Tissue Massage Manual

BEAUTYMASTERCLASS
BM
DEEP TISSUE MASSAGE
TRAINING
MANUAL
EXPERTS IN BEAUTY TRAINING

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section 1 - Introduction: Section 4 - Health & Safety:

Course Introduction Professional Appearance
Introduction Personal Hygiene
Frequently Asked Questions Salon Hygiene
Benefits Methods of Sterilisation
Sterilising Step by Step
Section 2 - Science & Anatomy: Ideal Salon Set Up
Skin Function Cleaning
Skin Cleaning your Workstation
The Epidermis Cross-Contamination
The Dermis Daily Salon Checklist
Skin Diseases and Disorders Index
The Skeletal System
Bones and Composition Section 5 - Consultation:
The Skull Consultation
Shoulder, Chest and Spine Consultation Question & Answer
Bones of the Arm and Hand Patch Testing
Bones of the Leg and Foot Contraindications
Skeleton Diagram Contra-actions
The Joints
Pathologies of the Skeletal System Section 6 - Bamboo Massage Process:
Body Muscles Posture
The Muscular System Massage
Muscles of the Leg and Foot Massage Movements
Muscles, Tendons and Ligaments Assessment Techniques
Pathologies of the Muscular System Range of Motion
The Circulatory System Soft Tissue Dysfunction
The Nervous System Preparation
Pathologies of the Nervous System Back of Legs
Back, Shoulders and Neck
Section 3 - Product Knowledge: Turn Over the Client
Product Knowledge Front of Leg
Massage Mediums Abdomen
Making Facial Serums Arm and Hand
Serum Blends Chest and Neck
Head
Face
Aftercare
SECTION 1 -
INTRODUCTION
COURSE INTRODUCTION
Welcome to your Deep Tissue Massage Training!
Our course is perfect for complete beginners who are new to the massage game,
who are looking to take their first step towards building a fun and rewarding career.
Are you ready to reap all of the benefits of working for yourself and increasing your
income? Our experts are ready to share our wealth of knowledge about the industry
with you.
We also welcome experienced masseuses who are wanting to expand their

knowledge and up their game in the industry, so if that's you, welcome, we are
happy to have you!
Training Academy Aims & Objectives
At our training academy, we strive to equip you with the knowledge and skills
required to perform treatments in a professional and hygienic manner, within a
commercially acceptable timeframe. The following aims and objectives have
been designed with this goal in mind:
Our Aims
To teach you the knowledge of health and safety, and anatomy and
physiology in relation to this course
To cover the background, benefits, treatments, consultation, contra-
indications, contra-actions, aftercare, equipment and products needed, as
well as the techniques required to perform a professional treatment during
the practical sessions
Our Objectives
To enable you to perform a professional treatment safely and hygienically
To ensure you can perform a professional treatment within a commercially
acceptable timeframe
To provide you with experience in carrying out consultations with
knowledge of the background, benefits, consultation, contra-indications,
contra-actions, aftercare, equipment and products needed
INTRODUCTION
A deep tissue massage is not just a firm massage where you apply more pressure,
but instead consists of different techniques that are used to allow the therapist to
work beyond the superficial muscles, usually in a specific area. During your
consultation, it is important to find out as much information as possible, so that you
can concentrate on the right area and to also ascertain if any action makes the
symptom worse.
If a muscle has been injured or is holding tension, due to poor posture, stress or
illness, then adhesions can form. Adhesions are bands of painful, rigid tissue which
can form in muscles, the tendons or ligaments and can lead to poor blood flow to
the area as well as limitation of movement, leading to pain. The purpose of a deep
tissue massage is to release the muscle fibres that have become “stuck”, in order to
remove toxins and to encourage blood to circulate again. It is important to note that
clients should be referred to another professional such as an Osteopath, a
Physiotherapist or Sports Massage therapists if you suspect that there is an injury
that warrants expert advice. Always work within your own limitations.
FREQUENTLY ASKED
QUESTIONS
Q: What is a Deep Tissue Massage?

A: This is a type of holistic treatment which is a specific type of massage that works
on the deep layers of muscle and fascia in the body.
Q: What is the treatment good for?

A: It helps to relieve stress and build up tension all over the body, can improve the
skins texture and tone due to improving the circulation, can help break down the fat
deposits and with lymphatic drainage eliminate cellulite and toxins. It can increase
joint and muscle flexibility. Increases levels of energy after reaching deep relaxation.
Can promote a restful sleep and may help with sleeping disorders to calm the mind.
It can also help with medical conditions such as Arthritis due to the warming
sensation and increasing the blood flow; back ache due to the stretching and rolling
of the muscles and the heat from the bamboo sticks; respiratory problems due to
the calming, relaxing nature of treatment that slows respirations and
headaches/migraines as the treatment releases stress and tension.
Q: What does the treatment include?

A: After laying down on the massage table, the therapist applies oil on your body to
get your skin ready. The massage therapist will then warm up the muscles with light
pressure, before massaging either the targeted area or the full body with slow
strokes and applying deep pressure with the head, neck, shoulders, back, arms,
hands, legs, feet and abdomen.
Q: How long does the treatment take?

A: A massage can be made available as 30 minute or 60 minute options.
Q: How often should we have a deep tissue massage?

A: This will depend on the client and the reason for treating. The treatment is very
remedial and many clients find that it quickly relieves any acute muscle pain that
they may be experiencing. It is also very effective if used as a preventative
treatment.
BENEFITS
Deep Tissue Massage has many benefits:

Increases the range of motion (ROM) in joints improves blood flow to muscles
Breaks down and reduces adhesions
Can aim to improve postural faults
Can aim to relieve muscle spasm and tension
Improves the distribution of oxygen and nutrients to muscles
Reduces stress on other muscle groups which may be overcompensating loosens
the fascia of the muscle
During the period of increase, blood circulation is stimulated, making it more
efficient at delivering nutrients and oxygen to the area's cells and removing
cellular waste.
Muscle tone, skin tone, and colour perception will all benefit from improved
circulation.
Manual friction promotes lymphatic drainage, which allows waste from tissues to
be removed and the immune system to function more effectively.
Muscle and joint tension can be relieved by a good massage.
It has a calming and relaxing effect on the client.
When is it best to avoid providing a massage?

Over open cuts or wounds to prevent cross infection or bacteria introduction.
Scars that have recently been stretched
Anywhere there is an infection or inflammation
Applied to bruised areas
Restrict the massage over painful, inflamed joints, such as in clients with
arthritis, whose joints should be avoided during the massage. Restrict the
massage over any painful joint.
NOTES
SECTION 2 -
SCIENCE
&ANATOMY
SKIN FUNCTION
The functions of skin are as follows:
Sensation: The primary sensory organ for pain, pressure, touch, and
temperature.
Heat Regulation: The body temperature is regulated by sweating to reduce heat
buildup and shivering to combat cold.
Absorption: Certain lotions, oils, and medicines can be absorbed through the
skin.
Protection - Too much UV light can damage the skin, thus to defend itself, the
skin produces Melanin, a pigment that gives skin its tan. The Acid Mantle is a
defence mechanism that keeps germs and bacteria out of the skin. Moreover,
this barrier aids in preventing moisture loss.
Excretion: Through the sweat glands, the body rids itself of waste and
pollutants.
Secretion: Sebum and perspiration are secreted onto the skin's surface during
secretion. The perspiration and sebum combine to generate the acid mantle,
which keeps the skin supple and moisturised.
Production of Vitamin D: The body needs vitamin D for the development of
strong bones and clear vision. Vitamin D is produced in the body when UV rays
from the sun are absorbed.
SKIN
Epidermis - protects underlying tissue from infection, dehydration, chemicals and

mechanical stress.
Dermis - contains tough connective tissue as well as different types of cells and
glands.
Hypodermis - made up of fat and connective tissue, this layer plays many important
roles in your body.
Hair Sensory nerve endings

Sweat pore
Epidermis
Pili arrector muscles
Sebaceous gland
Dermis Nerve
Hair bulb
Sensory nerve
Hypodermis
Arteriole
Sweat gland Fat, Collagen Venule

THE EPIDERMIS
The epidermis protects underlying tissue from infection, dehydration, chemicals and
mechanical stress. The epidermis is made up of 5 layers of cells, these are
structured like a brick wall.
The 5 layers of the epidermis are known as:

Stratum Germinativum (Germinating Layer) - This is a single layer of soft cuboid
cells. These cells divide to form new cells which push the adjacent ones nearer
the surface. The cells also divide to repair surface damage to the skin. Smaller
cells called melonocytes are also present in this layer, they produce granules or
melanosomes. These contain the yellow, brown or black pigment melanin which
is the main pigment agent in skins.
Stratum Spinosum (Prickle Cell Layer) - This layer contains living cells with spiny
outgrowths which form bridges between the cells. This layer receives the
pigmentation caused by melanin production from the melanocytes situated
within the germinating layer.
The Stratum Germinativum and the Stratum Spinosum together form the living
layer of the epidermis known as the Malpighian layer.
Stratum Granulosum (Granular Layer) - This is an area where a lot of change
takes place in the cells. The nuclei of the cells break down leading to the death
of the cells. Keratin is produced in this layer and the cells become harder and
flatter.
Stratum Lucidium (Clear Layer) - This is a very shallow layer in facial skin but is
thicker on the soles of feet and palms of the hands. The Stratum Lucidium will
increase in these areas to form protection against friction. The flattened cells in
this layer are completely filled with keratin and are translucent in appearance.
Stratum Corneum (Horny Layer) - This is the outer layer of the epidermis and
consists of flat dead cells of keratin. The cells are constantly being shed
(desquamated) from the surface of the skin.
THE EPIDERMIS
New cells are constantly being formed in the bottom most layer and they push the
older cells towards the surface. As the cells get pushed upwards, they become flat,
hard and eventually die (keratinisation), forming a dead layer at the surface.
The cells on the surface of the epidermis are like overlapping tiles and are
constantly being shed. These cells contain the protein Keratin, the same substance
that the scales of reptiles and feathers of birds are made of. Keratin makes the skin
waterproof and tough and adds to its protective function. The epidermis contains a
dark pigment called melanin. Ethnic skins contain higher levels of melanin than
Caucasian skins. Oriental skins have an additional pigment called carotene which
gives their skin a yellowish tone. Although Caucasian skins do not have such high
levels of melanin, the amount is increased by the action of ultra-violet light on the
skin which stimulates pigment producing cells called melanocytes to produce more
protective pigment.
Stratum corneum
Granular cell layer

Dead keratinocyte
spinous layer
Keratinocyte
Langerhans cells
Melanin
Melanocyte Basal layer
Merkel cell
Basal lamina
THE DERMIS
The dermis contains tough connective tissue as well as different types of cells and glands. It
is composed of a network of tough connective tissue fibres, blood, lymph capillaries and
sense organs. Towards the bottom of the dermis there are sweat glands from which narrow
sweat ducts run to the surface of the skin. Projecting out of the skin are hairs. Each hair
projects from a hair follicle and its root is situated deep in the dermis. Opening into the hair
follicles are glands which produce oil, they are known as sebaceous glands, the oil they
produce is known as sebum, this keeps the hair supple and helps make the skin waterproof.
The average thickness of the dermis is 3mm and it is made up of 2 regions:

