Review of basic anatomical, biomechanical, and physiological

information

Muscle : Oigine origin, insertion, action, nerve supply

Muscle Name Origin Insertion Action Innervation
Muscles of Upper Extremity
Pectoralis Medial half of clavicle, Crest of greater tubercle Horizontally adduct, Medical and lateral
Major front of sternum, costal (Lateral lip of bicipital medially rotate at pectoral
cartilage groove) shoulder

Pectoralis Ribs 2-5 Coracoid process Protract, depress, Medial pectoral

Minor medially rotate
scapula and elevate
ribs
Serratus Ribs 1-8 Ventral surfaces of the Protract and laterallyLong Thoracic
Anterior superior and inferior rotate the scapula
angles and vertebral
(medial) border of scapula

Trapezius Occipital bone, spines Lateral 1/3 of clavicle, Laterally rotate Cranial nerve 11,
of C7 and T1-12, and acromion,and spine of scapula; upper spinal accessory
ligamentum nuchae scapula portions can elevate nerve
scapula, lower
portion can depress
scapula
Rhomboids Spines of C7 and T1-5 Vertebral (medial) border Retract and mediallyDorsal Scapular
of rotate the
scapula scapula
Levator Transverse Processes Upper part of medial Elevate scapula, 3rd and 4th
Scapulae of border of medial rotation cervical
C1-4 scapula of scapula spinal nerves
Latissimus Thoracolumbar fascia, Intertubercular groove of Extend and adduct Middle subscapular
Dorsi iliac crest, inferior angle at shoulder, (Thoracodorsal)
of scapula and lower humerus medially rotate at
ribs shoulder, and
horizontally abduct
away from midline

Deltoid Lateral 1/3 clavicle, Deltoid tuberocity of Abduct at shoulder; Axillary

acromion, and spine of humerus anterior fibers
scapula flex the shoulder,
posterior fibers
extend the shoulder
Teres Major Inferior angle of Crest of lesser tubercle of Medially rotates Lower subscapular
scapula humerus shoulder, and
adducts at shoulder
Coracobrachia Coracoid process of Humerus Flex shoulder joint Musculocutaneous
lis scapula

Subscapularis Subscapular fossa of Lesser tubercle of Medially rotate Upper subscapular

scapula humerus shoulder, adduct
at shoulder
Supraspinatus Supraspinatus fossa of Greater tubercle of Abduct at shoulder Suprascapular
scapula humerus

Infraspinatus Infraspinatus fossa of Greater tubercle of Lateral rotation at Suprascapular

scapula humerus shoulder

Teres Minor Lateral border of Greater tubercle of Lateral rotation at Axillary

scapula humerus shoulder
Long Head of Supraglenoid tubercle Tuberosity of radius and toFlex elbow, supinateMusculocutaneous
Biceps of scapula ulna by the bicipital forearm, and flex
aponeurosis shoulder
Short head of Coracoid process of Tuberosity of radius and toFlex elbow, supinateMusculocutaneous
biceps scapula ulnaby the bicipital forearm, and flex
aponeurosis shoulder
Brachialis Humerus Coronoid process of ulna Flex elbow Musculocutaneous
and ulnar tuberocity

Lateral Head Humerus Olecranon of ulna Extend elbow Radial

ofTriceps

Long Head of Infraglenoid tubercle of Olecranon of ulna Extend elbow Radial

Triceps scapula

Medial Head Humerus Olecranon of ulna Extend elbow Radial

of
Triceps
BrachioradialisLateral supracondylar Distal radius Flexes at elbow Radial
line
Anconeus Lateral epicondyle Olecranon of ulna Extend elbow Radial
Muscles of the Hand
Extensor CarpiLateral epicondyle Base of 2nd metacarpal Extend wrist, Radial
(long), base of 2nd and 3rdabduct, radially
Radialis metacarpals (brevis) deviate wrist
Longus and
Brevis
Extensor Later epicondyle Middle and distal Extends joints from Radial
Digitorum phalanges of fingers (digitswrist to DIP joints of
2-5) digits 2-5
Extensor Digiti Later epicondyle Joins tendons of extensor Extends wrist and all Radial
Minimi digitorum joints in digits

