance is the process of deriving a class from a super class or a base class. No changes are
made to the base class. The derived class has a larger set of properties that its base class.
Inheritance has two advantages
a) Reusability of code
b) Data and methods of a super class are physically available to its subclasses
15. Define abstract class? [Analyzing]
Abstract classes are classes from which instances are usually not created. It is basically used to
contain common characteristics of its derived classes. Abstract classes are generally higher up
the hierarchy and act as super classes. Methods can also be declared as abstract. This implies
that non-abstract classes must implement these .
16.What are the rules for method overriding. [Analyzing]
1. The method must have the same name as in the parent class
2. The method must have the same parameter as in the parent class.
3. There must be an IS-A relationship (inheritance).
17.What is Static Polymorphism? [Applying]
Static Polymorphism is also known as compile time binding or early binding. 2. Static binding
happens at compile time. Method overloading is an example of static binding where binding of
method call to its definition happens at Compile time.
18. What are the 3 ways of Overloading Method? [Creating]
1. Different Number of parameters in argument list.
2. Difference in data type of arguments.
3. Sequence of data type of arguments
19. What are the types of inheritance [Applying]
1. Single Inheritance
2. Multiple Inheritance (Through Interface)
3. Multilevel Inheritance
4. Hierarchical Inheritance
5. Hybrid Inheritance (Through Interface).
20. Can you use this () and super () both in a constructor? [Analyzing]
We cannot have two statements as first statement, so we either need to call super() or this()
but not the both. We can't use both the keywords in the constructor. In Java there is a rule that
this() and super() must be first statement in the constructor. So we can't use both together in
a constructor.
21. How can we achieve multiple inheritance in java? [Creating]
Way to achieve multiple inheritance through interfaces in java. class A extends B, C // this is
not possible in java directly but can be achieved indirectly. We can implement both of these
using the code below... We CANNOT extend two objects, but we can implement two
interfaces.
22 What is meant by Nested Class? [Understanding]
Class within another class, such classes are known as nested classes.
Nested classes are divided into two categories:
1. static nested class : Nested classes that are declared static are called static nested
classes.
2. inner class : An inner class is a non-static nested class.

Package, Interface and Exception handling

1. What is a package? [Remembering]
Packages contain a set of classes in order to ensure that class names are unique. Packages are
containers for classes that are used to compartmentalize the class name space. Packages are
stored in a hierarchical manner and are explicitly imported into new class definition. A period
is used as separator to enable this.
2. Write a note on import statement? [Applying]
Classes external to a program be imported before they can be used. To import a class
the import keyword should be used as given below
import <classname>
The classes in Java are arranged in hierarchical order. The Java library consists of a number of
package. These package contain a set of related classes. The whole path of the class must be
specified to import a class from the Java library, For instance, to import the Data class from
the util package use the following code.
import java.util.Date;
It is also possible to import all classes that belong to a package using the * symbol.
3.Explain the usage of Java packages [Remembering]
This is a way to organize files when a project consists of multiple modules. It also helps resolve
naming conflicts when different packages have classes with the same names. Packages access
level also allows you to protect data from being used by the nonauthorized classes.
4. Define interface? [Understanding]
An interface is a collection of abstract behavior that individual classes can implement. It is
defined like a class. An interface consists of a set of method definition. Any class implementing
it should provide code for all its methods.
5 What is the useful of Interfaces? [Applying]
a) Declaring methods that one or more classes are expected to implement
b) Capturing similarities between unrelated classes without forcing a class relationship.
c) Determining an object’s programming interface without revealing the actual body of the
class.
6. Define an exception.[Understanding]
An exception is an abnormal condition, which occurs during the execution of a program
Exceptions are erroneous events like division by zero, opening of a file that does not exist, etc.
A java execution is an object, which describes the error condition that has materialized in the
program.
7. How to access package from another package? [Remembering]
There are three ways to access the package from outside the package.
1. import package.*;
2. import package.classname;
3. fully qualified name.