1. The Papillary Layer - This region interlocks with the epidermis in series of ridges
sometimes referred to as the dermal papillae. This layer is continuous around each hair
follicle forming a connective tissue sheath. The papillary layer contains a network of
blood capillaries to supply the needs of the living cells in this region. The papillary
region is made up of collagen fibres, with non-elastic protein fibres and some yellow
elastic fibres.
2. The Reticular Layer - This lies beneath the papillary layer and is made up of a dense
network of collagen fibres that are arranged in layers and between which there are
many elastic fibres.
This arrangement allows the skin to stretch but return to its original form when the
stretching forces are removed. A jelly-like ground material of mucopolysaccharides absorbs
considerable amounts of water making the skin turgid or taut.
Dermal Cells
There are 3 main types of cells in the dermis:
Mast Cells - When the skin is damaged, they secrete histamine which results in dilation
of the blood vessels, increasing blood flow and aiding healing.
Leucocytes - These cells are white blood corpuscles that can deal with bacteria or
foreign material present in the skin which could lead to infection.
Fibroblasts - These are involved in collagen fibre production as well as producing the
ground material of the dermis.
SKIN DISEASES AND
DISORDERS
NAME APPEARANCE CAUSE CATEGORY
Inflammation of Allergic reaction to

Dermatitis the skin, swelling & contact with Allergy
redness allergen
Flat top/warty
Seborrheic Warts Ageing Fungal
looking lesion
Viral infection
Red sore/scab transmitted by
usually on side of contact with
Herpes simplex Viral
the mouth also another infected
none as a cold sore area. Highly
contagious
Same as Herpes
Warts Small solid growth Viral
simplex
Mite transmitted
by direct skin to
skin contact
typically from itchy Infestation by a
Scabies Itchy white spots
infected area and mite, fungal
transporting mite
to someone else
under fingernails
SKIN DISEASES AND
DISORDERS
NAME APPEARANCE CAUSE CATEGORY
The immune
system sends out a Chronic recurring
Red itchy scaly
faulty signal that skin disease which
Psoriasis patches erupting
speeds up the can be pustular or
on skin
growth cycle of non pustular
skin cells
Dilation of minute
Redness on nose
Acne Rosacea capillaries in the Skin disorder
and cheeks
skin
Red spot which

Highly contagious.
blisters then
Spread through
Impetigo discharges Bacterial
direct contact and
developing a
itching
yellow crust
Manifestation of
immature
Small harmless
sebaceous glands
Milia pinhead cysts also Benign cyst
and become
called milk spots
blocked with
keratin
Same as dermatitis:
redness is due to
dilated blood vessels
and as fluid Allergic reaction
Eczema Allergy
accumulates itching, Stress
and swelling occurs.
Weeping skin can then
become infected
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
The Skeletal System serves many important functions; it provides the shape and
form for our bodies in addition to supporting, protecting, allowing bodily movement,
producing blood for the body, and storing minerals.
Functions
Its 206 bones form a rigid framework to which the softer tissues and organs of the
body are attached.
Vital organs are protected by the skeletal system. The brain is protected by the
surrounding skull, and the heart and lungs are encased by the sternum and rib
cage.
Bodily movement is carried out by the interaction of the muscular and skeletal
systems. For this reason, they are often grouped together as the muscular-
skeletal system. Muscles are connected to bones by tendons. Bones are
connected to each other by ligaments. A joint is where bones meet one another.
Muscles which cause movement of a joint are connected to two different bones
and contract to pull them together. An example would be the contraction of the
biceps and a relaxation of the triceps. This produces a bend at the elbow. The
contraction of the triceps and relaxation of the biceps produces the effect of
straightening the arm.
Blood cells are produced by the marrow located in some bones. An average of
2.6 million red blood cells are produced each second by the bone marrow to
replace those worn out and destroyed by the liver.
Bones serve as a storage area for minerals such as calcium and phosphorus.
When an excess is present in the blood, buildup will occur within the bones.
When the supply of these minerals within the blood is low, it will be withdrawn
from the bones to replenish the supply.
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
Divisions of the Skeleton

The human skeleton is divided into two distinct parts:
The axial skeleton consists of bones that form the axis of the body and support and
protect the organs of the head, neck, and trunk:
- Skull
- Sternum
- Ribs
- Vertebral Column.
The appendicular skeleton is composed of bones that anchor the appendages to the
axial skeleton:
- Upper Extremities
- Lower Extremities
- Shoulder Girdle
- Pelvic Girdle.
(The sacrum and coccyx are considered part of the vertebral column)
BONES & COMPOSITION
Types of Bone
The bones of the body fall into four general categories: long bones, short bones, flat
bones, and irregular bones.
Long bones are longer than they are wide and work as levers. The bones of the
upper and lower extremities (e.g. humerus, tibia, femur, ulna, metacarpals, etc.)
are of this type.
Short bones are short, cube-shaped, and found in the wrists and ankles. Flat
bones have broad surfaces for protection of organs and attachment of muscles
(e.g. ribs, cranial bones, bones of shoulder girdle).
Irregular bones are all others that do not fall into the previous categories. They
have varied shapes, sizes, and surface features and include the bones of the
vertebrae and a few in the skull.
Bone Composition
Bones are composed of tissue that may take one of two forms. Compact or dense
bone, spongy or cancellous bone. Most bones contain both types.
Compact bone is dense, hard, and forms the protective exterior portion of all
bones.
Spongy bone is inside the compact bone and is very porous (full of tiny holes).
Spongy bone occurs in most bones.
The charts on the following pages show the main bones that you will need to have
good knowledge of.
THE SKULL
NAME PURPOSE
Makes up your forehead and also the roof of your eye sockets. It joins
frontal
with the parietal and temporal bones
parietal Forms the roof and sides of the cranium
occipital situated at the back of the cranium
temporal situated on both sides of the cranium
located at the front of the temples and contains a sinus cavity and
sphenoid
houses the pituitary gland
ethmoid forms the roof of the nasal passage
nasal forms the bridge of the nose
lacrimal the most fragile bone of the face and is part of the eye socket
maxilla forms the upper jaw and is the largest facial bone
mandible forms the lower jaw and is the strongest of the skull
zygomatic form the angle of the cheeks

THE SKULL
NECK, SHOULDER, CHEST
& SPINE
NAME POSITION
Cervical version The neck
Hyoid U-shaped bone at the front of the neck
Clavicle Slender long bones at the base of neck
Scapula Triangular bones in the upper back
Humerus Upper arm
Sternum Breast bone
We have 7 bones in the neck, which form the cervical vertebrae.

Our shoulders have 4 bones. These are 2 clavicles (collar bones) and 2
scapulae (shoulder bones).
The sternum is a dagger shaped bone located in the centre of the chest. It helps
protect the heart, along with the ribs, which are thin, flat curved bones.
There are 24 bones which make up the ribs, and these are arranged in 12 pairs.
The spine, technically called the vertebral column, consists of 33 irregular
shaped bones called vertebrae. Arranged within 5 sections, these bones make up
the: cervical (neck), thoracic (chest), lumbar (lower back),sacrum (back wall of
pelvic girdle), coccyx (tail bone).
In between these vertebrae are vertebral discs which are made up of fibrous
cartilage which acts as a shock absorber. Sometimes a disc may collapse. This is
called a “slipped disc” and can cause intense pain as the disc presses on a nerve
root. Massage may be of a great benefit if this happens.
SHOULDER, CHEST AND
SPINE
The cervical vertebrae, which make up our neck, are comprised of seven bones.
Four bones make up our shoulders. These are two scapulae and two clavicles, or
collar bones (shoulder bones).
The centre of the chest contains the sternum, a bone with a dagger-like form.
Together with the ribs, which are tiny, flat-curved bones, it aids in protecting the
heart. The ribs are made up of 24 bones, which are grouped in 12 pairs.
SHOULDER, CHEST AND
SPINE
There are 33 irregularly shaped bones, known as vertebrae, that make up the spine,
also known as the vertebral column. These five groups of bones—the cervical (neck),
thoracic (chest), lumbar (lower back), sacrum (back wall of pelvic girdle), and coccyx
—are arranged in a certain order (tail bone).
Vertebral discs, which are formed of fibrous cartilage and serve as a shock absorber,
are located between these vertebrae. A disc may occasionally collapse. As the disc
presses on a nerve root, this condition is known as a "slipped disc" and can be quite
painful. In this case, massage might be quite helpful.
BONES OF THE ARM AND
HAND
The forearm is made up of two bones: the radius and ulna. The ulna is the larger of
these two bones. The radius and ulna on the forearm form a hinge with the upper
arm bone called the humerus and this enables the arm to flex and extend.
The wrist is made up of eight individual bones called the carpals and are named:
trapezium, trapezoid, scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, pisiform, capitate and hamate.
The palm of the hand is made up of bones called the metacarpals and the finger
bones are called the phalanges. The fingers are made up of three bones except for
the thumb, which has two.
BONES OF THE LEG AND
FOOT
The tibia and the fibula are the bones that make up the lower leg. The tibia is
normally called the shinbone, the fibula forms part of the ankle joint.
Seven bones, all with individual names, make up the tarsals. They are called:
calcaneum, talus, cuboid, outer cuneiform, middle cuneiform, inner cuneiform,
navucular and five metatarsals. Together they support the major arches of the foot.
The toes are made of phalanges like the fingers. Big toes have two phalanges and
the others have three.
SKELETON DIAGRAM
THE JOINTS
Fibrous
Fibrous joints connect bones without
allowing any movement. The bones of
your skull and pelvis are held together
by fibrous joints. The union of the
spinous processes and vertebrae are
fibrous joints.
Cartilaginous
Cartilaginous joints are joints in which
the bones are attached by cartilage.
These joints allow for only a little
movement, such as in the spine or
ribs.
Synovial
Synovial joints allow for much more
movement than cartilaginous joints.
Cavities between bones in synovial
joints are filled with synovial fluid.
This fluid helps lubricate and protect
the bones.
Growth and Repair of Bones

Bone is continually going through a system of growth and repair called ossification.
There are two stages of ossification, with the first stage consisting of the cartilage
being covered with a layer of osteoblasts, which are cells that are constantly
forming new bone, using calcium and other minerals. Further cells called osteoclasts
then break down the calcium to prevent the bones becoming too dense whilst the
bones get larger. There are also old bone cells called osteocytes which are mature
cells that store the calcium of the body.
PATHOLOGIES OF THE
SKELETAL SYSTEM
POSTURAL DEFECTS MEANING
Kyphosis Excessive curvature at the top of the spine.
Scoliosis Curvature of the spine to one side.
Lordosis Inward curve of the lower back.
Cervical spondylitis Arthritis of the spine in the neck.
FRACTURES MEANING
Fracture causing little damage to the surrounding tissue.

Simple
The skin remains intact.
Compound The bone is sticking through the skin.
Comminuted The bone breaks into several pieces.
Greenstick The bone is bent and broken on only one side.
Impacted One broken fragment is impacted into the end of another.
Complicated When the broken bone causes damage to other organs.

