ELECTROMAGNETICS

Activity/Assignment No. 1.
(Long bond paper, to be submitted as pdf file)

1. Give at least 5 applications of electric fields with brief description (and pictures if
possible) for each application.
a) Capillary Electrophesis (CE) is a technique for analyzing and separating
unknown substances based on their mobility when an electrical voltage is
applied. The molecular charge, atomic radius, and viscosity all affect
mobility. Ions are species that migrate to opposite ends of an applied
voltage, and their motion is determined by the electric field applied. CE is
particularly valuable in micro and nanofluidics because it allows for rapid
and high-resolution detection and isolation of ionic species. The method
uses a charged capillary filled with conductive fluid, and the sample ions
move through the capillary at varying speeds, causing them to divide.

b) Tumor-treating fields (TTFields) is a method in which alternating electrical fields

impose biophysical stress on charged and polarizable molecules known as
dipoles—have been demonstrated to increase survival for patients with newly
diagnosed Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), recurrent GBM, and mesothelioma
when added to normal therapy.

TTFields are a non-invasive

anticancer treatment that
uses cutaneous transducer
arrays to deliver low-intensity
(1–3 V/cm), intermediate-
frequency (100–300 kHz),
alternating electric fields with
excellent tumor-site
coverage. Although TTFields
were first shown to inhibit
cancer cell proliferation by
interfering with mitotic
apparatus, it is becoming
clear that they have a broad
mechanism of action,
disrupting a variety of
biological processes such as
DNA repair, cell permeability,
and immunological
responses to elicit
therapeutic effects.
c) Electroporation is an electro-physical, non-viral approach to perform DNA,
RNA, and protein transfections of cells. It refers to the employment of short
high-voltage pulses to breach through the cell membrane's barrier.
Transient and reversible membrane breakdown can be caused by providing
an external electric field that just exceeds the capacitance of the cell
membrane. This temporary, permeabilized state can be employed to load
cells with a variety of compounds, either via simple diffusion in the case of
tiny molecules or by electrophoretically driven mechanisms that allow
passage through the destabilized membrane, as in the case of DNA
transfer. Electroporation was first created for gene transfer, but it is currently
used to deliver a wide range of compounds, including ions, medicines, dyes,
tracers, antibodies, and oligonucleotides, as well as RNA and DNA.
d) Electrophoretic deposition is a process, in which ceramic particles
suspended in a liquid medium migrate in an electric field and deposit on an
electrode, has piqued researchers' curiosity. In the deposition of complex
chemicals and ceramic laminates, electrophoretic deposition has significant
advantages. The stoichiometry of the powder employed determines the
degree of stoichiometry in the electrophoretic deposit. EPD does not require
particle/electrode reactions, and ceramic particles do not lose their charge
when deposited. The deposited layer is stripped away when the electric field
is reversed. For producing laminates of various ceramic materials and
getting better control of layer thickness, it is vital to utilize similarly charged
particles and similar solvent-binder-dispersant systems.

e) Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is a common approach for manipulating cells that

uses a nonuniform electric field to generate a polarizing force. Metal
electrodes are arranged on the microfluidic devices to create an electric field
gradient. The cell moves toward high or low field density regions depending
on the field stress imparted to it. The combination of DEP with microfluidic
devices has been used to alter cells for biology and medical research with
great success.

Patterning or capturing cells on microfluidic chips is one of the most

common applications of DEP combined with microfluidic devices. The cells
may be orderedly arrayed and accurately regulated at the single-cell level
because of the collaboration of the microstructure on the chip and the
electric field generated by the microelectrodes. For high-throughput cell
capturing and pairing, Wu's group created a DEP-based device. The
excellent cell pairing efficiency was ensured by the two-pair interdigitated
array electrode. This method has been demonstrated to be useful in the
research of precise cell fusion and cell-cell communication. A DEP-based
3D cell manipulation method was proposed by Wang's team. To generate
rotating electric fields, four sidewall electrodes and one clear bottom
electrode were used to rotate a single cell.
2. Give at least 5 applications of electric flux with brief description (and pictures if
possible) for each application.
Capacitors stores the potential energy of accumulated electrons in the
form of electric field. So, as the electric is established by the applied
voltage, extra free electrons are forced to collect on the negative
conductor, while free electrons are “robbed” from the positive conductor.
This differential charge, which represents the potential charge of the
electrons between the two plates, amounts to energy storage in the
capacitor. The bigger the difference in electrons between opposing plates
of a capacitor, the greater the field flux and the more energy the capacitor
can store. Here are some examples of devices that uses capacitors:
a) AC MOTORS - Motor capacitor like motor start and motor run
series is a good fit for starting and operating 50Hz or 60Hz
AC single-phase motor. Being equipped with a motor
capacitor, the AC motor of your electrical appliances could
get started rapidly and energized for continuous running
smoothly, and eventually obtain a better performance.