Extensor CarpiLateral epicondyle and Base of 5th metatarsal Extends wrist and Radial
Ulnaris ulna adducts (ulnar
deviation)
Abductor Radius and ulna Base of 1st metacarpal Abduct and extend Radial
Pollicis at CMC joint
Longus
Extensor Radius Proximal phalanx of thumbExtend CMC and Radial
Pollicis MCP joints of the
Brevis thumb
Extensor Ulna Distal phalanx of thumb Extends CMC, MCP Radial
Pollicis and IP joints
Longus of thumb
Extensor Ulna Joins tendons of extensor Extends all joints of Radial
Indicis digitorum index finger

Supinator Lateral epicondyle and Wraps around lateral Supinates at Radial

ulna surface of forearm
radius

Pronator Teres Medial supracondylar Lateral surface of radius Pronate forearm Median
ridge of medial
epicondyle of humerus
and coronoid of ulna

Flexor Carpi Medial epicondyle 2nd and 3rd metacarpals Flex/Radial Median
Radialis deviation of wrist
Palmaris Medial epicondyle Palmar fascia Flex wrist, tenses Median
Longus palmar fascia
Flexor Carpi Medial epicondyle Pisiform Flex wrist and Ulnar
Ulnaris adduct wrist
Flexor Medial epicondyle of Middle phalanges of digits Flexes all joints fromMedian
Digitorum humerus and radius 2-5 wrist to PIP of digits
Superficialis 2-5
Flexor Pollicis Radius and Distal phalanx of thumb Flex wrist and all 3 Median
Longus interosseous joints of thumb
membrane
Flexor Ulna and interosseous Distal phalanges of digits Flex wrist, flex all Media to radial
Digitorum membrane 2-5 joints to DIP in side
Profundus digits 2-5 of muscle; ulnar to
ulnar side of
muscle
Pronator Distal ulna Distal radius Pronates forearm Median
Quadratus
Abductor Navicular and Base of proximal phalanx Abduct at CMC and Median
Pollicis trapezium MCP joints of
Brevis thumb
Flexor Pollicis Trapezium (superficial), Radial side of proximal Flex CMC and MCP Median; deep head
Brevis trapezoid; capitate phalanx of thumb by ulnar nerve
(deep) (superficial and deep)
Opponens Trapezium 1st metacarpal Flex and medially Median
Pollicis rotate at CMC
joint
Adductor Capitate, 2nd and 3rd Proximal phalanx (oblique Adduct and flex at Ulnar
Pollicis metacarpals (oblique), and CMC and MCP
3rd transverse) joints
metacarpal (transverse)

Abductor Digiti Abduct MCP for digit

Minimi 5
Flexor Digiti Flex MCP for digit 5
Minimi
Brevis
Opponens Flex CMC for digit 5
Digiti
Minimi
Lumbricals of Tendons of flexor Radial side of extensor Flex MCP of digits Lateral two,
the digitorum profundus expansion 2-5, extend IP median;
hand of extensor digitorum joints of digits 2-5 medial two, ulnar

Dorsal Abduct at MCP joint Ulnar

interossei of for digit 2-4
hand (4)
Palmar Adduct MCP joints Ulnar
interossei (3) of digits 2,4,
and 5
Thorax
External Lower border of a rib Upper border of rib below Elevate ribs during Intercostal
Intercostals inspiration nerves

Internal Inner surface of a rib Upper border of rib below Draw ribs downward Intercostal
Intercostals during forced nerves
expiration
Transversus Inner surface of body; Costal cartilages of ribs 2- Draw ribs downward Intercostal
Thoracis xiphoid process 6 nerves

Quadratus Iliac crest 12th rib, transverse Lateral flexion of Branches of

Lumborum process of lumbar vertebrae ventral
lumbar vertebrae rami of L1-4
Psoas Major Upper 4 lumbar Lesser trochanter of femur Flexes hip joint Branches of
transverse processes; ventral
last thoracic; upper 4 rami L2-4
lumbar discs; adjacent
vertebrae

