PETROO

Alexandria University
Faculty of Engineering
Gas and Petrochemical Dpt.
Name:Aya Allah Mahmoud ID:5632

Desalting :is a water-washing operation performed initially at the production
field and thereafter at the refinery site for additional crude oil cleanup. Salt and
water content specifications are even more rigid because of their negative effect
in downstream processes due to corrosion, and catalyst deactivation. An
optimum formulation concept is presented to describe emulsion breaking in
desalting process. In the stabilization mechanism is accepted that water droplets
are stabilized by the formation of a mechanically strong and viscoelastic film at
the interface composed of asphaltenes. In the case of water-in-crude-oil
emulsions, a balanced optimum formulation is attained by adding to the lipophilic
natural surfactants contained in the crude oil, demulsifiers which are hydrophilic.
The aim is to relate the nature and concentration of the added demulsifier
products to the amphiphilic mixture at the interface. All formulation parameters,
such as solvent, alcohols, kind and concentration of demulsifier, amoung others,
can be explained for proportional and saturation regimens.
Introduction
Petroleum recovered from reservoir is mixed with a variety of substances such as

gases, water, chloride salts, and dirt, which contain other minerals. Thus,
petroleum processing actually commences shortly after the production of fluids
from reservoir, where pretreatment operations are applied to the crude oil prior to
transportation. Any crude oil to be shipped by pipeline, or by any other form of
transportation, must meet strict regulations in regard to water and salt content.
Desalting is a water-washing operation performed initially at the production field

and thereafter at the refinery site for additional crude oil cleanup, where the salt
and water content specifications are even more rigid because of their negative
effect in the downstream processes due to scale formation, corrosion, and catalyst
deactivation. Desalting involves mixing heated crude oil with washing water, using
a mixing valve or static mixers to ensure a proper contact between the crude oil
and the water, and then passing it to a separating vessel, where a proper separation
between the aqueous and organic phases is achieved.
Since emulsions can be formed in this process, there is a risk of water carryover in
the organic phase. In order to overcome this problem chemical demulsifiers are
added to promote the emulsion breaking. When this operation is performed at a
refinery, an electric field across the settling vessel is applied to coalesce the polar
salty water droplets, and, therefore, a decreasing in water and salt content is
achieved.
The understanding of the different variables that affect the desalting process,
especially the effect of the amount of chemical demulsifiers used, is imperative in
order to optimize operating costs. According to data published by Vafajoo ,the
demulsifier concentration used for desalting could reach up to 100 ppm.
Considering a demulsifier cost about 1.5 $/lb for a medium capacity refinery (200
MBPD), the operating cost related to chemical demulsifiers would be in the order
of 2 MM$/year. Thus, any reduction in demulsifier concentration in crude oil
desalting would generate savings in the order of many thousand dollars. In the
current work, a technical description of desalting crude oil and a wide description
of stability emulsion phenomena are carried out. Finally, this work aims mainly at
understanding the demulsifiers role from the viewpoint of physicochemical
formulation.
Salt specification
The required maximum concentration of water in oil to meet a known salt

specification can be derived from Eq. 1:
(Eq. 1)
where
Cso = the salt content of the oil, lbm/1,000 bbl
Csw = the concentration of salt in produced water, ppm
γw = the specific gravity of produced water
fw = the volume fraction of water in crude oil
Process description
Salts in crude oil are mainly in the form of magnesium, calcium, and sodium
chlorides, sodium chloride being the most abundant. These salts can be found in
two forms: dissolved in emulsified water droplets in the crude oil, as a water-in-oil
emulsion, or crystallized and suspended solids.
The negative effect of these salts in downstream processes can be summarized as

follows: salt deposit formation as scales where water-to-steam phase change
takes place and corrosion by hydrochloric acid formation. Hydrochloric acid is
formed by magnesium and calcium chlorides’ decomposition at high
temperatures (about 350 °C) as follows :
CaCl2 + 2H2O → Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl
MgCl2 + 2H2O → Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl
In addition, other metals in inorganic compounds present in reservoir dirt and