8. What are the types of Exception in Java. [Remembering]
There are mainly two types of exceptions: checked and unchecked. Here, an error is considered
as the unchecked exception.
 1. Checked Exception
2. Unchecked Exception.
9. Difference between Checked and Unchecked Exceptions [Analyzing]
1) Checked Exception
The classes which directly inherit Throwable class except RuntimeException and Error are
known as checked exceptions e.g. IOException, SQLException etc. Checked exceptions are
checked at compile-time.
2) Unchecked Exception
The classes which inherit RuntimeException are known as unchecked exceptions e.g.
ArithmeticException, NullPointerException, ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException etc.
Unchecked exceptions are not checked at compile-time, but they are checked at runtime
10.What are the keyword in Exception. [Applying]
1. try
2. catch
3. throw
4. throws
5. finally
11. What is use of try block? [Remembering]
The "try" keyword is used to specify a block where we should place exception code. The try
block must be followed by either catch or finally. It means, we can't use try block alone.
12. What is catch block? [Remembering]
The "catch" block is used to handle the exception. It must be preceded by try block which
means we can't use catch block alone. It can be followed by finally block later.
13. What is use of ‘throw statement’ give an example? (or) state the purpose of the throw
statement. [Remembering]
Whenever a program does not want to handle exception using the try block, it can use the
throws clause. The throws clause is responsible to handle the different types of exceptions
generated by the program. This clause usually contains a list of the various types of exception
that are likely to occur in the program.
14. What is throws in java? [Remembering]
The Java throws keyword is used to declare an exception. It gives an information to the
programmer that there may occur an exception so it is better for the programmer to provide the
exception handling code so that normal flow can be maintained.
return_type method_name() throws exception_class_name{
//method code }
15.Difference between throw and throws [Analyzing]
s.no throw throws
1 Java throw keyword is used to explicitly throw an exception.
Java throws keyword is used to declare an exception.
2 Checked exception cannot be propagated using throw only.
Checked exception can be propagated with throws.
16. What is finally in Java with example? [ Analyzing]
Java Finally Block Examples. The finally block always executes immediately after try-catch
block exits. The finally block is executed incase even if an unexpected exception occurs. ...
The runtime system always executes the code within the finallyblock regardless of what
happens in the try block.
17. What is the difference between error and exception? [Remembering]
An Error "indicates serious problems that a reasonable application should not try to catch."
An Exception "indicates conditions that a reasonable application might want to catch." Error
along with RuntimeException & their subclasses are uncheckedexceptions. All other Exception
classes are checked exceptions.
18. How does nested try catch work in Java? [ Analyzing]
Nested try catch blocks. Exception handlers can be nested within one another. Atry, catch or a
finally block can in turn contains another set of try catch finally sequence. In such a scenario,
when a particular catch block is unable to handle an Exception, this exception is rethrown.

Multithreaded Programming and I/O Operations

1. How to create Thread. [Analyzing]
There are two ways to create a thread:
1. By extending Thread class
2. By implementing Runnable interface.
2. What are the different states of a thread? [Remembering]
The different thread states are ready, running, waiting and dead.
3.Why are there separate wait and sleep methods? [Creating]
Sleep (long) method maintains control of thread execution but delays the next action until the
sleep time expires. The wait method gives up control over thread execution indefinitely so that
other threads can run.
4.What is thread? [Creating]
A thread is a single sequential flow of control within a program. A single thread also has a
beginning, an end, a sequence, and at any given time during the runtime of the thread there is
a single point of execution. However, a thread itself is not a program. It cannot run on its own,
but runs within a program.
5.What are thread states? [Remembering]
NEW A thread that has not yet started is in this state. RUNNABLE A thread executing in the
Java virtual machine is in this state. BLOCKED A thread that is blocked waiting for a monitor
lock is in this state. WAITING A thread that is waiting indefinitely for another thread to
perform a particular action is in this state. TIMED WAITING A thread that is waiting for
another thread to perform an action for up to a specified waiting time is in this state.
