2023 고수현영어랩 내신모의고사

풍덕고2 이름:
_______________
<조건>
이 자료는 고수현영어랩에서 제공하는 학교별 내신자료입
ㆍ어색한 부분을 고쳐 쓰되, 밑줄 친 부분은 모두 쓸 것.
니다. 모든 저작권은 고수현영어랩에 있습니다. 학생들은 이
름을 모두기재하고 OMR에 답을 표시해주세요. (1) 기호 - _______ : ____________________________________
______________________________________________________
1. 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?1) [23년 9월 33번] (2) 기호 - _______ : ____________________________________
As always happens with natural selection, bats and their ______________________________________________________
prey have been engaged in a life-or-death sensory arms
race for millions of years. It's believed that hearing in
moths arose specifically in response to the threat of being 3. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 문맥상 가장 적절한 것은?3) [23
eaten by bats. (Not all insects can hear.) Over millions of 년 9월 37번]
years, moths have evolved the ability to detect sounds at Architects might say a machine can never design an
ever higher frequencies, and, as they have, the innovative or impressive building because a computer
frequencies of bats' vocalizations have risen. too. Some cannot be "creative." Yet consider the Elbphilharmonie, a
moth species have also evolved scales on their wings and new concert hall in Hamburg, which contains a remarkably
a fur-like coat on their bodies: both act as acoustic beautiful auditorium composed of ten thousand interlocking
camouflage," by absorbing sound waves in the frequencies acoustic panels. It is the sort of space that makes one
emitted by bats. thereby preventing those sound waves instinctively think that only a human being - and a human
from bouncing back. The B-2 bomber and other "stealth" with a remarkably refined creative sensibility, at that -
aircraft have fuselages made of materials that do could design something so aesthetically impressive. Yet the
something similar with radar beams. auditorium was, in fact, designed algorithmically, using a
technique known as "parametric design." The architects
① 나방의 청력은 박쥐에게 잡아 먹히는 위협에 대한 반응으로 생겨난 것 gave the system a set of criteria, and it generated a set of
으로 여겨진다. possible designs for the architects to choose from. Similar
② 나방은 계속 더 높아진 주파수의 소리를 감지하는 능력을 진화시켰다.
software has been used to design lightweight bicycle
③ 나방의 높은 주파수 소리 감지 능력이 진화함에 따라 박쥐의 발성 주파
frames and sturdier chairs, among much else. Are these
수도 높아졌다.
④ 날개의 비늘이 음향 위장의 역할을 하는 나방 종도 있다. systems behaving "creatively"? No, they are using lots of
⑤ 몸에 모피와 같은 외피를 진화시킨 나방 종은 박쥐가 방출하는 주파수 processing power to blindly (A)__________ varied possible
의 음파를 외피를 이용하여 반사한다. designs, working in a very (B)__________ way from a
human being.

(A) (B)
2. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 ⓐ~ⓔ 중 어법상 어색한 부분이 들어 있는 기호를 ① remove same
2개 골라 각각 적고, 문맥을 고려하여 <조건>에 맞게 고쳐 쓰시오.2) ② remove different
[23년 9월 21번] ③ remove indifferent
I suspect fungi are a little more forward "thinking" than ④ generate different
⑤ generate same
their larger partners. ⓐAmong trees, each species fights
other species. Let's assume the beeches ⓑnative to Central
Europe could become dominant in most forests there.
Would this really be an advantage? What would happen ⓒ
if a new pathogen came along what infected most of the
beeches and killed them? In that case, wouldn't it be more
advantageous if there were a certain number of other
species around — oaks, maples, or firs — that would
continue to ⓓgrow and provide the shade needed with a
new generation of young beeches to sprout and grow up?
Diversity provides security for ancient forests. Because
fungi are also very dependent on stable conditions, they
support ⓔother species underground and protect them
from complete collapse to ensure that one species of tree
doesn't manage to dominate.

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2 홀수형
4. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말들의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것 6. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 (1)~(3)에 어법과 문장의 흐름에 맞는 단어 하나씩을
은?4) [23년 9월 34번] 쓰시오. 단, (2)는 본문에 나온 어휘를 활용하여 쓰고, (3)는 주어진 첫
철자 e로 시작하여 쓰시오.6) [23년 9월 40번]
Much of human thought is designed to screen out
information and to sort the rest into a manageable In 2006, researchers conducted a study on the
condition. The inflow of data from our senses could create motivations for helping after the September 11th terrorist
an overwhelming ⓐchaos, especially given the enormous attacks against the United States. In the study, they found
amount of information available in culture and society. Out that individuals who gave money, blood, goods, or other
of all the sensory impressions and possible information, it forms of assistance because of other-focused motives
is ⓑcrucial to find a small amount that is most relevant to (giving to reduce another's discomfort) (1)__________
our individual needs and to organize that into a usable almost four times more likely to still be giving support one
stock of knowledge. Expectancies accomplish some of this year later than those whose original motivation was to
work, helping to screen out information that is ⓒirrelevant reduce personal distress. This effect likely stems from
to what is expected, and focusing our attention on clear differences in emotional arousal. The events of September
contradictions. The processes of learning and memory are 11th emotionally affected people throughout the United
marked by a steady elimination of information. People States. Those who gave to reduce their own distress
notice ⓓonly a part of the world around them. Then, only (2)__________ their emotional arousal with their initial gift,
a fraction of what they notice gets processed and ⓔ discharging that emotional distress. However, those who
eliminated in memory. And only part of what gets gave to reduce others' distress did not stop (3)e__________
committed to memory can be retrieved. with victims who continued to struggle long after the
attacks.
① ⓐ ② ⓑ ③ ⓒ ④ ⓓ ⑤ ⓔ
답: (1)______________________________
(2)______________________________
(3)______________________________

7. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?7) [23년 9월 29번]

5. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 문맥에 맞게 공통으로 들어갈 한 단어를 주어
There is little doubt that we are driven by the sell- by
진 철자로 시작해서 쓰시오. (주어진 철자를 포함해서 철자 총수는 8개
임)5) [23년 9월 31번]
date. Once an item is past that date it goes into the waste
stream, further increasing its carbon footprint. Remember
Rebels may think they're rebels, but clever marketers
those items have already travelled hundreds of miles to
influence them just like the rest of us. Saying, "Everyone
reach the shelves and once they go into waste they start a
is doing it" may turn some people off from an idea. These
new carbon mile journey. But we all make our own
people will look for alternatives, which (if cleverly planned)
judgement about sell- by dates; those brought up during
can be exactly what a marketer or persuader wants you to
the Second World War are often scornful of the terrible
believe. If I want you to consider an idea, and know you
waste they believe such caution encourages. The
strongly reject popular opinion in favor of maintaining
manufacturer of the food has a view when making or
your independence and uniqueness, I would present the
growing something that by the time the product reaches
majority option first, which you would reject in favor of
the shelves it has already been travelling for so many days
my actual preference. We are often tricked when we try to
and possibly many miles. The manufacturer then decides
maintain a position of (A)d__________. People use this
that a product can reasonably be consumed within say 90
reversal to make us independently" choose an option which
days and 90 days minus so many days for travelling gives
suits their purposes. Some brands have taken full effect of
the sell- by date. But
our (B)d__________ towards the mainstream and positioned
______________________________________. It would seem to
themselves as rebels; which has created even stronger
make sense not to buy large packs of perishable goods but
brand loyalty.
non- perishable items may become cost-effective.
답: ______________________________ *sell- by date 판매 유효 기한 ** scornful 경멸하는

① it depends on the individuals’ decisions whether the product is

edible or not
② the carbon footprint is not affected by the when the products are
consumed
③ the sell-by date need to be confirmed by bureaucracy for the
consumer safety
④ travelling itself might negatively affect the products deteriorating
their quality
⑤ once the sell-by-date is determined, all should keep checking the
recommended sell-by-date

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8. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분에서 전체 흐름과 관계없는 문장은?8) [23년 9월 v 다음 글을 읽고 물음에 답하시오. [22년 6월 22번]
22번] The problem with simply adopting any popular method of
It's remarkable that positive fantasies help us relax to parenting is that it ignores the most important variable in
such an extent that it shows up in physiological tests. If the equation: the uniqueness of your child. It is not (A)a
you want to unwind, you can take some deep breaths, get good parenting. So, rather than insist that one style of
a massage, or go for a walk - but you can also try simply parenting will work with every child, we might take a page
closing your eyes and fantasizing about some future from the gardener’s handbook. Just as the gardener
outcome that you might enjoy. ⓐThis sounds so easy that accepts, without question or resistance, the plant’s
you may want to try it right away. ⓑBut what about when requirements and provides the right conditions each plant
your objective is to make your wish a reality? ⓒThe last needs to grow and flourish, so, too, do we parents need to
thing you want to be is relaxed. ⓓYou want to be custom-design our parenting to fit the natural needs of
energized enough to get off the couch and lose those each individual child. Although that may seem difficult, it
pounds or find that job or study for that test, and you is possible. Once we understand who our children really
want to be motivated enough to stay engaged even when are, we can begin to figure out how to make changes in
the inevitable obstacles or challenges arise. ⓔResearchers our parenting style to be more positive and accepting of
say overcoming difficult situations helps improve resilience. (B)우리가 양육하도록 축복 받아온 각각의 아이.
The principle of "Dream it. Wish it. Do it." does not hold
true, and now we know why: in dreaming it, you undercut 10. 윗글의 밑줄 친 (A)에 대해 윗글에서 제시한 방법인 것은?10)
the energy you need to do it.
① 한 가지 양육 방식이 모든 아이들에게 효과가 있다고 생각한다.
② 자녀의 타고난 욕구에 맞는 개별화된 양육을 제공한다.
① ⓐ ② ⓑ ③ ⓒ ④ ⓓ ⑤ ⓔ ③ 학업과 취미 활동에 최선을 다하도록 가르친다.
④ 모든 자녀를 차별하지 않고 공평하게 대한다.
⑤ 대중적인 양육법을 그대로 따른다.