Psoas Minor Bodies of T12 and L1 Iliopsoas fascia and Flexor of lumbar spineVentral ramus of
pectinal line L1
of ilium
Iliacus Iliac fossa Lesser trochanter of femur Flexor of hip joint Femoral nerve
Rectus Pubic crest Costal cartilages 5-7 Flex vertebral column Lower 5-6
Abdominis and intercostal
increase and subcostal
interabdominal (12th
pressure thoracic nerve)
External Lower 8 ribs Iliac crest, linea alba Compress abdomen; Lower 5
Oblique both sides intercostal,
flex vertebral column, iliohypogastic
one side (unilateral and ilioinguinal
contraction) will rotate
vertebral column to
opposite side
Internal Lumbar fascia, iliac Cartilage of lower 4 ribs, Compress abdomen; Lower 5
Oblique crest and lateral half of linea alba both sides intercostal,
inguinal ligament flex vertebral column,
one side (unilateral iliohypogastic
cont.) will rotate and ilioinguinal
vertebral column to
same side
Transversus Iliac crest, lateral 1/3 of Linea alba Compress abdomen Lower 5
Abdominis inguinal ligament, intercostal,
(Deepest) cartilage of lower 6 ribs iliohypogastic
and ilioinguinal
True Back Muscles
Superficial/Deep Origin Insertion Action
Splenius Superficial Contract one
Capitis side, rotate head
to same side;
contract both
sides to extend
head/neck

Splenius Superficial Contract one

Cervicis side, rotate head
to same side;
contract both
sides to extend
head/neck

Spinalis Superficial Spinous process Spinous process Extension, lateral

(thoracis, flexion of
cervicis, vertebral column
capitis)
Longissimus Superficial Transverse process Transverse process Extension, lateral
(thoracis, flexion of
cervicis, vertebral column
capitis)
Iliocostalis Superficial Rib Rib Extension, lateral
(lumborum, flexion of
thoracis, vertebral column
cervicis)
Semispinalis Deep Transverse process Transverse process Extend vertebral
and occipital column and head
bone
Multifidus Deep Transverse process Spinous process Rotate vertebral
column to
opposite side

Rotatores Deep Tranverse process Spinous process Rotate vertebral

column to
opposite side

IntertransversaDeep Extend vertebral

rii column

Interspinalis Deep Extend veterbral

column

Muscles of thigh
Rectus Anterior inferior iliac Patella and tibial Extends knee and Femoral
Femoris spine tuberosity flexes hip
-Anterior through patellar ligament
Vastus Lateral lip of linea asperaPatella Extends knee Femoral
Lateralis
-Anterior
Vastus Medial lip of linea aspera Patella Extends knee Femoral
Medialis
-Anterior
Vastus Shaft of femur Tendon of rectus femoris Extends knee Femoral
Intermedius and
-Anterior vastus muscles
Sartorius Anterior superior iliac Medial surface of tibia Flexes hip and knee Femoral
-Anterior spine joint
Pectineus Pectinal line of pubis Pectinal line and linea Flex, adduct and Femoral
-Medial aspera medially rotate
hip
Adductor Body of pubis Medial lip of linea aspera Flex, adduct and Obturator
Longus medially rotate
-Medial hip
Adductor Body and inferior ramus Pectineal line and linea Flex, adduct and Obturator
Brevis aspera medially rotate
-Medial of pubis hip
Adductor Ischiopubic ramus and Linea aspera and Upper: Adduct, flex, Upper: Obturator
Magnus ischial tuberosity adductor medially Lower: Tibial
- Medial tubercle on medial rotate sciatic
epicondyle of femur Lower: Adduct,
extend, laterally rotate

Gracilis Body of pubis Medial surface of tibia Adduct hip, flexes Obturator
-Medial knee

Gluteus Ilium and sacrum Iliotibial tract and gluteal Extend and laterally Inferior gluteal
Maximus tuberosity of femur rotate hip
-Gluteal
Gluteus Medius Ilium Greater trochanter Abduct hip Superior gluteal
And Gluteus Anterior: Flex and
Minimus medially rotate
-Gluteal Posterior: Extend
and laterally rotate

Tensor Fasciae Iliac crest and anterior Iliotibial tract Flex, abduct, Superior gluteal
Latae superior iliac spine medially rotate hip
-Gluteal
Piriformis Pelvis Greater trochanter and Lateral rotators of Nerve to “muscle
Superior posterior hip name”
Gemellus part of femur
Obturator
Internus Inferior
Gemellus
Quadratus
Femoris
Obturator
Externus
Biceps Femoris Long head: ischial Fibular head Flex knee, extend Long head: Tibial
- Posterior tuberosity hip sciatic
Short head: Linea Short head:
aspera Peroneal sciatic