b) FAN - In a fan the capacitor helps the motor with two or three
stator windings in the electric fan quickly start up and run by
generating an effective rotary field.

c) TELEVISION – Hundreds of electrical components are

embedded in a television, one of these is the capacitor. The
capacitor acts as a repository to charge, store and release
electricity precisely. And those capacitors are serving the TV
as couplers between circuits, timing components and electronic
filters.

d) WASHING MACHINE - washing machine capacitors are

manufactured applying quality metallized polypropylene film,
allowing for a better stability at high temperatures. And these
capacitors also serve for the motor of the washing machine,
empowering the machine to start and run properly.

e) AIR COMPRESSOR - The air compressor capacitor is built

right in the motor of the air compressor. A start capacitor pulls
a great deal of power for the compressor's motor starting,
while the run capacitor modulates the circuit current and
voltage for the compressor's proper running in a continuous
approach.

The Power supply unit of the computers and laptops are highly
dependent on electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields. A Hard Disc
Drive (HDD) uses magnetic fields to store data and thus emits low
frequency magnetic fields, Solid State Drives (SSD) to the contrary don't
emit these fields because the storage technology is based on
semiconductors. Further relevant sources of low-frequency or high-
frequency fields are the power supply unit, the monitor or network
modules for wireless communication like WLAN or Bluetooth.

3. Give at least 5 applications of Coulomb’s Law with brief description (and pictures
if possible) of each application.
a) MIXING SUBSTANCES IN WATER - The
polarity of a substance plays a very important
role in determining its solubility in a solvent.
For example, sodium chloride or table salt is
polar in nature, which is why it gets attracted
to the water and gets dissolved into it easily.
On the other hand, oil is non-polar in nature
 hence, it does not get mixed up with water. There exists an electrostatic
interaction between the solute and the solvent. Hence, the presence of the
Coulomb’s law can be easily observed.
b) POWDER COATING - Polyester and pigments are used to make the
powder. With the help of an electromagnetic coil, the powder is positively
charged and deposited in the spray cannon. By grounding the object to be
covered with a wire, it becomes
negatively charged. The paint is evenly
deposited on the surface of the object
due to the Coulomb's force of attraction
that exists between the positively
charged powder and the negatively
charged object. It is mostly employed in
the automobile sector and for other
commercial purposes.
c) COMB AND BITS OF PAPER - When a
comb is rubbed against the hair, it
deposits charges on its teeth. The
charged comb draws bits of paper with
opposing charges or that are neutral in
nature. Coulomb's law is demonstrated by
the electrical interaction between the
paper pieces and the comb.
d) BALLOON STICKING TO THE WALL - A balloon produces a certain
amount of negative charge on its surface when it is rubbed with a piece of
cloth. When this negatively charged balloon is brought close to a neutral
or positively charged wall, it adheres to it due to an attraction between the
two. Coulomb's law lies at the heart of this entire process.
e) ELECTROSTATIC AIR CLEANSING –
Also known as Electrostatic precipitators.
By forcing air to travel through an electric
cell, an electrostatic air cleaner can ionize
dust and smoke particles in the air. The
charged dust and smoke particles are
brought into contact with a collector plate
that is charged with the opposite polarity,
resulting in a force of attraction between
the two. Coulomb's law makes it simple to
compute the amount of this force of
attraction. As a result, it is one of the most
important applications of Coulomb's law.