9. 다음 글을 읽고 밑줄 친 부분의 예로 말할 수 없는 것은?9) [23년 9월

39번]
11. 윗글의 밑줄 친 (B)를 <보기>에 주어진 단어들을 활용하여 <조건>에
맞게 영작하시오.11)
Much research has been carried out on the causes of
<보기>
engagement, an issue that is important from both a
be / to / we / bless / that /
theoretical and practical standpoint: identifying the drivers
/ each / have / child / parent
of work engagement may enable us to manipulate or
influence it. The most influential situational causes of
<조건>
engagement are job resources, feedback and leadership,
ㆍ<보기>의 단어들을 모두 한 번씩만 사용하시오
the latter, of course, being responsible for job resources
ㆍ<보기>의 단어만을 사용하시오 (단어 추가 없음)
for job resources and feedback. (Job resources include
ㆍ필요하면 어형을 변화하시오
autonomy, strong work relationships, opportunities for
advancement, coaching and mentoring, and learning and
development.) Indeed, leaders influence engagement by 정답: (9단어) ___________________________________________
giving their employees honest and constructive feedback
on their performance, and by providing them with the
necessary resources that enable resources that enable
them to perform their job well. It is, however, noteworthy
that although engagement drives job performance, job
performance also drives engagement. In other words, when
employees are able to do their jobs well-to the point that
they match or exceed their own expectations and
ambitions-they will engage more, be proud of their
achievements, and find work more meaningful. This is
especially evident when people are employed in jobs that
align with their values.

① The boss gives regular helpful feedback to his or her employees.

② The organization lets employees set their own schedule.
③ The company provides frequent development opportunities.
④ The employee is extroverted and economically stable.
⑤ The employee performs his or her tasks very well.

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12. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 ⓐ~ⓔ를 대신하여 사용하기에 적절하지 않은 것 14. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳
은?12) [22년 6월 23번] 은?14) [22년 6월 21번]

In the movie Groundhog Day, a weatherman played by Bill Thus, the key is that the purpose of marketing is to
Murray is forced to re-live a single day over and over produce customer value profitably.
again. ⓐConfronted with this seemingly endless loop, he
eventually ⓑrebels against living through the same day the For companies interested in delighting customers,
same way twice. He learns French, becomes a great exceptional value and service become part of the overall
pianist, befriends his neighbors, helps the poor. Why do company culture. For example, year after year, Pazano
we cheer him on? Because we don’t want perfect ranks at or near the top of the hospitality industry in
predictability, even if what’s on repeat is ⓒappealing. terms of customer satisfaction. (A) The company's passion
Surprise engages us. It allows us to escape autopilot. It for satisfying customers is summed up in its credo. (B)
keeps us awake to our experience. In fact, the The company promises that its luxury hotels will deliver a
neurotransmitter systems ⓓinvolved in reward are tied to truly memorable experience. (C) Although a
the level of surprise: rewards delivered at regular, customer-centered firm seeks to deliver high customer
expected times yield a lot less activity in the brain than satisfaction relative to competitors, it does not attempt to
the same rewards delivered at random unpredictable times. maximize customer satisfaction. (D) A company can always
Surprise ⓔgratifies. increase customer satisfaction by lowering its price or
increasing its services. But this may result in lower profits.
① ⓐFaced with ② ⓑresists (E) This requires a very delicate balance: the marketer
③ ⓒattractive ④ ⓓrelevant to must continue to generate more customer value and
⑤ ⓔdissatisfies
satisfaction but not ‘give away the house’.

13. 다음 밑줄 친 부분에 대한 설명으로 적절하지 않은 것은?13) [22년 6 ① (A) ② (B) ③ (C) ④ (D) ⑤ (E)
월 40번]

The great irony of performance psychology is that it

teaches each sportsman to believe, as far as he is able,
15. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것
that he will win. No man doubts. ⓐNo man indulges his
은?15) [22년 6월 33번]
inner skepticism. That is the logic of sports psychology.
What is unusual about journalism as a profession is its
But only one man can win. That is the logic of sport. Note
lack of ⓐindependence. In theory, practitioners in the
the difference between a scientist and an athlete. ⓑDoubt
classic professions, like medicine or the clergy, ⓑcontain
is a scientist’s stock in trade. Progress is made by
the means of production in their heads and hands, and
focusing on the evidence that refutes a theory and by
therefore do not have to work for a company or an
improving the theory accordingly. ⓒSkepticism is the
employer. They can draw their income directly from their
rocket fuel of scientific advance. But doubt, to an athlete,
clients or patients. Because the professionals hold
is poison. Progress is made by ignoring the evidence; it is
knowledge, moreover, their clients are ⓒdependent on
about ⓓcreating a mindset that is immune to doubt and
them. Journalists hold knowledge, but it is not theoretical
uncertainty. Just to reiterate: From a rational perspective,
in nature; one might argue that the public depends on
this is nothing less than crazy. Why should an athlete
journalists in the same way that patients depend on
convince himself he will win when he knows that there is
doctors, but in practice a journalist can serve the public
every possibility he will lose? Because, to win, one must ⓔ
usually ⓓwithout working for a news organization, which
proportion one’s belief, not to the evidence, but to
can fire her or him at will. Journalists’ income depends
whatever the mind can usefully get away with.
not on the public, but on the employing news organization,
which often ⓔderives the large majority of its revenue
① ⓐ - No man allows his inner skepticism to prevail.
from advertisers.
② ⓑ - Doubt is an essential and fundamental tool or characteristic of
a scientist.
③ ⓒ - Skepticism plays a crucial role in the progress of scientific ① ⓐ ② ⓑ ③ ⓒ ④ ⓓ ⑤ ⓔ
advancement.
④ ⓓ - Building a mindset that is resistant to uncertainty and doubt.
⑤ ⓔ - Align one’s conviction with the evidence presented

