Chapter 3 EE341 - Compressed
Chapter 3 EE341 - Compressed
Chapter 3 EE341 - Compressed
• Digital electronics and digital computers have taken a major role in nearly
every aspect of life in our modern world. Everyday things like automatic door
openers in stores, motion sensors in security systems, and seat-belt warning
systems are implemented with digital electronics.
• Computers are digital electronic devices. Therefore, if they are used to control
a variable such as temperature, then the temperature has to be represented
digitally. So that’s why we need digital signal conditioning.
CONT..
• Digital signal conditioning in process control means finding a way to represent analog process
information in a digital format.
• Using digital techniques to represent data, accuracy is usually lost. But digital data are much
more immune from spurious influences that would cause subsequent inaccuracy, such as noise,
amplifier gain changes, power supply drifts, and so on.
• Additionally :
• 1. A computer can control multivariable process-control systems.
• 2. Nonlinearities in sensor output can be linearized by the computer.
• 3. Complicated control equations can be solved quickly and modified as needed.
• 4. Networking of control computers allows a large complex process-control to operate in a
fully integrated fashion.
TOPIC OUTLINE:
• Review:
• Digital Information
• Digital Electronics
• Computer Interface
• CONVERTERS
• DAS
DIGITAL INFORMATION
• Digital signals themselves are simply two-state (binary) levels. These levels may be
represented in many ways (e.g., voltages, currents, frequencies, or phases). We
speak, then, of the digital information as a high state (H, or 1) or a low state (L, or 0)
on a wire that carries the digital signal.
• Digital Words: to describe analog information, this is done by using an assemblage
of digital levels to construct a binary number, often called a word. The individual
digital levels are referred to as bits of the word. Thus, for example, a 6-bit word
consists of six independent digital levels, such as 1010112
• Decimal Whole Numbers: The base 10 equivalent of the binary whole number
1010112 N10=(2)5+(2)3+(2)1+(2)0=32+8+2+1=43
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
• The electronic building blocks of digital electronics are designed to operate
on the binary levels present on digital signal lines. The basic structure involves
the use of AND/OR logic and NAND/NOR logic to implement Boolean
equations.
• EXAMPLE: Develop a digital circuit using AND/OR gates that implements
Equation:
•D = A . B + A . C + A . C . B
D=A.B+A.C+A.C.B
COMPUTER INTERFACE
00100000
CONT..
* Morris A. S. (2001). Measurement and Instrumentation Principles, Third Edition, Butterworth Heinemann.
CONT…
• For the IEEE 488 bus system, the eight status lines provide the necessary
control to ensure that when data transmission takes place between two units,
three conditions are satisfied simultaneously
1. The sender unit is ready to transmit data
2. The receiver unit is ready to receive data
3. The bus does not currently have any data on it
• ATN specify the send and receive devices to be used
• IFC put the interface into a wait state
• SRQ is an interrupt status line that allows high priority devices such as alarms to interrupt
current bus traffic and get immediate access to the bus.
• REN used to specify which of two alternative sets of device programming data are to be
used.
• EOI This status line is used by the sending unit to indicate that it has finished transmitting data.
CONVERTERS
• The most important digital tool for the process-control technologist is one that
translates digital information to analog and vice versa.
• Comparators
• Digital-to-Analog Converters (DACs)
• Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs)
• Conversion-Time Consequences
• Sample-and-Hold circuit
DATA-ACQUISITION SYSTEMS
Digital
analog PC
• The PC can connects the bus lines to a number of printed circuit board (PCB)
sockets, using an industry standard configuration of how the bus lines are
connected to the socket. These sockets are referred to as expansion slots, such
as modem boards, game boards, ..etc are designed on PCBs that plug into
these expansion slots.
• Special PCBs called data-acquisition systems (DASs) have been developed for
the purpose of providing for input and output of analog data.
DAS HARDWARE
• Analog Multiplexer:
• The analog multiplexer (MUX) allows the DAS to select data from a number of different
sources. The MUX acts like a multiple set of switches.