PATHOLOGIES OF THE
SKELETAL SYSTEM
SKELETAL DISEASE MEANING
Gout Type of arthritis in one or more joints, usually the big toe.
Paget’s Normal cycle of bone renewal and repair is disrupted.
Osteoarthritis Arthritis where bony spurs grow.
Osteoporosis Weak and fragile bones.
Rheumatoid arthritis Arthritis that attacks the cells that line the joints.
Softening and weakening of bones that can cause bow

Rickets
legs.
Scleroderma Targets the connective tissue of skin, muscles and organs.
Synovitis Inflammation of the synovial membrane.
A form of inflammatory arthritis, affecting the joints of the

Ankylosing Spondilitis
lower back.
An autoimmune disorder that can affect many parts of the

Systemic Lupus
body including the joints, where the body attacks its own
Erythematosus
tissue.
BODY MUSCLES
Ligaments and Tendons

Collagenous tissue makes up ligaments and tendons, which join bone to bone and
muscle to bone respectively. When muscles contract to create movement, the
tendons are pulled, which in turn pulls on the muscles. While tendons let us move,
ligaments help to stabilise the joints.
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
The muscular system is the body's network of tissues that controls movement both
of the body and within it. Walking, running, jumping: all these actions propelling the
body through space are possible only because of the contraction (shortening) and
relaxation of muscles.
These major movements, however, are not the only ones directed by muscular
activity. Muscles make it possible to stand, sit, speak, and blink. Even more, were it
not for muscles, blood would not rush through blood vessels, air would not fill
lungs, and food would not move through the digestive system. In short, muscles are
the machines of the body, allowing it to work.
The muscles of the body are divided into three main types: skeletal, smooth, and
cardiac.
There are just over 650 skeletal muscles in the whole human body. As their name
implies, skeletal muscles are attached to the skeleton and move various parts of the
body. They are composed of tissue fibres that are striated/striped. The alternating
bands of light and dark result from the pattern of the filaments (threadlike proteins)
within each muscle cell. Skeletal muscles are called voluntary muscles because a
person controls their use, such as in the flexing of an arm or the raising of a foot.
Smooth muscle is found in the stomach and intestinal walls, in artery and vein walls,
and in various hollow organs. They are called involuntary muscles because a person
generally cannot consciously control them. They are regulated by the autonomic
nervous system (a division of the nervous system that affects internal organs such
as the heart, lungs, stomach and liver). Unlike skeletal muscles, smooth muscles
have no striations/stripes. In a vessel or organ, smooth muscles are arranged in
sheets or layers. Often, there are two layers, one running circularly (around) and the
other longitudinally (up and down). As the two layers alternately contract and relax,
the shape of the vessel or organ changes and fluid or food is propelled along.
Smooth muscles contract slowly and can remain contracted for a long period of time
without tiring.
Cardiac muscle, called the myocardium, is found in only one place in the body: the
heart. It is a unique type of muscle and like smooth muscle it is involuntary,
controlled by the autonomic nervous system. The myocardium is composed of thick
bundles of muscle that are twisted and whorled into ring-like arrangements.
Forming the walls of the chambers of the heart, the myocardium contracts to pump
blood throughout the body.
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Muscle tone refers to the amount of tension or resistance to movement in a muscle.

Muscle tone is what enables us to keep our bodies in a certain position or posture.
A change in muscle tone is what enables us to move. For example, to bend your arm
to brush your teeth, you must shorten (increase the tone of) the bicep muscles on
the front of your arm at the same time you are lengthening (reducing the tone of)
the tricep muscles on the back of your arm. To complete a movement smoothly, the
tone in all muscle groups involved must be balanced. The brain must send messages
to each muscle group to actively change its resistance.
Muscle tissue has four main characteristics which allow it to carry out its function. It
is able to respond to stimuli (Excitability). It can contract (Contractibility). It can
extend without tearing (Extensibility) and it can return to its normal shape
(Elasticity)
Growth and Repair of the Muscles

Muscle hypertrophy is the term used for when a muscle cell grows in size, and the
commonest reason for this is due to exercise, where there will be an increase in
muscle fibre. When a muscle is damaged (torn) the body has to repair it and will do
this by using satellite cells which fuse with the ends of the damaged fibre. If the
damage is constant then the process will repeat itself so that more satellite cells are
used which will create growth of the muscle.
The charts on the following pages show the main muscles that you will need to have
a good knowledge of.
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
MUSCLES OF THE CHEST & UPPER ARM
NAME LOCATION ACTION
Used in throwing and climbing;

Pectoralis major Across upper chest
adducts arms
Underneath pectoralis Draws shoulders downwards and

Pectoralis minor
major forwards
Lifts arms sideways, forwards and

Deltoids Surrounds shoulders
backwards
Flexes elbow; supinates the

Biceps Front of upper arm
forearm and hand
Triceps Back of upper arm Extends the elbow
Brachialis Under the biceps Flexes the elbow

THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
MUSCLES OF THE HAND & FOREARM
On the thumb-side of the

Brachio radialis Flexes the elbow
forearm
Flexes and bends the wrist

Flexors Middle of the forearm
drawing it towards the forearm
Little finger side of the Extends and straightens the wrist

Extensors
forearm and hand
Palm of the hand below Flexes the thumb and moves it

Thenar muscle
the thumb outwards and inwards
Hypothenar Palm of hand below little Flexes little finger and moves it
muscle finger outwards and inwards
MUSCLES OF THE ABDOMEN
Front of abdomen from Flexes the spine; compresses the

Rectus abdominis
the pelvis to the sternum abdomen; tilts the pelvis
Internal – either side of

the rectus abdominis. Both compress the abdomen and
Oblique’s
External – lies on top of twist the trunk
the internal oblique’s
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
MUSCLES OF THE BACK
The back of the neck and Moves scapula up, down and back;
Trapezius
collar-bones raises the clavicle
Used in rowing and climbing;

Latissimus dorsi Across the back adducts the shoulder downwards
and pulls it backwards
Three groups of muscles

which lie either side of the Extends the spine; keeps body in
Erector spinae
spine from the neck to the an upright position
pelvis
Braces the shoulders; rotates the

Rhomboids Between the shoulders
scapula
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
MUSCLES OF THE BUTTOCKS AND LEGS
Abducts and rotates the femur;

Gluteals In the buttocks
used in walking and running
Hamstrings Back of the thigh Flexes the knee; extends the knee
Flexes the knee; plantar-flexes the

Gastrocnemius Calf of the leg
foot
Calf of leg, below the

Soleus Plantar-flexes the foot
Gastrocnemius
Quadriceps Front of the thigh:

Extends the knee; used in kicking
extensor group of four muscles
Crosses the front of the Flexes the knee and hip; abducts
Sartorius
thigh and rotates the femur
Adducts the hip; flexes and rotates

Adductors Inner thigh
the femur
Inverts the foot; dorsi-flexes the

Tibialis anterior Front of the lower leg
foot; rotates the foot outwards
MUSCLES OF THE LEG AND
FOOT
Whilst there are many muscles located in the lower leg, the following are the most
relevant:
The muscles that make up the calf -

the gastrocnemius and soleus - are
the most powerful muscles of the
lower leg.
The anterior tibialis is on the front

lower leg (related to shin splints),
and dorsi flexes the foot (bends
ankle) and inverts the foot (turns
sole inwards).
The gastrocnemius plantar flexes
the foot (points the toe) and pushes
the body forward when in motion.
The soleus plantar flexes the foot

and maintains standing position.
The Achilles tendonis located in the
lower leg.
Here are some definitions of the
terminology.
Plantar flex – the action of the

gastrocnemius muscle that helps to
point the foot down.
Dorsi flex - the action of the
anterior tibialis that makes the heel
go down and the toes point up.
MUSCLES, TENDONS AND
LIGAMENTS
In order for you to understand what is happening whilst you are carrying out a
massage, it is important that you have a good knowledge of what lies beneath the
skin. Through practise, you will get to recognise when you find an adhesion, or knot
in the muscle. This can be painful for the client, so caution should be applied. As
long as the scar tissue is not recent, it is important to try and reduce the scar tissue
to prevent further problems from occurring.
Muscles
Muscles are made up of thousands of filaments, comprised of bundles called

myofibrils. A complete bundle of myofibril forms just one muscle fibre, with a
number of muscle fibres being bound together by connective tissue to form a
fascicle. A collection of fascicles make up the whole muscle.
Connective tissue, known as the muscle fascia, also covers the outside of the
muscle. Running throughout the connective tissue are blood vessels and nerves.
When muscles are damaged, through overuse etc., they are repaired by producing
scar tissue, which is made from brittle fibrous material. This can be felt as a knot
within the muscle and can be painful for the client. If the scar tissue is recent, it is
important to avoid the area as massage can aggravate it. Scar tissue can create a
reduction in blood serving that area so circulation is limited to the muscle. The scar
tissue can also clamp onto a nerve and create pain in an additional area.
Scar tissue can be broken down by using deep massage and finishing with
effleurage. Always encourage the client to drink plenty of water to help remove the
toxins that will have been released.
LIGAMENTS
Tendons
Tendons are made up of bundles of collagen fibres and create a cord like structure,
which is tough but also flexible. It extends from the connective tissues that
surround the muscle. Its main function is to attach muscle to bone, and can act as a
shock absorber. Tendons can be easily injured and can become torn or inflamed and
may need surgery to repair them.
LIGAMENTS
Ligaments
Ligaments are responsible for holding two or more bones together where a joint is
formed. They consist of a short band of fibrous tissue, made from strands of
collagen fibres, which allows the joint to move freely within a certain range.
If ligaments become loose, from overstretching, the joint itself becomes weak as
there is not enough support provided. Ligaments can become damaged if they are
over extended.
PATHOLOGIES OF THE
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
DISORDER SIGNS & SYMPTOMS CAUSE
The muscle suddenly shortens,

Sudden muscle pain,
which can be due to exercise,
Cramp mostly commonly in the
nerves or tendons shortening due
calf muscle
to age
Pain, inflammation, lack of A stretch, tear or twist of a

Sprains
movement ligament due to force
Pain, inflammation, lack of A stretch, tear or twist of a muscle

Strains
movement fibre due to force
Pain and stiffness in the

Fibromyalgia muscles, ligaments and No known cause
tendons
Causes muscles weakness

Muscular
which slowly gets worse inherited
Dystrophy
and loss of muscle tissue
An abnormal increase in
muscle tone or stiffness in May occur with spinal cord injury,
Spasticity
the muscles which will MS, Cerebral palsy, brain damage
affect movement
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
The veins and muscles that aid in and regulate blood flow throughout the body
make up the circulatory system. Circulation is the term for this action. The heart,
arteries, capillaries, and veins are the system's major components.
The left ventricle of the heart releases blood into the aorta once circulation starts.
The aorta is the body's biggest artery. There is plenty of oxygen in the blood leaving
the aorta. This is necessary for the body's and the brain's cells to function properly.
The smallest arterioles are reached by the oxygen-rich blood as it passes through
the body's network of arteries.
The blood passes via a network of veins on its route back to the heart. When the
blood enters the lungs, carbon dioxide, a waste product, is eliminated and replaced
with new oxygen that has been inhaled.
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
The nervous system is the means by which the body co-ordinates bodily systems
and informs the body about any changes in the environment.
The nerves carry brief electro-chemical messages that trigger appropriate responses
in the various parts of the body. The messages (impulses) then react and will do
certain tasks such as make the muscles contract, the glands secrete and the blood
vessels widen or narrow.
The nervous system is a very complex system in the body but is divided up into two
main parts. The Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System
(PNS).
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
The CNS
The Central Nervous System consists of the brain and spinal cord. The main
function of this part of the system is to get information from the body and send out
instructions. The CNS receives sensory information from all parts of the body. On
receipt of this information, the CNS analyses the information, and thoughts,
emotions and memories are then generated and stored. The CNS usually responds
to nerve impulses by stimulating muscles or glands, which creates an appropriate
response to the original stimulus such as a change in temperature.
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
The Brain
The brain is the most highly developed part of the nervous system and is protected
by the skull. A vast network of arteries supply the brain with blood and twelve pairs
of cranial nerves originate from the brain. Most of these nerves supply the sense
organs and muscles in the head, but some do extend to other parts of the body. The
cranial nerves are not part of the CNS but are part of the peripheral nervous
system. The surface layer of the brain is called the cerebral cortex, and is often
referred to as the gray matter because of the lack of insulation which gives it the
white appearance.
The largest part of the brain is called the cerebrum, which in Latin means “brain”
and is divided into two sections called hemispheres, which are joined by a band of
nerve fibres. These hemispheres are both responsible for different behaviours such
as hearing smell and touch.
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Brainstem
The brainstem is the lower extension of the brain where it connects to the spinal
cord. Neurological functions located in the brainstem include those necessary for
survival (breathing, digestion, heart rate, blood pressure) and for arousal (being
awake and alert).
Most of the cranial nerves come from the brainstem. The brainstem is the pathway
for all fibre tracts passing up and down from peripheral nerves and spinal cord to
the highest parts of the brain
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