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18. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것
은?18) [22년 6월 29번]
16. 다음 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?16) [22년 9월 31
번] Even though institutions like the World Bank use wealth
to ⓐdistinguish between “developed” and “developing”
It is not the peasant’s goal to produce the highest
countries, they also agree that development is more than
possible time-averaged crop yield, averaged over many
economic growth. “Development” can also include the
years. If your time-averaged yield is marvelously high as a
social and environmental ⓑtransitions that are caused by
result of the combination of nine great years and one year
of crop failure, you will still starve to death in that one or accompany economic growth, some of which are
positive and thus may be negative. Awareness has grown
year of crop failure before you can look back to
— and continues to grow — that the question of how
congratulate yourself on your great time-averaged yield.
economic growth is affecting people and the planet needs
(A)______________, the peasant’s aim is to make sure to
to be ⓒdisregarded. Countries are slowly learning that it is
produce a yield above the starvation level in every single
cheaper and causes much less suffering to try to reduce
year, even though the time-averaged yield may not be
the harmful effects of an economic activity or project at
highest. That’s why field scattering may make sense. If you
the ⓓinitial stage, when it is planned, than after the
have just one big field, no matter how good it is on the
damage appears. To do this is not easy and is always
average, you will starve when the inevitable occasional
year arrives in which your one field has a low yield. imperfect. But an awareness of the need for such an effort
indicates a greater understanding and moral concern than
(B)______________ if you have many different fields,
did the previous widespread attitude that focused only on
varying independently of each other, then in any given
ⓔgenerating new products and services.
year some of your fields will produce well even when your
other fields are producing poorly.
① ⓐ ② ⓑ ③ ⓒ ④ ⓓ ⑤ ⓔ

(A) (B)
① Furthermore Similarly
19. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말을 <조건>에 맞게 쓰시오.19) [23
② Likewise However
년 6월 36번]
③ In contrast Thus
④ Instead But When evaluating a policy, people tend to concentrate on
⑤ On the contrary Therefore how the policy will fix some particular problem
_________________________ may have. Economists often
refer to this situation as The Law of Unintended
17. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?17) [22년 9월 39번] Consequences. For instance, suppose that you impose a
On any day of the year, the tropics and the hemisphere tariff on imported steel in order to protect the jobs of
that is experiencing its warm season receive much more domestic steelworkers. If you impose a high enough tariff,
solar radiation than do the polar regions and the colder their jobs will indeed be protected from competition by
hemisphere. Averaged over the course of the year, the foreign steel companies. But an unintended consequence is
tropics and latitudes up to about 40° receive more total that the jobs of some autoworkers will be lost to foreign
heat than they lose by radiation. Latitudes above 40° competition. Why? The tariff that protects steelworkers
receive less total heat than they lose by radiation. This raises the price of the steel that domestic automobile
inequality produces the necessary conditions for the makers need to build their cars. As a result, domestic
operation of a huge, global-scale engine that takes on heat automobile manufacturers have to raise the prices of their
in the tropics and gives it off in the polar regions. Its cars, making them relatively less attractive than foreign
working fluid is the atmosphere, especially the moisture it cars. Raising prices tends to reduce domestic car sales, so
contains. Air is heated over the warm earth of the tropics, some domestic autoworkers lose their jobs.
expands, rises, and flows away both northward and
southward at high altitudes, cooling as it goes. It descends <조건>
and flows toward the equator again from more northerly · 주어진 단어들 중에서 고른 5단어로만 작성하시오.
and southerly latitudes. : ignore / emphasize / while / it / protect /
effects / dispose / other
① Amount of Solar Radiation According to Latitude and Altitude
· 어법에 맞게 하기 위해서 주어진 어휘를 변형하여 사용해야 함.
② Why Do Tropical and Hemispheres Receive More Solar Radiation?
· 위 조건 중 하나라도 어길 시 0점 처리함
③ Insufficient Conditions and Requirements for Atmospheric Circulation
④ The Exact Amount of Solar Radiation Required for the Atmosphere
to Operate → ______________________________________________________
⑤ Circulation of the Atmosphere Resulting from the Differences in
Solar Radiation

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6 홀수형
③ encounter conservative conflicts
④ avoid progressive corresponds
20. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분이 글에서 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것 ⑤ avoid conservative corresponds
은?20) [22년 3월 24번]
The realization of human domination over the
22. [서술형] 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A),
environment began in the late 1700s with the industrial
(B)에 들어갈 말을 완성하시오.22)
revolution. Advances in manufacturing transformed
조건1) 본문의 단어만을 활용할 것
societies and economies while producing significant
조건2) 어법에 따라 어형변형 가능
impacts on the environment. American society became