Semimembrano Ischial tuberosity Medial condyle of tibia Flex knee, extend Tibial sciatic
sus hip
-Posterior
Semitendinosus Ischial tuberosity Medial surface of tibia Flex knee, extend Tibial sciatic
-Posterior hip

Muscles of the Leg

Tibialis Lateral condyle and Medial cuniform and 1st Dorsi flex and invert Deep peroneal
Anterior surface of tibia metatarsal
-Anterior
Extensor Lateral condyle of tibia Middle and distal Dorsi flex and evert, Deep peroneal
Digitorum and surface of fibula phalanges of extend joints
Longus toes 2-5 of toes 2-5
-Anterior
Extensor Anterior surface of fibula Distal phalanx of great Dorsi flex, invert, Deep peroneal
Hallucis toe extend joints of
Longus big toe
-Anterior
Peroneus Anterior surface of fibula Base of 5th metatarsal Dorsi flex and evert Deep peroneal
Tertius
-Anterior
(Lower fibers
of ext. dig.
longus)
Peroneus Head and lateral surface 1st metatarsal and Plantar flex and Superficial
Longus of fibula medial evert peroneal
- Lateral cuneiform
Peroneus Lateral surface of fibula Tuberosity of 5th Plantar flex and Superficial
Brevis metatarsal evert peroneal
-Lateral
Gastrocnemius Medial and lateral Unites with tendon of Plantar flex Tibial
-Posterior, condyles and posterior soleus and (powerful) and invert
superficial surface of femur forms the Can help flex knee
-Part of tendocalcaneus (Achilles
Triceps Surae tendon) to posterior
surface of calcaneus
Soleus Head and posterior Posterior surface of Plantar flex and Tibial
-Posterior, calcaneus invert
superficial surface of fibula and soleal
line of tibia

Plantaris Posterior surface of Joins Achilles tendon to Planter flex (not Tibial
-Posterior, femur posterior much)
superficial calcaneus
Popliteus Lateral condyle of femur Tibia Flex knee, medially Tibial
-Posterior, rotate tibia;
deep laterally rotate femur
Flexor Posterior surface of tibia Distal phalanges of toes Flexes all joints of Tibial
Digitorum 2-5 toes 2-5,
Longus
-Posterior, plantar flex and
deep invert
Flexor HallucisPosterior surface of Distal phalanx of great Flex joints of big toe,Tibial
Longus fibula toe plantar flex
-Posterior, and invert
deep
Tibialis Fibula, tibia and Tuberosity of navicular Plantar flex and Tibial
Posterior interosseous membrane and all tarsals except invert
-Posterior, talus
deep
Muscles of Foot
Extensor Only layer on dorsal side;I: Tendons of extensor Extends MTP joints, Deep peroneal
Digitorum O: Ant. End of upper digitorum tendons
Brevis or surface of calcaneus longus to toes 2,3,4 and going into 2, 3, 4
Extensor to proximal phalanx of can help extensor
Hallucis Brevis great toe digitorum longus
& Extensor extend all joints of
Digitorum toes 2,3, and 4
Brevis
Abductor 1st Layer Abduct MTP of big toe Medial plantar
Hallucis
Flexor 1st Layer Flex MTP and PIP of 2-5 Medial plantar
Digitorum
Brevis
Abductor Digiti1st Layer Abducts MTP of little toe Lateral plantar
Minimi
Quadratus 2nd Layer Assists Flexor Dig. Longus Lateral plantar
Plantae

Lumbricals (4) 2nd Layer Flex MTP and extends IP of toes 2-5 Toe 2: Medial
plantar
Tendons of 2nd Layer - - Toe 3-5: Lateral
Flex. Dig. plantar
Longus and
Flex. Hallucis
Longus
Flexor Hallucis3rd Layer Flexes MTP of big toe Medial plantar
Brevis
Adductor 3rd Layer Adduct MTP of big toe Lateral plantar
Hallucis
Flexor Digiti 3rd Layer Flex MTP of little toe Lateral plantar
Minimi
Brevis
Dorsal 4th Layer Abduct MTP of toes 2-5 Lateral plantar
Interossei (4)
Plantar 4th Layer Adduct MTP of toes 3, 4, and 5 Lateral plantar
Interossei (3)
Tendons of 4th Layer - -
Peroneus
Long. & Post.
Tibialis