This fluid circulates throughout the CNS and is located between the ventricles of
the brain and within the spinal cord.
The choroid plexus is the area on the ventricles of the brain where cerebrospinal
fluid is produced at the rate of 500 ml/day. It has two important functions. Firstly it
is needed to deliver nutrients to structures of the nervous system and to remove
any waste. CSF also acts as a shock absorber in the case of trauma to the head
through an injury or accident.
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
The Spinal Cord

The spinal cord is a long nerve tract that runs from the base of the brain, down
through the vertebral column. It consists of millions of nerve fibres which will allow
messages to be transmitted.
The spinal cord allows the brain to

communicate to all areas of the
body. It does this using 31 pairs of
spinal nerves which branch off from
the spinal cord and are part of the
PNS.
Neurons
The spinal cord is a thick bundle
containing millions of nerve cells
called neurons. A neuron is a cell
which is very long and is specialised
to be able to transmit nerve
impulses. Most of this length is
made up of the part of the cell
called an axon – this is a nerve
fibre thinner than a hair.
A neuron is triggered to fire a
nerve impulse, which travels along
the axon, which then passes from
one neuron to another by means of
transmitter chemicals.
Long axons enable nerve impulses to be transmitted very quickly. Most nerve fibres
are encased in a fatty layer called the myelin sheath. This acts like insulation and
gives the nerve its white appearance. Unlike an electrical wire, the axon of a neuron
can only transmit impulses in one direction.
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Sensory neuron's send messages

from the muscles to the spinal
cord and the brain. Special
sensors in the skin and deep
inside the body help people
identify if an object, for example
if it is hot. Sensory nerve
damage often results in tingling,
numbness, pain, and extreme
sensitivity to touch.
Motor neuron's enable the brain

to stimulate muscle contraction,
by sending impulses from the
brain and spinal cord to all of
the muscles in the body.
Damage to the motor nerve can
lead to muscle weakness,
difficulty walking or moving the
arms, cramps and spasms.
The dendrites receive the nerve impulses, which are then carried away by the axon.
The terminal button touches a dendrite of another neuron at a junction called a
synapse. Dopamine; a chemical neurotransmitter then allows the nerve impulse to
be transmitted across the synapse, which allows the message to be conveyed.
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
The Peripheral Nervous System
This part of the system is made up of all of the nerves and the wiring. This system
sends the messages from the brain to the rest of the body. The 31 pairs of spinal
nerves are part of the peripheral nervous system.
There are two types of cells in the peripheral nervous system which carries
information to the sensory neuron cells and from the motor neuron cell. Cells of the
sensory nervous system send information to the CNS from internal organs or from
external stimuli.
Much of the peripheral nervous system is concerned with voluntary response, but
there are still involuntary responses that are dealt with. This part of the PNS is
called the autonomic nervous system as it deals with automatic responses such as
smooth and cardiac muscle. The autonomic nervous system comprises of the
sympathetic and parasympathetic system. The differences between both of these
are the responses that are generated as they work in opposition to each other.
For example, the medulla of the adrenal glands is supplied with sympathetic fibres
which trigger the release of adrenaline into the blood. The parasympathetic nervous
system releases acetylcholine that decreases the heart.
PATHOLOGIES OF THE
NERVOUS SYSTEM
DISORDER SIGNS & SYMPTOMS CAUSE
Due to an injury of the facial muscle

Temporary paralysis of the
Bell’s Palsy where it becomes inflamed or
muscles on one side of the face.
compressed
Condition affecting the brain,

Epilepsy Not always known
causing repeated seizures.
An infection of the meninges, the

Meningitis membrane that surrounds the Bacteria or a virus.
spinal cord and brain.
Scarring of the myelin sheath that

Multiple protects and coats the nerves, Many theories, such as genetics,
Sclerosis creating problems with vision, environment, autoimmune disease.
sensation etc.
Neuritis An inflammation of a nerve. Trauma or injury
Brain damage causing problems

Cerebral Palsy Usually from birth or from trauma.
with movement and function.
A mental or psychological No single cause but can be linked to

Depression
condition which affects mood. life events.
Alzheimer’s A form of dementia with memory

No single factor.
Disease loss and action slips.
Pain, tingling and numbness in the When there is damage or pressure on

Sciatica
leg. the sciatic nerve.
Usually caused by problems to do

Sensation that you are moving
Vertigo with the balance mechanism in the
when you are not
ear.
NOTES
SECTION 3 -
PRODUCT
KNOWLEDGE
PRODUCT KNOWLEDGE
Having an understanding of the products and tools we will be using will help you
understand why each product is an important part of creating the perfect
dermaplaning treatment. Although these are not all the products available they are
the minimum products needed to complete the treatment.
Depending on where you buy your kit, the number of each product included will
vary. A good kit should produce at least 10 services. So what happens if you run out
of a particular product? Make sure that the company you are buying from sells the
individual components of a kit, so you don’t have to buy an entire kit every time.
You can replenish your kit by buying the specific product you need.
The beauty of carrying out a massage is that very little equipment is required.
Massage oil
A good supply of clean towels will be needed, and a uniform or appropriate
clothing if you require.
A massage table/couch.
MASSAGE MEDIUMS
Massage mediums are products used to allow the smooth flow of movements over
the skin during the massage. The medium chosen depends on the client's skin type,
the reason for massage and the client's requirements. Here are some suggestions
below:
Almond oil – Being high in nutrients, this oil has a

warming effect on the body and is useful for
stimulating hair growth. It also helps to reduce
muscular pain and tightness.
Sesame oil – High in minerals and iron. This helps to

nourish and protect the hair. It is excellent for dry
skin and hair. It can also help to reduce swellings and
alleviate muscular pain.
Mustard oil – One of the most popular oils used in

North West India. The smell is pungent and its
effects are very warming on the body. Mustard oil
can break down congestion and swelling in tense
muscles and help relieve pain.
Coconut oil – Very moisturising on the skin and hair.

It also helps relieve inflammation and can be useful
for dry, brittle hair and hair that has become lifeless
due to chemical and physical stress.
Olive oil – Has a strong smell and increases heat in

the body, which can help reduce swellings.
Jasmine oil – Has a very pleasant smell which

increases body heat and moisturises the skin.
MAKING FACIAL SERUMS
If you are performing a facial MLD treatment, having the client come away with
facial serums would be beneficial. Here are some ideas for serums you can make
and use in your treatment.
How to make your own serum:

Add 2 oz. (60ml) of carrier oil to glass bottle
Add 20 drops essential oil (1% dilution)
Gently roll bottle in your hand to mix
What are the best carrier oils for different skin types?
Normal: apricot kernel oil, jojoba, grapeseed oil, sunflower oil, sweet almond oil
Dry: avocado oil, sweet almond oil, rosehip seed oil, apricot kernel oil, sunflower
oil
Acne: jojoba, sesame oi, argan oil, grapeseed oil, evening primrose
Sensitive: sunflower oil, jojoba, sweet almond oil, apricot kernel oil, rose hip
seed oil, avocado oil, argan oil, grape seed oil, evening primrose
Oily: jojoba, argan oil, grape seed oil
Mature: rose hip seed oil, jojoba, sweet almond oil, apricot kernel oil, avocado
oil, sunflower oil, tamanu oil
What are the best essential oils for your skin type?
Normal: lavender, frankincense, geranium
Dry: geranium, lavender, myrrh, patchouli, rose, frankincense, ylang lang,
cedarwood, clary sage, Roman chamomile, sandalwood, jasmine
Non Cystic Acne: geranium, cedarwood, lavender, patchouli, tea tree, rose,
Roman chamomile, lemongrass, rosemary
Sensitive: helichrysum, lavender, rose, jasmine, geranium, frankincense,
sandalwood
Oily: frankincense, geranium, lavender, patchouli, tea tree, ylang lang, clary sage,
Roman chamomile, cypress, peppermint, rosemary, sandalwood
Mature: rose, frankincense, myrrh, helichrysum, sandalwood, geranium, lavender,
patchouli, cypress, jasmine, rosemary, lang lang
SERUM BLENDS
Face serum for normal skin:

To a 2 oz. (60ml) bottle, add..
2 oz. apricot kernel oil
8 drops lavender essential oil
8 drops geranium essential oil
4 drops frankincense essential oil
Put lid on bottle and gently roll the bottle in the palm of your hand for about 30
seconds to mix the essential oils in with carrier oil.
To use: Apply a drop of serum to forehead, each cheek, and chin. gently
massage in using small, soft upward strokes.
Face serum for dry skin:

To a 2 oz. (60ml) bottle, add…
2 oz. Avocado oil
5 drops rose essential oil
5 drops jasmine essential oil
Face serum for acne:

2 oz. jojoba
5 drops tea tree essential oil
5 drops lemongrass essential oil
SERUM BLENDS
Face serum for sensitive skin:

1 oz. jojoba
1oz. sweet almond ol
5 drops helichrysum essential oil
5 drops sandalwood essential oil
Face serum for oily skin:

1 oz. jojoba
1 oz. Argan oil
10 drops cypress essential oil
5 drops peppermint essential oil
5 drops rosemary essential oil
Face serum for mature skin:

2 oz. apricot kernel oil
5 drops rose essential oil
5 drops helichrysum essential oil
SERUM BLENDS
Face serum for combination skin:

1 oz. jojoba
1 oz. rose hip seed oil
5 drops sandalwood essential oil
NOTES
SECTION 4 -
HEALTH &
SAFETY
PROFESSIONAL
APPEARANCE
A beauty therapist should be a representation of not only their work but the beauty
industry too and therefore maintaining a professional appearance will build a strong
reputation of high standards. The ways we can do this are:
Uniform:
A tunic and plain black trousers
Flat, clean shoes
These are to be worn at all times during
working hours
Personal hygiene: should smell clean and
fresh, should not be decorated with
anything other than a name badge or that
of a professional organisation to which the
therapist is a member, wearing deodorant
at all times, good oral hygiene
Hair should be clean, tidy and secured off
of the face
Nails should be of a workable length, clean
and clear of nail polish
Makeup should be minimal and well applied
No heavy perfumes to be worn
Smokers must take extra care with their
personal hygiene - the smell of cigarette
smoke clings to fingers, clothes and hair.
Clients may find this unpleasant or
offensive.
PERSONAL HYGIENE
In the beauty industry we are dealing in a close body contact situation where the risk of
cross infection exists between the client and the therapist, as well as between the clients.
For the safety of the therapists and clients, the salon should be kept as hygienic as possible
at all times to avoid cross infection. To achieve this, having clean work surfaces, clean and
sterilised equipment and good personal hygiene is essential and must be maintained at a
high standard at all times.
Most infections can be avoided with good hygiene and this will also boost the reputation of
the therapist, the salon and avoid any unwanted infections.
The therapist should be familiar with the following hygiene principles:
Clean Hands -
The therapist should wash their hands thoroughly in-between clients and ensure that
waterproof plasters cover any obvious cuts or abrasions on the hands. In addition, any
obvious cuts or abrasions on the client in areas that may be treated must be similarly
covered. The therapist should wash their hands before and after the treatment. When it is
not possible to wash hands, an alcohol-based hand sanitiser containing at least 60% ethanol
or 70% isopropanol as the active ingredient must be used according to the manufacturer’s
instructions. Day-to-day activities in a salon entail coming into contact with potentially
contaminated people and objects. Cross-contamination is a risk if your hands aren’t clean.
As a result, it is critical to clean your hands frequently throughout the shift, especially when
leaving and returning to the salon and, most importantly, in between clients. Remember to
keep the wash area clean and sanitary. It is critical to use an anti-bacterial product that
contains skin moisturising agents so that your hands are not irritated or dehydrated as a
result of regular washing.
If your treatment involves direct skin contact, especially with the hands or feet, make sure
the clients thoroughly wash or are washed before treatment. After washing, wipe the hands
and feet with an alcohol-based sanitizer. Sanitisers provide additional protection not only
for employees but also for customers.
PERSONAL HYGIENE
Ventilation -
Appropriate ventilation is necessary at all times in the salon environment to
ensure client comfort and safety, as well as lengthened exposure to the glue
fumes for the therapist as mentioned earlier.
A balance must be struck between the desirable head and humidity levels and
sufficient ventilation for maximum client comfort. Minor infections, such as the
common cold can be greatly reduced in effect when there is adequate
ventilation.
Appropriate Footwear -
The therapist should never remove his or her shoes. Likewise, clients should
wear foot coverings at all times in order to minimalist the risk of infections from
undiagnosed athletes foot to verrucae. Clients with these infections should not
present themselves for where there is a risk of cross contamination, so it is very
important to cover the couch entirely in paper from top to bottom and replace
for every client.
Continuous Hygiene -
Surgical spirit is useful for cleaning skin, instruments and surfaces to remove
grease and organic matter - a concentration of 70% alcohol should be
considered minimal for most purposes. Items such as blankets, towels and
headbands have been commonly used and cleansed by washing. A blanket used
to wrap the beauty couch for the client should be separated from body contact
by towelling or paper. Any headbands or couch covers are washed after single
use, or paper to be thrown away and replaced for the next client.
PERSONAL HYGIENE
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) -