The original idea of a patent, remember, was not to reward

structured on multiple industries' capitalistic goals as the
development of the steam engine led to the mechanized
production of goods in mass quantities. Rural agricultural inventors with monopoly profits, but to encourage them to
communities with economies based on handmade goods share their inventions. A certain amount of intellectual
and agriculture were abandoned for life in urban cities property law is plainly necessary to achieve this. But it has
with large factories based on an economy of industrialized gone too far. Most patents are now as much about
manufacturing. Innovations in the production of textiles, defending monopoly and discouraging rivals as about
iron, and steel provided increased profits to private sharing ideas. And that disrupts innovation. Many firms use
companies. Simultaneously, those industries exerted
patents as barriers to entry, suing upstart innovators who
authority over the environment and began dumping
trespass on their intellectual property even on the way to
hazardous by-products in public lands and waterways.
some other goal. In the years before World War Ⅰ, aircraft
makers tied each other up in patent lawsuits and slowed
down innovation until the US government stepped in. Much
① Industry revolution is a key to sustainable development.
② Machines were overpowering human's influence on environment.
③ Industrialized companies had devastating impacts on the the same has happened with smartphones and biotechnology
environment.
today. New entrants have to fight their way through “patent
thickets” if they are to build on existing technologies to
④ Industrial innovation makes it possible for environment to be
protected in various ways.
⑤ A growing number of authorities from manufacturing firms have
signaled support for the environment.
make new ones.
→ A patent law, which is supposed to encourage (A)_______
21. _______, could rather (B)_______ _______ _____ when
misused as a barrier to keep others out.
다음 글의 괄호 (A), (B), (C) 안에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 적절한
것은?21) [22년 3월 30번]

What exactly does normal science involve? According to

Thomas Kuhn it is primarily a matter of puzzle-solving.
However successful a paradigm is, it will always (A)[avoid /
encounter] certain problems; phenomena which is cannot
easily accommodate, or mismatches between the theory’s
predictions and the experimental facts. The job of the
normal scientist is to try to eliminate these minor puzzles
while making as few changes as possible to the paradigm.
So normal science is a (B)[conservative / progressive]
activity – its practitioners are not trying to make any
earth-shattering discoveries, but rather just to develop and
extend the existing paradigm. In Kuhn’s words, ‘normal
science does not aim at novelties of fact or theory, and
when successful finds none’. Above all, Kuhn stressed that
normal scientists are not trying to test the paradigm. On
the contrary, they accept the paradigm unquestioningly,
and conduct their research within the limits it sets. If a
normal scientist gets an experimental result which
(C)[corresponds / conflicts] with the paradigm, they will
usually assume that their experimental technique is faulty,
not that the paradigm is wrong.
*practitioner: (어떤 일을) 실행하는 사람

(A) (B) (C)

① encounter conservative corresponds
② encounter progressive conflicts

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25. [서술형] 다음 글에서 어법상 틀린 4곳을 찾아 바르게 고치시오.25)

23. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?23) Not only are humans unique in the sense that they began to
use an ever-widening tool set, we are also the only species
In this world, being smart or competent isn’t enough. People on this planet that has constructed forms of complexity that
sometimes don’t recognize talent when they see it. Their uses external energy sources. This was a fundamental new
vision is clouded by the first impression we give and that development, for which there were no precedents in big
can lose us the job we want, or the relationship we want. history. This capacity may first have emerged between 1.5
The way we present ourselves can speak more eloquently of and 0.5 million years ago, when humans began to control
the skills we bring to the table, if we actively cultivate that fire. From at least 50,000 years ago, some of the energy
presentation. Nobody likes to be crossed off the list before store in air and water flows were used for navigation and,
being given the opportunity to show others who they are. much later, also for powering the first machines. Around
Being able to tell your story from the moment you meet 10,000 years ago, humans learned to cultivate plants and
other people is a skill that must be actively cultivated, in tame animals and thus control these important matter and
order to send the message that you’re someone to be energy flows. Very soon, they also learned to use animal
considered and the right person for the position. For that muscle power. About 250 years ago, fossil fuels began to be
reason, it’s important that we all learn how to say the used on a large scale for powering machines of many
appropriate things in the right way and to present ourselves different kinds, thereby created the virtually unlimited
in a way that appeals to other people ― tailoring a great amounts of artificial complexity that we are familiar with
first impression. today.
① entering a good company (1)_______________ -> ______________________
② leaving a good impression to others (2)_______________ -> ______________________
③ getting a job they really want to work at
(3)_______________ -> ______________________
④
⑤
losing their chance to tell that they are well-qualified people
gaining an opportunity to appeal to a top official that they are
(4) _______________ -> ______________________
competent and skillful
26. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?26)

24. A story is only as believable as the storyteller. For story to

[서술형] 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 공통으로 들어갈 한 단어를 본문의
be effective, trust must be established. Yes, trust. Whenever
someone stops to listen to you,
단어를 변형해서 쓰시오.24)

The earliest challenges and contests to solve important

problems in mathematics date back to the sixteenth and _______________________________. Your listener
seventeenth centuries. Some of these problems have unconsciously trusts you to say something worthwhile to
continued to challenge mathematicians until modern times. him, something that will not waste his time. The few
For example, Pierre de Fermat issued a set of mathematical minutes of attention he is giving you is sacrificial. He could
challenges in 1657, many on prime numbers and divisibility. choose to spend his time elsewhere, yet he has stopped to
The solution to what is now known as Fermat’s Last respect your part in a conversation. This is where story
Theorem was not established until the late 1990s by comes in. Because a story illustrates points clearly and often
Andrew Wiles. David Hilbert, a German mathematician, bridges topics easily, trust can be established quickly, and
identified 23 (A)________ problems in 1900 with the hope recognizing this time element to story is essential to trust.
that these problems would be solved in the twenty-first Respecting your listener’s time is the capital letter at the
century. Although some of the problems were solved, others beginning of your sentence ― it leads the conversation into
remain (B)_______ to this day. More recently, in 2000, the a sentence worth listening to if trust is earned and not
Clay Mathematics Institute named seven mathematical taken for granted.
problems that had not been solved with the hope that they
could be solved in the twenty-first century. A $1 million ① you take the person’s attention for granted.