sand produce catalyst poisoning in downstream processes such as hydrotreaters
and cat crackers because of they are chemically adsorbed on the catalyst surface.
The objective of desalting process is to remove chloride salts and other minerals
from the crude oil by water-washing. Depending on the desired salt content in the
desalted crude oil, a one- or two-step process could be applied. For refining
purposes, a salt concentration of maximum 1, 5 PTB (pound of salt measured as
NaCl per thousand barrels) is desired. By desalting, a considerable percentage of
suspended solids (sand, clay, or soil particles, or even particles product from
corrosion of pipelines and other upstream equipments) are removed.
Figure(1)
The process starts by mixing the raw crude oil with an appropriate amount of
washing water also known as dilution water. The washing water as a volume
percent of the crude oil processed could oscillate between 3 and 10%, depending
on the API gravity of the crude oil – the heavier the crude oil, the more the water
required .Demulsifiers are added to the crude oil in this process step.
In order to promote the effective mixing between the organic and aqueous phases,
and ensure the proper dilution of the salts and minerals in the aqueous phase, a
mixing valve is used. This is a common globe valvewhich causes a pressure drop
and, as a result, a shear stress over the droplets that promotes an intimate water and
oil mixture. The main aspect that needs to be considered is the pressure drop,
whose value it is about 10-50 psi and varies according to the flux through the valve
(automatic differential pressure controllers could be used). In addition to the
mixing valve, upstream premixing device could be used, such as spray nozzles at
the point of water injection or static mixers, between the water injection point and
the mixing valve . High delta pressure in the mixing valve promotes smaller
droplets, which is positive because it improves the contact among the phases;
however, very small droplets could yield a more stable emulsion, which could
cause problems in the separating vessel. Therefore, it is very important to balance
both effects in the selection of the operation pressure drop.
Then this mixture goes to the desalter, a horizontal cylindrical tank that provides
long enough residence time to separate the water and oil mixture in two phases.
Some water droplets diameters are so small that they could not be separated by
gravity; so, an electrostatic field between two electrodes installed into the desalter
is used to promote coalescence. Due to the dipolar nature of the water molecule,
this electric field promotes an attraction with the other water molecules in the
neighbor droplets promoting coalescence. According to Gary et Al., either AC or
DC fields may be used and potentials from 12, 000 to 35, 000 volts. The attraction
force (F) between the water droplets is given by:
F=Ks⋅ε2⋅d6s4F=Ks⋅ε2⋅d6s4
E1
where ε is voltage gradient, d is droplet diameter, s is the distance between drops

centers and Ks is a constant for the system .
Finally, after coalescence, water droplets settle according to the well-known

Stock’s law given by:
Settling rate=k⋅(ρwater−ρoil)⋅d2μoilSettling rate=k⋅(ρwater−ρoil)⋅d2μoil

E2
where k is a constant, d is the droplet diameter, ρ is density, and μ is viscosity.
In a one-step configuration, shown in Figure 1(a), 90% of salt removal can be

achieved. For higher salt removal percentages, a two-step configuration, shown
in figure1(b), should be required. As far as the last process configuration is
concerned two demulsifier injection points are used, both before the mixing valve
in the first and second step. In addition, freshwater is fed to the second stage, and
effluent water from this stage is recycled to the first one. With this configuration, a
99% salt removal could be achieved.

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Alexandria University

Name:Aya Allah Mahmoud ID:5632

Petroleum recovered from reservoir is mixed with a variety of substances such as

Desalting is a water-washing operation performed initially at the production field

The required maximum concentration of water in oil to meet a known salt

The negative effect of these salts in downstream processes can be summarized as

CaCl2 + 2H2O → Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl

MgCl2 + 2H2O → Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl

In addition, other metals in inorganic compounds present in reservoir dirt and

where ε is voltage gradient, d is droplet diameter, s is the distance between drops

Finally, after coalescence, water droplets settle according to the well-known

Settling rate=k⋅(ρwater−ρoil)⋅d2μoilSettling rate=k⋅(ρwater−ρoil)⋅d2μoil

where k is a constant, d is the droplet diameter, ρ is density, and μ is viscosity.

In a one-step configuration, shown in Figure 1(a), 90% of salt removal can be

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