A new pair of disposable gloves should be put on immediately before each client
if required, and a disposable apron is advisable to protect clothing. Both should
be disposed of directly after the treatment. Hands must be washed before you
put on the gloves and immediately after you have removed and disposed of the
gloves.
How to hygienically remove disposable gloves after use:

1. Hold your right hand out with the palm facing up.
2. Pinch a portion of the glove that covers the inside of your wrist on your
right hand. Use the thumb and index finger of your left hand.
3. Gently pull the glove down about half way over your palm, revealing the
inside of the glove. Do not completely remove the glove. Let go of the glove
after you pull it down over the palm.
4. Use your right thumb and index finger to repeat these steps on your left
hand. This time, you will pinch the outside of the glove above the inner
portion of your left wrist and completely remove the glove on the left hand.
Continue holding the left glove with your right thumb and index finger.
5. Pull up a portion of the right glove with your bare left thumb and index
finger. Touch only the inside portion of the glove that has already been
revealed.
6. Remove the right glove by pulling down with your left thumb and index
finger. As you pull down, the left glove that has already been removed
should fold up inside the right hand glove.
7. Dispose of the rubber gloves in a proper container. Gloves that were in
contact with certain substances, e.g. chemicals and bodily fluids, cannot be
thrown away in public trash receptacles.
SALON HYGIENE
Tools in your station such as tweezers, cleansing brushes, wands, and your hands
can be the culprit to spread eye infection between your clients if this matter is
overlooked.
Therefore, ensuring that your room is clean and adequately sanitised should be one
of your top priorities. A failure to do so may cause damaging effects for your
clients, such as eye infections and permanent loss of natural hair (and potentially,
loss of clients, too).
Every state has different laws implemented on decontamination in the workspace. It

is in your best interest to read and be aware of your local health department's rules
and regulations.
But to start, it is good to understand the fundamental differences between cleaning,

sanitising, disinfecting, and sterilising. We have listed the variations below to help
you get a better picture.
Four primary methods of decontamination:

Cleaning: Using warm water and soap. This method helps to eliminate surface
particles.
Sanitising: Using alcohol-based products to eliminate or reduce bacteria.
Disinfecting: Using products that contain Barbicide or Germicides, reduce
bacteria to a safe level.
Sterilising: Using high heat to eliminate bacteria. This method is the most
effective in terms of killing all living organisms on hard surfaces.
Now that we have identified the four methods of decontamination, please learn
about the steps that you should take to sanitise your workstation, supplies, and
yourself.
SALON HYGIENE
1. How to Clean Your Hands - Make sure that your hands are always sanitised and
free from any contamination by washing them thoroughly in between clients with
warm water and soap for at least 30 seconds.
Also, place a bottle of hand sanitiser at your station during the service. The most
effective way to use the hand sanitiser is to apply at least a dime-sized amount to
the palm of one hand and rub both palms together for 30 seconds.
2. How to Sanitise Your Workstation - First, get rid of everything that is non-
reusable. This includes eye pads, micro-brushes, and wands.
To ensure that your workstation's hygiene is always in check, we recommend that
you sanitise everything you touched during the service with a disinfectant wipe
after a day of work. When it comes to tools that touched the clients, such as
tweezers directly, make sure to sanitise the tip of the tweezers with alcohol or
peroxide after every session.
3. How to Disinfect Your Supplies - Before disinfecting your tools, make sure
always to clean any visible debris off your instruments first, as any debris left on the
surface may lead to cross-contamination. To disinfect your tools, prepare an
approved hospital-grade disinfectant to manufacturer's instructions. Ensure all tools
are fully submerged for a specific amount of time. When time is up, remove tools
from soak with clean tongs to avoid re-contamination. Dry tools with a clean towel
or allow them to air dry.
4. How to Sterilise Your Supplies - If you want to be extra squeaky clean with your
tools, this is a method for you. However, note that this method should only be used
for heat-resistant products, like tweezers, (DO NOT use this method on any plastic
products).
To sterilise your tools, let the instruments soak in boiling water for 20 minutes and
carefully remove them with tools like pinchers and air dry them, and keep them in a
container. High heat is the best way to complete the elimination of bacteria.
METHODS OF
STERILISATION
There are several ways to sterilise metal beauty instruments, including autoclaving,
dry heat sterilisation, and chemical sterilisation. Follow the manufacturer's
instructions or consult with a medical professional to choose the appropriate
method for your instruments.
Autoclaving: Autoclaving is the most effective method of sterilisation and involves

using high-pressure steam to kill bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms. Place
the instruments in a sterilisation pouch or wrap them in a sterilisation wrap and
place them in the autoclave. Follow the manufacturer's instructions to operate the
autoclave.
Dry heat sterilisation: Dry heat sterilisation involves heating the instruments to a
high temperature to kill microorganisms. Place the instruments in a dry heat
steriliser and follow the manufacturer's instructions to operate it.
Chemical sterilisation: Chemical sterilisation involves soaking the instruments in a

chemical solution that kills microorganisms. Follow the manufacturer's instructions
on how to prepare the solution and how long to soak the instruments.
Store the instruments: Once the instruments are sterilised, store them in a clean,
dry, and covered container until they are ready to use.
STERILISING STEP-BY-STEP
Clean the Tools

Before sterilisation, it's important to clean the tools thoroughly to remove any
debris, hair, or product residue. Use warm water, mild soap or detergent, and a
brush to scrub the tools gently. Rinse them with clean water to remove any
remaining soap.
Choose an Appropriate Sterilisation Method

There are different methods available for sterilising salon tools, depending on the
type of tools and equipment you are working with. Here are some common
sterilisation methods:
Autoclave
Autoclaves use high-pressure steam to sterilise tools effectively. Follow the
manufacturer's instructions for loading the tools into the autoclave and ensure they
are placed in sterilisation pouches or trays designed for autoclaving.
Dry Heat Sterilisation

Dry heat sterilisers use high temperatures to kill pathogens. Place the cleaned tools
in a dry heat steriliser and follow the manufacturer's instructions for temperature
and duration.
UV sterilisation
Some tools can be sterilised using ultraviolet (UV) light. Place the tools in a UV
sterilisation unit and follow the manufacturer's instructions for the recommended
exposure time.
Chemical sterilisation
Chemical sterilisation involves immersing tools in a sterilising solution, such as
glutaraldehyde or peracetic acid. Follow the manufacturer's instructions for the
appropriate concentration, contact time, and method of use. Ensure proper
ventilation when using chemical sterilants.
STERILISING STEP-BY-STEP
Follow Proper sterilisation Protocol

Regardless of the sterilisation method chosen, it's important to follow these general
guidelines:
Ensure the tools are completely dry before sterilisation, as moisture can interfere
with the effectiveness of the sterilisation process.
Place the tools in sterilisation pouches, trays, or containers designed for

sterilisation. This helps maintain the sterility of the tools until they are needed.
Monitor and record the sterilisation parameters, such as temperature, pressure, or

exposure time, as required by local regulations or salon policies.
Store sterilised Tools Properly

Once the tools are sterilised, store them in a clean and dry environment. Consider
using covered storage containers or drawers to protect the tools from dust and
contamination until they are needed.
Regularly Monitor and Maintain sterilisation Equipment

If you are using equipment like autoclaves or dry heat sterilisers, ensure they are
regularly serviced, calibrated, and maintained according to the manufacturer's
guidelines. This helps ensure their effectiveness and reliability in sterilising salon
tools.
Follow local health regulations and guidelines when it comes to sterilising salon
tools. Regularly review and update your sterilisation protocols based on industry
best practices and recommendations from relevant health authorities.
SALON SET-UP
Taking the time out to clean your workstation and tools is an integral part of
your day to day duties. We suggest that you allow a 10 to 15 minutes space in
between each service for cleaning and disinfecting routines. Follow this image
for the ideal salon set up:
CLEANING
Surface Cleaning - Clean and disinfect all work surfaces, such as countertops,
tables, chairs, and spa beds, regularly throughout the day. Use disinfectants that are
effective against a wide range of pathogens and follow the instructions for proper
use.
Disposable Items - Use disposable items whenever possible, such as single-use

towels, capes, and gloves. This helps minimize the risk of cross-contamination.
Laundering - Clean and wash towels, capes, and other fabric items after each use in
hot water with detergent. Use bleach or an appropriate disinfectant to ensure
proper sanitization.
Waste Disposal - Have designated and properly labeled containers for the disposal
of waste materials, such as used gloves, tissues, and other disposable items. Empty
and clean these containers regularly to prevent the buildup of waste.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) - Salon staff should wear appropriate PPE,
including gloves, masks, and eye protection when necessary, to protect themselves
and clients from potential infections.
Client Health Screening - Before providing services, ask clients about any signs of
illness, such as coughing, fever, or respiratory symptoms. If a client appears to be
unwell, it is best to reschedule their appointment to prevent the spread of illness to
others.
Education and Training - Regularly train and educate salon staff on proper hygiene
practices, including hand hygiene, equipment sanitisation, and infection control
protocols. Stay up-to-date with the latest guidelines and recommendations from
health authorities.
CLEANING YOUR
WORKSTATION
Sanitising your workstation in a salon is essential to maintain a clean and hygienic

environment. Here's a step-by-step guide on how to effectively sanitize your
workstation:
Clear the Area

Start by removing any unnecessary items from your workstation, such as tools,
products, and personal belongings. Clearing the area will allow you to properly clean
and disinfect all surfaces.
Wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Put on disposable gloves and, if necessary, a mask and eye protection before
starting the sanitization process. This will protect you from potential hazards and
ensure a safe working environment.
Cleaning Surfaces
Begin by cleaning all surfaces, including countertops, trays, and chairs. Use a
suitable cleaning solution or disinfectant spray and a clean cloth to wipe down these
areas thoroughly. Pay close attention to high-touch surfaces, such as drawer
handles, switches, and faucet handles.
Disinfecting Surfaces
After cleaning the surfaces, it's important to disinfect them to eliminate any
bacteria, viruses, or pathogens that may be present. Follow the instructions on the
disinfectant product for the appropriate contact time. Ensure that the disinfectant
you choose is effective against a broad range of pathogens.
Tools and Equipment