prize will be awarded for solving each of these seven ② the possibility that you will win vanishes.

problems.
③ an element of unspoken trust exists.
④ the person may ask for sacrifice.
⑤ a novel element is required.

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27. [서술형] 주어진 철자로 시작하는 알맞은 영단어를 우리말 의미에 맞 contemporary high art works were (B) ‘ ’ and ‘
도록 문맥과 어법을 고려하여 쓰시오.27) ’ at the time they were composed. This means that most
A champion of free speech and religious (A) t________, contemporary high art began as some sort of craft.
Voltaire was a (B) c________ figure. He is, for instance, However, because (C) ____________________, now we listen
supposed to have declared, “I hate what you say, but will to these works as fine art. What I want to tell you with
defend to the death your right to say it,” a powerful defense this article is that (D) _________________________.
of the idea that even views that you (C) d________ deserve
to be heard. In eighteenth-century Europe, however, the (1) 빈칸 (A)에 알맞은 명사를 본문에서 찾아 쓰시오.

Catholic Church strictly controlled what could be published.

Many of Voltaire’s plays and books were (D) c________ and
burned in public, and he was even imprisoned in the Bastille
in Paris because he had insulted a powerful aristocrat. But (2) 빈칸 (B)에 알맞은 단어 두 가지를 본문에서 찾아 형용사로 쓰시오. (단,

none of this stopped him challenging the prejudices and (E) 필요시 본문의 단어 형태 변형 가능)

p________ of those around him. In his short philosophical

novel, Candide, he completely undermined the kind of
religious optimism about humanity and the universe that
other contemporary thinkers had expressed, and he did it in (3) 본문의 내용에 근거하여 빈칸 (C)에 들어갈 내용을 완전한 한 문장으로

such an entertaining way that the book became an instant

쓰시오. (단, 오늘날 사람들의 인식이 변화하게 된 이유가 드러나게 쓸 것)

bestseller. Wisely, Voltaire left his name off the title page,
otherwise its publication would have landed him in prison
again for making fun of religious beliefs. (4) 본문의 내용에 근거하여 빈칸 (D)에 들어갈 내용을 완전한 문장으로 쓰
시오. (단, 단어 ‘between’, ‘division’을 반드시 포함하여 쓸 것)
(A) : 관용 (B) : 논란의, 논쟁의
(C) : 멸시하다, 경멸하다 (D) : 검열하다
(E) : 가식
29. [서술형] 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸
(A)~(D)에 들어갈 말을 각각 한 단어씩 본문에서 찾아 완성하시오. (필
요시 어법에 맞게 변형할 것)29)

When is the right time for the predator to consume the fruit?
28. [서술형] 다음 글을 읽고 요약문을 작성할 때, 아래의 물음에 답하시
The plant uses the color of the fruit to signal to predators
오.28)

Our culture is biased toward the fine arts — those creative that it is ripe, which means that the seed’s hull has
products that have no function other than pleasure. Craft hardened — and therefore the sugar content is at its height.
objects are less worthy; because they serve an everyday Incredibly, the plant has chosen to manufacture fructose,
function, they’re not purely creative. But this division is instead of glucose, as the sugar in the fruit. Glucose raises
culturally and historically relative. Most contemporary high insulin levels in primates and humans, which initially raises
art began as some sort of craft. The composition and levels of leptin, a hunger-blocking hormone — but fructose
performance of what we now call “classical music” began as does not. As a result, the predator never receives the
a form of craft music satisfying required functions in the normal message that it is full. That makes for a win-win
Catholic mass, or the specific entertainment needs of royal for predator and prey. The animal obtains more calories, and
patrons. For example, chamber music really was designed to because it keeps eating more and more fruit and therefore
be performed in chambers — small intimate rooms in more seeds, the plant has a better chance of distributing
wealthy homes — often as background music. The dances more of its babies.
composed by famous composers from Bach to Chopin → As the sugar in the fruit, the plant has not manufactured
originally did indeed accompany dancing. But today, with (A)________ that raises (B)________ levels. Instead, the plant
the contexts and functions they were composed for gone, has selected to produce (C)________, and this makes the
we listen to these works as fine art. plant (D)________ its more seeds.
<요약문>
Nowadays, people tend to think that fine art is made only for
(A) ________, with no other functions, while craft objects
serve an everyday function. Unlike the thought, most
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32. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?32)

30. Sociologists have proven that people bring their own views
and values to the culture they encounter; books, TV
글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?30)