6. What is difference between starting thread with Run () and start () method?
[Evaluating]
Main difference is that when program calls start() method a new Thread is created and code
inside run() method is executed in new Thread while if you call run() method directly no
new Thread is created and code inside run() will execute on current Thread.
7. Can we call run method directly? [Remembering]
No, you can not directly call run method to start a thread. You need to call startmethod to create
a new thread. If you call run method directly , it won't create a new thread and it will be in
same stack as main. As you can see when we aredirectly calling run method, it is not creating
new threads.
8. Define multithreading? [Evaluating]
A thread is a line of execution. It is the smallest unit of code that is dispatched by the scheduler.
Thus, a process can contain multiple threads to execute its different sections. This is called
multithread.
9.What is the need of Thread Priorities? [Remembering]
Thread priorities are used by the thread scheduler to decide when each thread be allowed to
run. Higher-priority threads get more CPU time than lower-priority threads. To set a thread’s
priority, use the setPriority() method, which is a member of Thread. final void setPriority(int
level).
10. What are three ways in which a thread can enter the waiting state? [Analyzing]
A thread can enter the waiting state by invoking its sleep() method, by blocking on I/O, by
unsuccessfully attempting to acquire an object's lock, or by invoking an object's wait() method.
It can also enter the waiting state by invoking its (deprecated) suspend() method.
11.Write about thread priority. [Remembering]
Each thread have a priority. Priorities are represented by a number between 1 and 10.
3 constants defined in Thread class:
1. public static int MIN_PRIORITY
2. public static int NORM_PRIORITY
3. public static int MAX_PRIORITY
Defauly priority-5
MIN_PRIORITY-1
 MAX_PRIORITY-10
12. What is synchronized keyword? In what situations you will Use it? [Evaluating]
Synchronization is the act of serializing access to critical sections of code. We will use this
keyword when we expect multiple threads to access/modify the same data. To understand
synchronization we need to look into thread execution manner.
13. What is Inter-thread communication? [Remembering]
Inter-thread communication or Co-operation is all about allowing synchronized threads to
communicate with each other.It is implemented by following methods of Object class:
1. wait()
2. notify()
3. notifyAll()
14. What are Byte Stream in Java? [Analyzing]
The byte stream classes provide a rich environment for handling byte-oriented I/O.
List of Byte Stream classes
1. ByteArrayInputStream
2. ByteArrayOutputStream
3. FilteredByteStreams
4. BufferedByteStreams
15. What are Character Stream in Java? [Remembering]
The Character Stream classes provide a rich environment for handling character-oriented I/O.
List of Character Stream classes
1. FileReader
2. FileWriter
3. CharArrayReader
4. CharArrayWriter
16. What is Java Streaming? [Analyzing]
Java streaming is nothing more than a flow of data. There are input streams that direct data
from the outside world from the keyboard, or a file for instance, into the computer; and output
streams that direct data toward output devices such as the computer screen or a file.
17. Write note on FileInputStream class. [Remembering]
The FileInputStream class creates an InputStream that you can use to read bytes from a file. Its
two most common constructors are FileInputStream(String filepath) FileInputStream(File
fileobj)
18. Write note on FileOutputStream class. [Remembering]
FileOutputStream creates an OutputStream that you can use to write bytes to a file. Its most
commonly used constructors are FileOutputStream(String filepath) FileOutputStream(File
fileobj)
FileOutputStream(String filepath, Boolean append).
\\ They can throw an IOException or a SecurityException.
19.what is PrintwriterClass[Remembering]
Java PrintWriter class is the implementation of Writer class. It is used to print the formatted
representation of objects to the text-output stream.
20.Write about Scanner Class[Analyzing]
Java Scanner class comes under the java.util package. Java has various ways to read input from
the keyboard, the java.util.Scanner class is one of them.
The Java Scanner class breaks the input into tokens using a delimiter that is whitespace by
default.
It provides many methods to read and parse various primitive values.
Java Scanner class is widely used to parse text for string and primitive types using a regular
expression.