Clean and sanitize all tools and equipment used during the service, such as combs,
brushes, scissors, and clippers. Remove any hair or debris, then immerse the tools in
a disinfectant solution or wipe them with disinfectant wipes. Allow the tools to air
dry or follow the manufacturer's recommended drying method.
CLEANING YOUR
WORKSTATION
Replace Disposable Items

If you use disposable items, such as towels, capes, or liners, replace them with fresh
ones for each client. Dispose of used items in designated containers or bags for
proper disposal.
Launder Fabric Items

If you use fabric items, such as towels or smocks, collect them for laundering. Wash
them in hot water with detergent and, if possible, add bleach or an appropriate
disinfectant to ensure proper sanitization. Remember to handle soiled items with
gloves and wash your hands afterward.
Empty and Clean Waste Bins

Empty waste bins regularly and clean them with a suitable disinfectant solution. This
helps prevent the buildup of waste and potential contamination.
Hand Hygiene
After completing the sanitization process, remove your gloves and wash your hands
thoroughly with soap and water for at least 20 seconds. Alternatively, use an
alcohol-based hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol content.
Regular Maintenance
Make it a habit to sanitize your workstation regularly, ideally between each client.
This practice helps maintain a clean and safe environment throughout the day.
Stay informed about the latest guidelines and recommendations from health
authorities regarding salon hygiene practices. By following these steps, you can
ensure a sanitized and hygienic workstation that promotes the well-being of both
you and your clients.
CROSS-CONTAMINATION
Cross-contamination occurs either by a person to person contact or through

indirect contact via a contaminated object. To prevent the occurrence of cross-
infection, here are rules you must follow at your salon/clinic:
Have a clear understanding to recognise signs of infection

Avoid contact with an infected person that may put clients at risk.
Regular sanitisation of treatment areas and work stations is essential.
Present clients with a fresh clean towel and/or gown during treatments.
Always wash hands before, during, and after treatments with each client.
Clean and sterilise tools, equipment, surfaces and machines in between each
client.
Wear protective items during treatments such as gloves, apron, gown and mask
where required.
Correct disposal of waste is a necessity. Dispose of all wastes in a lined trash bin
during treatment.
Drinking and eating should be prohibited inside the salon.
To avoid cross-infection, it is critical that work surfaces in the salon be cleaned on a

regular basis. Keeping work surfaces clean, organised, and tidy improves the
appearance of a salon or clinic.
Invest in high-quality cleaning products to ensure the highest level of hygiene

effectiveness. Professional-grade cleaning products designed to clean and disinfect
specific types of work surfaces. Disinfectant wipes are a must-have in your salon
cleaning arsenal because they remove small particles like dust and allergens. Spray
disinfectants or refillable spray bottles for cleaning products can also be used for a
more practical cleaning solution in areas that require them.
Phones and keyboards, which are commonly used by all personnel and clients, are
excellent hosts for microorganisms. It is also critical to clean these items with
disinfectants.
CROSS-CONTAMINATION
Salon Beds and Chairs
Salon chairs and beds are typically made of PVC or vinyl.
These surfaces are popular in salons and clinics because they are long-lasting and
easy to clean. It is critical to use a cleaning product that can safely clean PVC and
vinyl. Alcohol-based cleaning agents should not be used on these materials because
they can damage the material and cause cracking. Cracked surfaces cannot be
disinfected properly and become breeding grounds for bacteria. To protect your
clients’ health and safety, any chairs with cracked surfaces should be replaced or
recovered.
Chairs and couches must be cleaned on a regular basis. When bacteria or infection
from one client is not thoroughly removed from surfaces between clients, it can
spread to the next. To prevent cross-infection, thorough cleaning practises should
be implemented in the salon.
DAILY SALON CHECKLIST
Clean the salon thoroughly, daily.

Clean the treatment area before and after every client.
Use clean fresh smelling towels for each client, (dirty linen must be
laundered at a minimum of 60◦C).
Creams, lotion and sprays should be dispensed from purpose-specific pump
or spray bottles where possible, otherwise use a clean disposable spatula
to remove products from bottles/jars.
Replace all lids after removing products from the bottles/jars.
Sterilise all tools.
Empty bins and dispose of contents accordingly.
Check all the plugs and wires on electrical equipment and make sure they
conform to the correct standards, and are professionally checked annually.
Make sure all fire exits are clear and accessible.
Make sure your client’s personal belongings are safe.
Protect client’s clothing by using towels. The towels may also be used to
preserve the client’s modesty during the treatment.
Read all labels and follow all manufacturers’ instructions.
Know the hazardous warning signs.
Store products safely and in accordance with safety data sheets.
Report any faulty equipment/goods to your supervisor or supplier.
INDEX
Sterilisation: the highest level of decontamination. This kills all microorganisms

including bacteria, viruses, fungi and bacterial spores. Tools that come into contact
with bodily fluids require sterilisation. This is a difficult process to maintain but
should be carried out on all tools, especially if they have been in contact with blood.
Disinfection: the process of killing most microorganisms on hard, non-porous

surfaces.
Sanitation: the process of significantly reducing the number of pathogens found on

a surface such as cleaning with soap or using alcohol pads. It is the lowest form of
decontamination and is safe to use on the skin. This process will remove soil, dust,
dirt and organic matter along with a large proportion of micro-organisms from an
object.
Any item that is used on a client must be disinfected or discarded after each use.
Items that cannot be disinfected, such as mascara wands, lip applicator wands must
be discarded. Non-porous tools such as tweezers must be sterilised after each use.
Disinfectants are chemical agents used to destroy microorganisms on hard, non-
porous surfaces. To use a disinfectant properly, read and follow the manufacturer’s
instructions. Completely immerse the tools for the required amount of time and
never reuse disinfectant solutions.
Dealing with bodily fluids: if blood or body fluids have to be mopped, ensure that
disposable gloves, apron and disposable paper are used. All disposable items should
then be placed in a yellow plastic sack and destroyed by incineration.
Neat chlorine bleach should be used as the sterilising agent on blood spills. The
bleach treatment will destroy the viruses, which will cause AIDS and Hepatitis B.
NOTES
SECTION 5 -
CONSULTATION
CONSULTATION
A consultation is a one-to-one talk with your client. Here you will find out very
important and confidential information that will help you to advise and give
clients the best treatment.
Always introduce yourself to your client. The consultation is often carried out in the
room in which you are working and should be carried out before the client gets
undressed in case there is any reason that they cannot be treated.
It is extremely important to have a full consultation with your client prior to

treatment to enable you to plan the appropriate treatment. During the consultation,
you must check for contra-indications, answer any questions the client may have,
find out client’s expectations and discuss treatment options.
In addition to a professional education we recommend to create adequate

client/patient records to identify the type & nature of the clients lashes/brows and
the service provided to the client (inclusive clients signature). Keep in mind: written
and photographic records needs to be stored in a way that ensures the privacy of
the client. (Please find attached a sample of a clients record card.)
Approximately 5-10 minutes should be allocated to carry out the initial consultation.
Ideally you should be sitting face to face or next to your client to create an open
atmosphere. Avoid barriers such as a couch or a table coming between you. Holistic
treatments treat the individual as a whole, taking into consideration general well-
being, i.e. health, emotional, physical and mental states. You need to explain
carefully to the client why you are carrying out a consultation. Use open questions
to tactfully encourage the client to give you information that you need rather than
interrogating them and asking lots of direct and often personal questions. Use the
record card as a prompt rather than a list to tick off.
CONSULTATION
During a consultation, it’s important to remember that every client will have
different needs and wants. One client may prefer a subtle and natural look, whereas
another client will prefer a dramatic and very noticeable look.
Establish the client’s usual routine

Explain the benefits of the treatment to the client
Establish the requirements for the treatment and what the client is hoping
to achieve
Analyse the natural skin of the client
Fill in a record card, making note of relevant information (this will
especially come in handy with repeat clients you may have, particularly if
you build up a large client base it is a quick and easy way to see what you
have previously provided for the client)
Discuss costs
Discuss any changes the client may need to make to their usual routine
Discuss aftercare
During the consultation, ask the client to fill out a Client Record Card, Consent
Form and Medical History Form. The following information will determine if your
client is a candidate for the treatment. Failure to carefully consult with each and
every client can result in dissatisfaction, allergic reactions, and/or client inflicted
lash damage. Always fill out and review your client consent form carefully. The
client consultation is the most important part of your service.
CONSULTATION
QUESTION & ANSWER
What are your personal details?
This question is to be answered via intake forms. This should include personal
details such as full name, address, contact number, GP’s name and address.
What is your medical background?
This question is to be answered via intake forms. This should include:

Personal details: Full name, address, contact number, GP’s name and
address.
A detailed medical background including:
Specific contra-indications - These should be noted accordingly. You
will probably find as you go through that the client will lead you rather
than you having to read off a list, as this can be quite unnerving for the
client.
Medication - What medication are they taking and for what condition?
If a client is taking medication it will give you clues to their health.
Are they consulting a GP on a regular basis or under a consultant and if
so for what condition? If so you may need to check further their
suitability for treatment.
Have they had recent surgery? - You will need to consider scar tissue in
the treatment area, and there may be post-operative precautions you
need to take.
Life changing illnesses - Includes: arthritis, cancer, any disablement,
AIDS, epilepsy, diabetes, stroke and depression.
CONSULTATION
QUESTION & ANSWER
Have you ever had this treatment before?
Yes/ No - This question opens up a conversation of explaining the procedure

and why the consultation and aftercare is so important.
Do you have any known allergies?
Yes/ No - This could inform you to a sensitivity or higher potential for

allergies. This is not necessarily a contraindication.
Have you had any treatments recently?
Some treatments may constitute as a contraindication due to their aftercare

requirements. It is a good idea to have an overall idea of the clients recent
treatments and advise accordingly.
Have you experienced any life-changing conditions or circumstances?
This can include things such as puberty, pregnancy, menopause, retirement,

bereavement, divorce and any illness.
CONSULTATION
QUESTION & ANSWER
How would you class your physical fitness?
How fit is the client? A client may think they are fit and many will say they are
fitter than they really are. A resting pulse will give you a guide.
What is your occupation, lifestyle and hobbies?
These factors will give you a rough indication of free time and budget to
consider before negotiating a treatment plan. This information will give you
clues as to why the client might be getting the treatment and how to advise
for aftercare.
Personality, temperament and emotional state
This is not the sort of question you can ask but you can make a mental note of
it so that you can decipher how to treat and communicate with the client to
provide the best service possible.
And finally, at the end of the consultation when they have completed the form,
add a disclaimer and the client’s signature to verify that the information the
client has given you is, to the best of their knowledge, true and correct.
PATCH TESTING
Patch testing is a vital part of the consultation process. This must be carried out at
least 48 hours print to the booked treatment on new clients. Even if they have had
the same treatment previously by a different technician, every technician will have a
different range in materials they use - particularly adhesive. Patch testing is also
necessary if you switch products or if an existing client has not had eyebrow
lamination for over 2 years. The result from the test will be either positive or
negative. A positive result will be recognised by irritation, swelling or inflammation
of the skin. If this occurs, we recommend not to proceed with the treatment.
How to Perform a Patch Test
Massage:
Clean and dry the clients skin (a place near the jawline is ideal) and apply a
small amount of each product to the test area
Leave for 48hrs
If the client experiences itching or redness within 48 hours, they must
notify you of the reaction.
Patch testing MUST be carried out, or your insurance may be voided.