Therefore, I used this process by enrolling in a low-cost mini programs, movies, and music may affect everyone, but they
course with the same instructor. affect different people in different ways.
We are often faced with high-level decisions, where we are
unable to predict the results of those decisions. In such (A) This demonstrates why it’s a mistake to assume that a certain
cultural product will have the same effect on everyone.
situations, most people end up quitting the option altogether, (B) Vidmar and Rokeach found that viewers who didn’t share
because the stakes are high and results are very Archie Bunker’s views thought the show was very funny in the

unpredictable. But there is a solution for this. (①) You way it made fun of Archie’s absurd racism ― in fact, this was

should use the process of testing the option on a smaller the producers’ intention.
(C) In a study, Neil Vidmar and Milton Rokeach showed episodes
scale. (②) In many situations, it’s wise to dip your toe in of the sitcom All in the Family to viewers with a range of
the water rather than dive in headfirst. (③) Recently, I was different views on race. The show centers on a character

about to enroll in an expensive coaching program. (④) But named Archie Bunker, an intolerant bigot who often gets into

I was not fully convinced of how the outcome would be. fights with his more progressive family members.
(D) On the other hand, though, viewers who were themselves
(⑤) This helped me understand his methodology, style, and bigots thought Archie Bunker was the hero of the show and
content; and I was able to test it with a lower investment, that the producers meant to make fun of his foolish family!

and less time and effort before committing fully to the

expensive program. ① (B)―(C)―(D)―(A)
③ (C)―(B)―(D)―(A)
② (B)―(D)―(A)―(C)
④ (C)―(D)―(B)―(A)
⑤ (D)―(B)―(A)―(C)

31. [서술형] 다음 글을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.31)

When he was dying, the contemporary Buddhist teacher

Dainin Katagiri wrote a remarkable book called Returning to
Silence. Life, he wrote, “is a dangerous situation.” (A) The
weakness of life makes it precious; his words are filled
with the very fact of his own life passing away. “The china
bowl is beautiful because sooner or later it will break.... The
life of the bowl is always existing in a dangerous situation.”
Such is our struggle: this unstable beauty. This inevitable
wound. We forget — how easily we forget — that love and
loss are intimate companions, that we love the real flower
so much more than the plastic one and love the cast of
twilight across a mountainside lasting only a moment. This
very fragility opens our hearts.
(1) 밑줄 친 (A) 문장을 주어진 <조건>에 맞게 다시 쓰시오.

<조건>
● 강조 구문 (It ~ that …)을 이용할 것
● The weakness of life를 강조하는 문장으로 쓸 것

(2) 위 글의 내용으로 보아, 아래 문장의 빈칸 ⓐ, ⓑ에 들어갈 말을 본문의

단어를 활용하여 각각 한 단어로 쓰시오.

→ The weakness of life is to its ⓐ________ as the ⓑ

________ of a china bowl is to its beauty.

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① The first mechanical clocks were invented in Europe at around
the start of the seventeenth century, and became the standard
33. 다음 글을 읽고 the availability heuristic에 대한 설명으로 옳지 않은
timekeeping device.
것은?33)

The availability heuristic refers to a common mistake that

② Early monasteries broadcast important times and durations with
bells, rung either by hand or by a mechanical device, such as
our brains make by assuming that the instances or by a falling weight or by a rotating pendulum.

examples that come to mind easily are also the most ③ Medieval religious institutions required clocks because they

important or prevalent. It shows that we make our decisions regulated daily prayer and work schedules precisely.

based on the recency of events. We often misjudge the

④ The widespread use of clocks and immense public clocks was
followed by the innovation of the pendulum in the seventeenth
frequency and magnitude of the events that have happened century.

recently because of the limitations of our memories. ⑤ When mechanical clocks came into use, they were often wound

According to Harvard professor, Max Bazerman, managers at least seven times a say to serve time rather than to keep

conducting performance appraisals often fall victim to the

time.

availability heuristic. The recency of events highly

influences a supervisor’s opinion during performance 35. 다음 글의 ①~⑤ 중 (A)가 가리키는 것과 같은 것은?35) [
appraisals. Managers give more weight to performance Since we know we can’t completely eliminate our biases, we
during the three months prior to the evaluation than to the need to try to limit the harmful impacts they can have on
previous nine months of the evaluation period because the the objectivity and rationality of our decisions and
recent instances dominate their memories. The availability judgments. ① It is important that we are aware when one
heuristic is influenced by the ease of recall or retrievability of our cognitive biases is activated and make a conscious
of information of some event. Ease of recall suggests that if choice to overcome (A) that bias. We need to be aware of
something is more easily recalled in your memory, you the impact the bias has on our decision making process and
think that it will occur with a high probability. our life. Then we can choose an appropriate de-biasing
strategy to combat ② it. After we have implemented a
① relying on the ease with which something comes to mind instead
strategy, we should check in again to see if ③ it worked
of the content of what comes to mind when making a decision
in the way we had hoped. If ④ it did, we can move on
and make an objective and informed decision. If ⑤ it didn’t,
② overvaluing and overestimating the probability and likelihood of
things that we can remember easily
③ making a judgment that vehicle theft is much more common than we can try the same strategy again or implement a new
it really is, after seeing news reports about car thefts
④ judging that events which immediately spring to the forefront of
one until we are ready to make a rational judgment.
thoughts are more frequent than others
⑤ in assessing the probability of an event, employing a strategy to
examine the source of information about the event

