Chapter 3 EE341 - Compressed

EE341
MEASUREMENTS SYSTEMS & SENSORS

CH3
DIGITAL SIGNAL CONDITIONING
INTRODUCTION
• Digital electronics and digital computers have taken a major role in nearly
every aspect of life in our modern world. Everyday things like automatic door
openers in stores, motion sensors in security systems, and seat-belt warning
systems are implemented with digital electronics.
• Computers are digital electronic devices. Therefore, if they are used to control
a variable such as temperature, then the temperature has to be represented
digitally. So that’s why we need digital signal conditioning.
CONT..
• Digital signal conditioning in process control means finding a way to represent analog process
information in a digital format.
• Using digital techniques to represent data, accuracy is usually lost. But digital data are much
more immune from spurious influences that would cause subsequent inaccuracy, such as noise,
amplifier gain changes, power supply drifts, and so on.
• Additionally :
• 1. A computer can control multivariable process-control systems.
• 2. Nonlinearities in sensor output can be linearized by the computer.
• 3. Complicated control equations can be solved quickly and modified as needed.
• 4. Networking of control computers allows a large complex process-control to operate in a
fully integrated fashion.
TOPIC OUTLINE:
• Review:
• Digital Information
• Digital Electronics
• Computer Interface
• CONVERTERS
• DAS
DIGITAL INFORMATION
• Digital signals themselves are simply two-state (binary) levels. These levels may be
represented in many ways (e.g., voltages, currents, frequencies, or phases). We
speak, then, of the digital information as a high state (H, or 1) or a low state (L, or 0)
on a wire that carries the digital signal.
• Digital Words: to describe analog information, this is done by using an assemblage
of digital levels to construct a binary number, often called a word. The individual
digital levels are referred to as bits of the word. Thus, for example, a 6-bit word
consists of six independent digital levels, such as 1010112
• Decimal Whole Numbers: The base 10 equivalent of the binary whole number
1010112 N10=(2)5+(2)3+(2)1+(2)0=32+8+2+1=43
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
• The electronic building blocks of digital electronics are designed to operate
on the binary levels present on digital signal lines. The basic structure involves
the use of AND/OR logic and NAND/NOR logic to implement Boolean
equations.
• EXAMPLE: Develop a digital circuit using AND/OR gates that implements
Equation:
•D = A . B + A . C + A . C . B
D=A.B+A.C+A.C.B
COMPUTER INTERFACE
• Figure (next slide) shows a simple model of a computer system.

• The data lines carry data to and from the processor.
• The address lines allow the computer to select external locations for input and output.
• The control lines carry information to and from the computer related to operations, such as
reading, writing, interrupts, and so on.
• This collection of lines is called the bus of the computer.

00101010 00100001
00100000
CONT..
• It is an important consideration for interface hardware (hardware connections)

that the external equipment must not hold a bus line in a logic state when that
equipment is not using the bus. If a data line is held at 0 by some equipment
even when it is not performing data transfer, then no other equipment could
rise that line to the 1 state during its data transfer operations. This problem is
prevented by the use of tri-state buffers.
TRI-STATE BUFFERS
• Isolation of a bus line is accomplished by making all connections

via a special digital device called a tri-state buffer. This device acts like a simple
switch. When the switch is closed, the logic level on its input is impressed upon
the output. When open, the output is placed in a high-impedance state—that
is, an open circuit.
• Example: When the computer needs to input signal A, an enable signal,E1 , is
sent to tri-state 1 so that the state of A is placed on the data line. After the
computer reads the line, tri-state 1 is disabled again.
IEEE 488 BUS
CONT…
• An instrumentation system where several intelligent devices transmit information to

one another and execute process control functions is often known as a distributed
control system.
• In order to effect the necessary communication when two or more intelligent devices
are to be connected together , some form of electronic highway must be provided
between them that permits the exchange of information.
• The electronic highway can either be a serial communication line, a parallel data
bus, or a local area network. Serial data lines are very slow and are only used
where a low data transmission speed is acceptable. In case of parallel data buses
several bits are transmitted simultaneously. *
* Morris A. S. (2001). Measurement and Instrumentation Principles, Third Edition, Butterworth Heinemann.
CONT…
• There are serious compatibility problems to be overcome when connecting

devices coming from different manufacturers because of the different
protocols used. Some examples of parallel interface buses are Multibus, the
S100 Bus and the IEEE 488 bus.
• The bus can only carry one lot of information at a time, and which unit is
sending data and which is receiving it is controlled by a supervisory computer
connected to the bus. This supervisor ensures that only one unit can put data
on the bus at a time, and thus prevents the corruption of data that would occur
if several instruments had simultaneous access.
CONT…
• For the IEEE 488 bus system, the eight status lines provide the necessary
control to ensure that when data transmission takes place between two units,
three conditions are satisfied simultaneously
1. The sender unit is ready to transmit data
2. The receiver unit is ready to receive data
3. The bus does not currently have any data on it
• ATN specify the send and receive devices to be used
• IFC put the interface into a wait state
• SRQ is an interrupt status line that allows high priority devices such as alarms to interrupt
current bus traffic and get immediate access to the bus.
• REN used to specify which of two alternative sets of device programming data are to be
used.
• EOI This status line is used by the sending unit to indicate that it has finished transmitting data.
CONVERTERS
• The most important digital tool for the process-control technologist is one that
translates digital information to analog and vice versa.
• Comparators
• Digital-to-Analog Converters (DACs)
• Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs)
• Conversion-Time Consequences
• Sample-and-Hold circuit
DATA-ACQUISITION SYSTEMS
Digital
analog PC
• Typical layout of a data-acquisition board

CONT…
• The PC can connects the bus lines to a number of printed circuit board (PCB)
sockets, using an industry standard configuration of how the bus lines are
connected to the socket. These sockets are referred to as expansion slots, such
as modem boards, game boards, ..etc are designed on PCBs that plug into
these expansion slots.
• Special PCBs called data-acquisition systems (DASs) have been developed for
the purpose of providing for input and output of analog data.
DAS HARDWARE
• ADC and S/H:

• The DAS typically has a high-speed, successive approximation type ADC and a fast S/H
circuit. The ADC conversion time constitutes the major part of the data sample acquisition time.
• Analog Multiplexer:
• The analog multiplexer (MUX) allows the DAS to select data from a number of different
sources. The MUX acts like a multiple set of switches.
• Address Decoder/Command Processor:

• The computer can select to input a sample from a given channel by sending an appropriate
selection on the address lines and control lines of the computer bus. These are decoded to
initiate the proper sequence of commands to the MUX, ADC, and S/H.
• DAC and Latch.

Chapter 3 EE341 - Compressed

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 3 EE341 - Compressed

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 3 EE341 - Compressed

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

EE341

MEASUREMENTS SYSTEMS & SENSORS

• Figure (next slide) shows a simple model of a computer system.

• This collection of lines is called the bus of the computer.

• It is an important consideration for interface hardware (hardware connections)

• Isolation of a bus line is accomplished by making all connections

• An instrumentation system where several intelligent devices transmit information to

• There are serious compatibility problems to be overcome when connecting

• Typical layout of a data-acquisition board

• ADC and S/H:

• Address Decoder/Command Processor:

• DAC and Latch.

You might also like