CONTRAINDICATIONS
A contraindication is a condition that serves as a reason not to take a certain

medical treatment due to the harm that it would cause the client. Contraindications
can be identified and recorded at the initial consultation. Before any treatment you
should assess client for sensitivity. If red or sore you will need to wait 24 hours for
any treatment.
If a client exhibits any contraindications while being treated, refer them to their GP
for treatment/advice. Even if you are certain you know what the contraindication is,
never tell your client. You could be mistaken. If you are unsure about a
contraindication, do not treat the client and
instead refer them to

their primary care
physician. You are always
protecting yourself and
the client in this manner.
When dealing with
contraindications,
exercise extreme caution.
It is a contentious topic,
and you never want to
leave yourself open to
further implications.
Please note that some personal circumstances and/or changing living conditions (for
instance: diseases, pregnancy, intake of medication/hormones/supplements or the
like) could have an effect on physical and/or allergic reactions.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
There are certain conditions that may prevent treatment occurring, or require a
letter of approval from the client’s GP. These are as follows:
High/Low blood pressure – clients should have medical referral

prior to treatment, even if they are on medication. There is a
risk of a thrombosis (blood clot) which could travel to the brain.
Epilepsy – due to the complexity of the condition, medical

advice should always be sought before treating a client. There is
a theoretical risk that over stimulation or deep relaxation could
provoke a convulsion (this has never been proven in practice).
Diabetes – this condition requires medical referral, as a client

with diabetes is prone to arteriosclerosis (hardening of the walls
of the arteries).
Severe circulatory disorders and heart conditions – medical

clearance should always be sought before treating a client.
Increased circulation may overburden the heart and can
increase the risk of a thrombus.
Recent haemorrhage – this is excess bleeding, either internally

or externally. Any massage should be avoided due to the risk of
blood spillage from blood vessels.
Fever – there is a risk of spreading infection as a result of

increased circulation. During a fever, the body temperature rises
to fight the infection.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Cancer – medical treatment should always be sought before

treating a client. There is a risk of spreading certain types of
cancer through the lymphatic system. Once medical clearance
has been given, treatments can help relax and support the
immune system. If the client is undergoing chemotherapy or
radiotherapy, then a letter of consent should be given by the
oncologist.
Undiagnosed lumps, bumps, swellings – the client should be

referred to their GP for a diagnosis. Treatments such as
massage may increase the susceptibility to damage in the area
by the pressure and motion.
Varicose veins – clients may be more prone to thrombosis, so

clearance from the GP will be necessary.
Medication – caution is advised in clients who take heavy

dosages of drugs. This could affect their response to treatment,
making it stronger due to the increased elimination of the drugs
from the bloodstream.
Recent operation – depending on the site of the surgery it may

be necessary to seek medical advice.
Acute infectious disease – due to being highly contagious.
Intoxication – the increase in blood flow to the head can cause

dizziness.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Thrombosis or embolism – there is a theoretical risk that a

blood clot may become detached from its site of formation and
be carried to another part of the body.
Recent scar tissue – massage should only be applied once the

tissue is fully healed and can withstand pressure.
Severe bruising – should be dealt with as a localised contra

indication.
Allergies – ensure that any oils or products used do not contain

substances to which the client is allergic.
Pregnancy - it is advisable to avoid treatment during the first

three months. Some pregnant women may experience dizziness,
so caution should be taken after the treatment.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Below is a list of contra-indications that may restrict a treatment taking place.
Sebaceous Cyst - due to the nature of these cysts being close

to the surface of the skin, and tender, it may be necessary to
avoid the specific area.
Eczema and acne – these conditions can be specific to a certain

part of the body, so should be avoided to prevent further
irritation.
Minor bruising – localised bruising should be avoided, due to

pain and the increased risk of further damage to weakened
blood vessels.
Elderly - pressure should be altered when treating elderly

clients as they are more susceptible to bruising.
Children - a lighter pressure should be given for children.

Always have a parent present when treating.
CONTRA-ACTIONS
Contra-actions are reactions of a client caused by a treatment taking place.

You must explain to your client what/if any reactions to expect during/after a
treatment.
With all contra-actions tell your client that if they do not improve within 24
hours to get in touch with their GP for advice.
Contra-actions that could occur during an eye enhancement treatment can be
categorised into two sections, and are listed in the information below:
Contra-actions that could occur during a treatment and are listed in the information
below:
light headedness
headache
extreme tiredness
heightened emotions i.e. crying
feelings of alertness
aching and soreness to muscles
It is important to explain that these symptoms are part of the healing process,
sometimes called a “healing crisis”. The symptoms will pass and are an evident sign
that the treatment has been beneficial.
NOTES
SECTION 6 -
DEEP TISSUE
MASSAGE
PROCESS
POSTURE
In order for you to be able to perform multiple massage treatments and extend your
career in massage, it is essential that you ensure you have the correct posture as
you massage.
If you are carrying out a number of treatments a day, you are going to suffer
physically if you do not have the correct positioning yourself.
It is essential that your hands are kept relaxed and loose at all times to prevent
repetitive strain injury. If you have to carry out a good deal of Petrissage, it may be
worth investing in a mechanical massager which will prevent your hands from
becoming damaged.
To prevent injury, always ensure that your back is kept straight and that your neck
is in the neutral position and not bent awkwardly. Keep your knees slightly bent in a
squat or lunge position and make sure they are not locked.
If you are applying pressure during the treatment, it should come from your body
weight, rather than from your own wrists. When you are using your hands and
wrists, it is possible to reinforce your hands. It may be worthwhile investing in an
adjustable height couch in order for you to work at the optimum height. These can
come in various designs and prices.
MASSAGE
Preparing for a facial massage

Undo the headband (if used) to expose the hair. Apply chosen medium, which may
be: a carrier oil, massage cream or blended aromatherapy oils Always remember to:
Maintain contact with the skin at all times during the massage
Keep one hand in contact whilst you reposition the other
Keep the rhythm smooth and slow
Avoid being unduly repetitive with the movements
Adapt pressure according
Avoid sudden movements
Clients frequently comment on how relaxing the massage is during the treatment. It
is also the only stage that they cannot effectively perform at home, and it has the
potential to elevate it to a luxury treatment.
What are the benefits of having a massage?

During the period of increase, blood circulation is stimulated, making it more
efficient at delivering nutrients and oxygen to the area's cells and removing
cellular waste.
Muscle tone, skin tone, and colour perception will all benefit from improved
circulation.
Muscle and joint tension can be relieved by a good massage.
It has a calming and relaxing effect on the client.
When is it best to avoid providing a massage?

Over open cuts or wounds to prevent cross infection or bacteria introduction.
Scars that have recently been stretched
Anywhere there is an infection or inflammation
Applied to bruised areas
Restrict the massage over painful, inflamed joints, such as in clients with
arthritis, whose joints should be avoided during the massage. Restrict the
massage over any painful joint.
MASSAGE
Skin type and characteristics

Clients with an oily skin will require an emphasis on calming and relaxing the
skin to reduce skin activity. Avoid too much pressure, keep the pace slow using
light effleurage and minimal tapotement.
Clients with dry skin will require more stimulating massage to stimulate skin
activity.
Clients with sensitive skin, avoid overstimulation. The emphasis should be on
effleurage and slow petrissage. Avoid tapotement and friction.
Age of client
Up to 20 – keep the massage to a minimum, aim to relax the client, use pressure
and lymphatic drainage
20-40 – slow deep effleurage, sustained petrissage, vibrations and tapotement
40+ - slow gentle petrissage and apply more tapotement to tone
Gender
Male clients should be advised about shaving - ideally they should shave a
couple of hours before the treatment.
Massage movements should include pressure and drainage movements.
Clients with facial hair - you will need to work around this or alter the direction
of your movements in the direction of hair growth to avoid irritation
MASSAGE MOVEMENTS
Deep Stroking can be used within your standard effleurage, using the palms of your
hands with the pressure coming from the heel of the hand rather than your fingers.
Ensure you are not overstretching whilst performing this move, and you may find it
beneficial to lower your couch to be able to apply pressure from your own body
weight. Palpation should be taking place throughout the treatment, running the
length of the muscle in a slow motion. If you want to start working a little deeper,
then you can re-in force your hand but ensure you are working slowly to identify
any abnormalities in the tissue or muscles. Return to deep stroking throughout your
treatment to encourage the removal of toxins and to keep the muscles warm.
MASSAGE MOVEMENTS
Effleurage
This is the movement that typically begins and ends a massage sequence because it
spreads the massage medium, prepares the client, and then slows down at the end
to physically show the client that the massage is ending.
It is a stroking movement done with the flat of a relaxed hand, either lightly or more
forcefully. Pressure should be increased slightly in the direction of circulation
towards the heart, and pressure should be decreased on the return stroke while
maintaining skin contact.
Long, slow movements will aid lymphatic flow and relax the client, while quick
movements will stimulate circulation.
The uses of the effleurage movement are:

To introduce the therapist’s hands to the client’s body
To apply the medium to the client’s skin
To begin the routine
To link movements together
To complete the routine
The effects of the effleurage movement are:

Relax the muscles
Increases the blood circulation which improves the skin temperature therefore
improving the colour
Increases the lymphatic circulation which will aid the absorption of waste
products
Aids desquamation, which helps to remove dead skin cells
Aids relaxation
Prepares the muscles for further treatment
Relaxes contracted, tense muscle fibres
MASSAGE MOVEMENTS
Petrissage
This is a more active movement with a greater impact on blood circulation, which
frequently causes reddening of the affected area. The client is soothed and
stimulated as the focus is on the muscles in a rhythmic manner. The hands pick up
the skin and underlying muscle in a kneading motion. Absorption from the tissues
and skin increases as the lymphatic vessels are squeezed and released.
The effects of the movement are:

The skin is stimulated improving cellular functions and regeneration
Increases the blood circulation which improves the skin temperature therefore
improving the colour
Increases the lymphatic circulation which will aid the absorption of waste
products
Aids desquamation, which helps to remove dead skin cells
Larger contracted muscles are relaxed
Muscle tone is improved through compression and relaxation of the muscle
fibres
Frictions
This movement is performed with the thumb to massage tissue beneath the skin in
small areas. This is fantastic for relieving muscle tension. The thumb makes small
circular movements beneath the skin, reaching for underlying muscle areas.

Releases harmful toxins which may have built up in the body
Loosens hardened tissues around joints and tendons.
Breaks down and removes unwanted deposits
MASSAGE MOVEMENTS
Tapotement
In this technique, percussion movements like cupping, tapping, hacking, and

pounding are used. Tapotement is a stimulating manipulation that works by
triggering a nerve reaction. The response of the tendon reflexes is what causes
tapotement to have its strongest effect. The distance between the hands and the
body should not exceed one inch. The hands should be relaxed at the wrists and the
movement should be quick, light, precise, and springy. To bring the elbow joint into
flexion and then quickly release it, the forearm muscles contract and relax in quick
succession.