34. 다음 글을 읽고, 추론할 수 있는 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?34)

The invention of the mechanical clock was influenced by

monks who lived in monasteries that were the examples of
order and routine. They had to keep accurate time so that
monastery bells could be rung at regular intervals to
announce the seven hours of the day reserved for prayer
and to let people know when to participate in manual labor.
Early mechanical clocks were nothing more than a weight
tied to a rope wrapped around a revolving drum. Time was
determined by watching the length of the weighted rope.
The discovery of the pendulum in the seventeenth century
led to the widespread use of clocks and enormous public
clocks. Eventually, keeping time turned into serving time.
People started to follow the mechanical time of clocks rather
than their natural body time. They ate at meal time, rather
than when they were hungry, and went to bed when it was
time, rather than when they were sleepy. Even periodicals
and fashions became “yearly.” The world had become
orderly.

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human-computer combination allows the results of human
v 다음 글을 읽고 물음에 답하시오. thought ⓕ to be translated into efficient processing of
Habits create the foundation for mastery. In chess, it is only large amounts of data.
after the basic movements of the pieces ① have become
automatic that a player can focus on the next level of ① ⓐ, ⓒ, ⓔ ② ⓐ, ⓓ, ⓕ ③ ⓑ, ⓒ, ⓔ

the game. Each chunk of information ② that are ④ ⓑ, ⓓ, ⓔ ⑤ ⓒ, ⓓ, ⓕ

memorized opens up the mental space for more effortful

thinking. This is true for anything you attempt. When you 39. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?39)

know the simple movements ③ so fluent that you can The boundary between uniquely human creativity and
perform them without thinking, you are free to pay machine capabilities continues to change. Returning to the
attention to more advanced details. In this way, habits are game of chess, back in 1956, thirteen-year-old child prodigy
the backbone of any pursuit of excellence. However, the Bobby Fischer made a pair of remarkably creative moves
benefits of habits ④ is always come at a cost. At first, against grandmaster Donald Byrne.
each repetition develops fluency, speed, and skill. But then,
as a habit becomes automatic, you become less sensitive to (A) His creativity was praised at the time as the mark of genius.

feedback. You fall into mindless repetition. ⑤ It becomes Yet today if you program that same position into an ordinary

easier to let mistakes to slide. When you can do it “good

chess program, it will immediately suggest the exact moves that
Fischer made.
enough” automatically, you stop thinking about how to do it (B) First he sacrificed his knight, seemingly for no gain, and then
better. exposed his queen to capture. On the surface, these moves
seemed insane, but several moves later, Fischer used these
moves to win the game.
36. 위 글의 밑줄 친 ①~⑤중, 어법상 올바른 것은?36) (C) It’s not because the computer has memorized the
Fischer-Byrne game, but rather because it searches far enough
ahead to see that these moves really do pay off.

37. 위 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈

① (A)―(C)―(B)
말로 가장 적절한 것은?37)

→ Habits are like (A)________, which form the basis for ② (B)―(A)―(C)
proficiency but, simultaneously, make us (B)________ to ③ (B)―(C)―(A)
improvement. ④ (C)―(A)―(B)
⑤ (C)―(B)―(A)
① a double-edged sword / insusceptible
② a golden key / insusceptible
③ a fruitless tree / sensitive
④ a two-sided coin / sensitive
⑤ timeless truth / vulnerable

38. 밑줄 친 ⓐ~ⓕ중, 어법상 틀린 것만을 있는 대로 고른 것은?38)

It is important to remember that computers can only carry

out instructions that humans give them. Computers can
process data accurately at ⓐ far greater speeds than people
can, yet they are limited in many respects ― most
importantly, they lack common sense. However, combining
the strengths of these machines with human strengths ⓑ
create synergy. Synergy occurs when combined resources
produce output that exceeds the sum of the outputs of the
same resources ⓒ employ separately. A computer works
quickly and accurately; humans work relatively slowly and
make mistakes. A computer cannot make independent
decisions, however, or formulate steps for solving problems,
unless ⓓ programmed to do so by humans. Even with
sophisticated artificial intelligence, ⓔ where enables the
computer to learn and then implement what it learns, the
initial programming must be done by humans. Thus, a
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40. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?40)

Intergroup contact is more likely to reduce stereotyping and

create favorable attitudes if it is backed by social norms
that promote equality among groups. If the norms support
openness, friendliness, and mutual respect, the contact has a
greater chance of changing attitudes and reducing prejudice
than if they do not. Institutionally supported intergroup
contact ― that is, contact sanctioned by an outside
authority or by established customs ― is more likely to
produce positive changes than unsupported contact. Without
institutional support, members of an in-group may be
reluctant to interact with outsiders because they feel doing
so is deviant or simply inappropriate. With the presence of
institutional support, however, contact between groups is
more likely to be seen as appropriate, expected, and
worthwhile. For instance, with respect to desegregation in
elementary schools, there is evidence that students were
more highly motivated and learned more in classes
conducted by teachers (that is, authority figures) who
_______________________.
① had a good knowledge of desegregation.
② preferred segregation to equality among groups.
③ had optimistic point of view about desegregation.
④ opposed not intergroup contact but desegregation.
⑤ supported not so much desegregation as segregation.

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