Principles Asliii

Operant-conditioning Theory
I. Introduction,
II. Based on Assumptions
III.
A Skinner box, also known as an operant conditioning chamber, is a device used to objectively record an animal’s
behavior in a compressed time frame. An animal can be rewarded or punished for engaging in certain behaviors,
such as lever pressing (for rats) or key pecking (for pigeons).
Skinner identified three types of responses, or operant, that can follow behavior.
1. Neutral operants: responses from the environment that neither increase nor decrease the probability of a
behavior being repeated.
2. Reinforcers: Responses from the environment that increase the probability of a behavior being repeated.
Reinforcers can be either positive or negative.
3. Punishers: Responses from the environment that decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
Punishment weakens behavior.
4. We can all think of examples of how our own behavior has been affected by reinforcers and punishers. As a
child, you probably tried out a number of behaviors and learned from their consequences.
1. Positive reinforcement is a term described by B. F. Skinner in his theory of operant conditioning. In positive
reinforcement, a response or behavior is strengthened by rewards, leading to the repetition of desired
behavior. The reward is a reinforcing stimulus.
Primary reinforcers are stimuli that are naturally reinforcing because they are not learned and directly satisfy a need,
such as food or water.
Positive reinforcement strengthens a behavior by providing a consequence an individual finds rewarding. For
example, if your teacher gives you £5 each time you complete your homework (i.e., a reward), you will be more likely
to repeat this behavior in the future, thus strengthening the behavior of completing your homework.
2. Negative reinforcement is the termination of an unpleasant state following a response.
This is known as negative reinforcement because it is the removal of an adverse stimulus which is ‘rewarding’ to the
animal or person. Negative reinforcement strengthens behavior because it stops or removes an unpleasant
experience.
For example, if you do not complete your homework, you give your teacher £5. You will complete your homework to
avoid paying £5, thus strengthening the behavior of completing your homework.
A simple way to shape behavior is to provide feedback on learner performance, e.g., compliments, approval,
encouragement, and affirmation.
A variable-ratio produces the highest response rate for students learning a new task, whereby initial reinforcement
(e.g., praise) occurs at frequent intervals, and as the performance improves reinforcement occurs less frequently,
until eventually only exceptional outcomes are reinforced.
For example, if a teacher wanted to encourage students to answer questions in class they should praise them for
every attempt (regardless of whether their answer is correct). Gradually the teacher will only praise the students
when their answer is correct, and over time only exceptional answers will be praised.
Unwanted behaviors, such as tardiness and dominating class discussion can be extinguished through being ignored
by the teacher (rather than being reinforced by having attention drawn to them). This is not an easy task, as the
teacher may appear insincere if he/she thinks too much about the way to behave.
Knowledge of success is also important as it motivates future learning. However, it is important to vary the type of
reinforcement given so that the behavior is maintained.
This is not an easy task, as the teacher may appear insincere if he/she thinks too much about the way to behave.
The major influence on human behavior is learning from our environment. In the Skinner study, because food
followed a particular behavior the rats learned to repeat that behavior, e.g., operant conditioning.
Who discovered operant conditioning?
Operant conditioning was discovered by B.F. Skinner, an American psychologist, in the mid-20th century. Skinner is
often regarded as the father of operant conditioning, and his work extensively dealt with the mechanism of reward
and punishment for behaviors, with the concept being that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are reinforced,
while those followed by negative outcomes are discouraged.
The ABC Model: The three-term possible events of antecedent, behavior, and consequence. An antecedent is
something that comes before a behavior and may trigger that behavior. A behavior is anything an individual does. A
consequence is something that follows the behavior.

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Operant-conditioning Theory

2. Negative reinforcement is the termination of an unpleasant state following a response.

Who discovered operant conditioning?

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