Increases the circulation
Stimulates the skin and muscle reflexes
Helps create the desired effect of a massage
Vibrations
This method presses and releases tissues in a "up and down" motion. This is often
as a slight shaking motion used on the palmar surfaces or just a few finger tips of
one or both hands.
Although not one of the most popular massage techniques, it is utilized when and
when it is appropriate. Its effects may include calming inflamed nerves, releasing
scar tissue, easing forearm muscles, and enhancing glandular and circulatory
function. Depending on where on the body vibrations are administered, different
benefits may be achieved.
MASSAGE MOVEMENTS
Connective Tissue Manipulation (CTM)

This is a technique that involves stretching connective tissue using the soft pads of
the fingers to move one layer of skin on the layer below. This technique is carried
out easier if there is minimal medium being used so it may be necessary to remove
any excess oil beforehand to prevent slip.
Trigger Point Therapy

This is a technique that finds the “trigger point” within a muscle, tendon or the
fascia that can be hypersensitive and can radiate pain to other areas of the body.
This area can be as small as a pinhead, and the Trigger Point itself may not
necessarily be the area of pain but can refer to the area where there is injury within
a taut band of muscle and can act as a reference. The Trigger Point area can be
congested spots within muscles, demonstrating restricted blood flow. Working on
Trigger Points can reduce pain and improve circulation to the area. It is important
thatthe cause is investigated as any treatment will only act as a short term relief if
the cause is not removed i.e poor posture.
MASSAGE MOVEMENTS
Neuromuscular Therapy (NMT)

Or sometimes called Muscle Release Technique is an extension of trigger point
therapy and is carried out on thick, knotty areas which are discovered through
palpation. Direct pressure is applied, using either the thumbs or fingers or even
elbows, directly on trigger points to break the cycle of muscular spasm to the area.
Once the area has been identified, ask your client to take a deep breath and
gradually apply pressure as they breathe out until it is just within their pain
tolerance. It is therefore essential that the therapist works with the client to gauge
this, and a scale of 1-10 can be used to determine how much tolerance a client has.
The pressure can be applied for up to 90 seconds if necessary until the pain begins
to ease or the therapist feels an alteration in the muscle. Once the pain has moved
to a dull ache, carry out effleurage around the area to encourage circulation again.
It is more effective to return to the area later on during the treatment, rather than
use NMT for too long at a time as excess pressure can cause a muscle to go into
spasm which would be counter-productive. If the pain increases rather than
decrease during NMT, then the technique should be stopped immediately as there
may be some inflammation present. NMT works on the theory that when a muscle is
being regularly held in a wrong position and therefore carries tension, our brain
starts to accept this as normal, so that when we try and correct it, the brain feels as
if it is wrong. This is not a conscious effort but happens through a natural reflex in
the central nervous system. NMT works on a conscious level teaching the central
nervous system that this is not normal and to re-programme it. The procedure
temporarily compresses the blood vessels which supply the tissue, and when the
compression is released, the blood will flow back to the area, bringing with it
nutrients, oxygen and heat, and removing waste products. The release of
endorphins also acts as pain relief.
MASSAGE MOVEMENTS
Cross Fibre Massage

This technique runs across the muscle fibres rather than the length of the muscle
and is applied with the pads of the fingers or thumbs (usually reinforced). This
technique is used on localised areas of tense muscles and can break down scar
tissue effectively.
Mechanical Massage
This can provide a consistent, deep and effective form of treatment. Many
therapists like working this way as it can achieve the same results in around four
minutes to what it would take manually in fifteen minutes, therefore saving the
therapists hands and energy. Many therapists like working with the equipment as it
is also less personal and maintains a consistent pressure. There are issues that need
to be considered however, such as loss of touch, making it more difficult to find
areas of tension, and also the importance of not using mechanical massage over a
bone or on an endangerment site.
ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES
The assessment process will take a variety of procedures. Firstly there will be a
verbal discussion, completing a consultation form to determine the clients’ lifestyle,
medical history and also the presenting problem/s. It is essential, that during this
process, you find out as much information as possible on what seems to make any
muscular pain worse and if you feel that the client needs medical advice due to the
presence of an injury, then to refer them appropriately and do not treat. As part of
your consultation process, below are other ways to carry out an assessment.
Observation – one of the best ways to observe the client is naturally, because if you
tell someone you are watching them they will unconsciously change their actions.
Watch them as they walk across the room, as they sit down, or reach for their bag.
Do they have an unusual gait, do they appear to have one shoulder higher than the
other etc.
Ideally, ask your client to be dressed in undergarments (shorts/vest), and stand

behind them approximately a metre away.
Imagine they have a plumb line running through the body from head to the feet.
The line should run through the ear, through the shoulder, through the hip and knee
and be in front of the ankle.
Start by looking at the head to see if it is level, use the ears as a guide.
Do the shoulders sit straight? Check the “key hole” (the gap between the arms and
the body) to see if the gap is wider on one side. Do the hands hang at the same
length?
Look at the belt line of the clients’ underwear to see if level, this may indicate
scoliosis otherwise.
Look at the back of the knees to see if the skin creases are level. Do the knees turn
in or out?
Check for the alignment of the Achilles tendons to see if there is any thickening of
either tendon. Look at the angle of the feet to see if they are turned in or out.
RANGE OF MOTION
Range of Motion (ROM) - Another way to carry out an assessment is to determine

the amount of movement which occurs without discomfort or pain.
If you are going to carry this out, demonstrate the movement to your client
beforehand and always carry out checks on the unaffected side first, so that you
have something to compare it to, then check for restriction or pain. This is purely as
a guide and should not be used as a diagnosis, but can help you understand that
muscles may be tight or restricted in a particular area.
Palpation – this is the process of feeling with your hands, sometimes before but
definitely during the massage and it is a continual process throughout the
treatment. Palpation will give you feedback on areas where you need to concentrate
on and with lots of experience your fingers will begin to “see” what is beneath.
During palpation, your fingers move the skin over the underlying tissues so that you
are able to determine different textures.
This procedure needs to be carried out very slowly. Below are some of the textures
you may feel:
Soft and pliable – this indicates healthy and relaxed soft tissue.
Firm and stringy – will usually be tendons, due to their fibrous nature. Firm and
less resilient – this can indicate thickening of the fascia.
Dip in the contour of the muscle – this can represent a tear in the muscle.
Woody and stringy and may “flick” – can signify adhesions of the fascia. Firm,
gritty and fairly pliable – can indicate recently formed scar tissue. Firm, solid –
can signify mature scar tissue.
Knotty and resistant – this can indicate tension within a muscle.
Fluid – if there is oedema in the soft tissues, the sensation can be soft and
mobile, however if there is excessive fluid then the skin can feel tight, firm and
be painful.
SOFT TISSUE
DYSFUNCTION
Adhesions are fibrous bands that form around joints or within the fascia layers.
They are formed from elastic fibres and are usually caused by inflammation or
injury and the release of adhesive glycoprotein’s which aid the repair process.
You may know adhesions as “knots”.
Scar Tissue is the body’s natural response to injury, and its aim is to bring two
ends together, for example in a torn muscle. It is also made of elastic fibres but
also collagen and can be sticky in its early stages, causing the fibres to adhere
together, causing muscle fibres to clump together over time and preventing the
fibres from gliding. Scar tissue can become as hard as bone, and non-pliable
reducing the Range of Motion in a joint. Generally, the earlier scar tissue is
managed, the less damage it will cause.
Fibrosis occurs when excess fibrous connective tissue forms usually due to
tissue damage such as repetitive strain.
Muscle spasms are a convulsive muscular contraction which can be a result of
tissue damage as the natural response is to contract nearby muscles. They can
also occur if a muscle is overworked or over stretched. The contraction of the
muscle fibres can compress on blood vessels and with a build up of toxins in the
muscle, the nerves can become irritated, causing pain.
PREPARATION
Prepare the couch with plenty of towels
Prepare your trolley with all products and tools you will need for the treatment.
PREPARATION
Client preparation instructions:

Before laying down on the couch, it is best to ask the client to brush through
their hair.
Request the customer to take off all jewellery from their ears, face, and neck.
The client will have to take off their top (ladies can keep their bras on and the
straps can be dropped down over the shoulders).
Request the client to take off their shoes.
Make that the client is at ease before you begin; you want them to be as relaxed
as possible.
Wash your hands.
Explain to the client what you are doing as you perform the treatment so that
they feel at ease. If you plan to apply anything hot or cold to the client's skin, let
them know in advance to prevent a reaction.
Ask the client to lie on their front and cover them with towels.
Wipe their feet.
Prior to starting the routine, ensure your client is aligned correctly and in the
correct position.
Order of the Massage: Always remember to:

Back of clients right leg Maintain contact with the
Back of client left leg skin at all times during the
Back, shoulders and neck massage
Turn client over Keep one hand in contact
Front of clients right leg and whilst you reposition the
foot other
Front of clients left leg and foot Keep the rhythm smooth and
Abdomen slow
Clients left arm Avoid being unduly repetitive
Clients right arm with the movements
Chest and neck Adapt pressure according
Head and face Avoid sudden movements
BACK OF LEGS
Top of leg
From the ankle up to the base of buttock (ease pressure over the back of the
knee – effleurage x6
From above the knee to the buttocks – effleurage x6
Kneading to the thigh area – petrissage x many
Hacking and cupping to thighs and buttocks
Deep heel of hand drainage to side of thigh
Lower leg
From the ankle to back of the knee – effleurage x6
Kneading to the calf area – petrissage x many
Raise the lower leg and using thumb apply pressure along gastrocnemius 4.
Using inside of forearm, stroke down and in - x3
Light hacking to calf
Apply circular frictions to the Achilles tendon – many
Pull at ankle to stretch the whole back of leg
Repeat with the other leg

BACK, SHOULDERS AND
NECK
Back, Shoulders and Neck

Standing at the side of the client, place hands in centre of the back, and slide
one up to neck and one down to sacrum – x 3
With one hand either side of the spine, effleurage from sacrum, up and around
the shoulders and back down x 6
Working on one side, effleurage from sacrum up and around the shoulder, one
hand following the other x 6
Kneading to the side of the body, from shoulders to sacrum x many
Standing at side of client, kneading and knuckling across the top of shoulders
Swap sides and repeat number 3, 4 and 5
Standing at head, petrissage across the shoulders
Vibrations down spine from neck to sacrum
Stand at the side and carry out stretches across the lower back
Circular Petrissage to lower back area and sacrum
Standing at head, stroke down the spine, slowing down to finish x 3
Repeat number 1
TURN THE CLIENT OVER
Lift up the towel so you cannot see the client and ask them to turn over.
Place the towel back over them.
Place supporting pillows under the knees if needed.
FRONT OF LEG
Upper leg
Effleurage from the foot to the top of thigh x
6
From above the knee to the thigh area – x 6
Kneading to the thigh area - petrissage
Hacking and pounding to the thigh area
(Petrissage)
Knee
Very gentle finger friction around the knee
Drain down to the popliteal region
Lower leg
Effleurage from the ankle to the knee – x 6
Bend leg up slightly, single hand scoop up the
calf muscle
Straighten leg and stretch, holding onto ankle
Foot
Effleurage to the foot from toes down to
ankles
Circle and pull each toe
Thumb up sole of the foot
Circling around the ankle
Effleurage to the whole of the leg – foot to
the top of thigh and finish at the feet (hold) x
6
Repeat on other leg

ABDOMEN
Effleurage to the abdomen in a clockwise motion using whole of one hand

depending on the area size:
Up the ascending colon
Diagonally across transverse colon
Down the descending colon
ARM AND HAND
Effleurage from wrist to shoulder x 6

Kneading to forearm (Petrissage)
Bend at elbow, drain forearm using thumb
Squeeze and apply pressure to forearm
Raise arm and apply one handed kneading to upper arm
Knuckling to upper arm
Rotation of the shoulder
Thumb stroking over the wrist and top of hand
Circle and pull each finger
Kneading to the palm with thumbs
Repeat on the other side
CHEST AND NECK
Fingers facing inwards, effleurage to neck and chest area x 6

One side of the neck – knead and stretch out x 6
Repeat the other side of the neck
Kneading to the upper fibres of the trapezius muscle
Stroking and knuckling around the back of the neck
Gently stretch out the neck
HEAD
Shampoo motion – carry out big, deep, slow circular motions so that you feel
the scalp move slightly
Ruffle hair – get your fingers inside the hair and ruffle it
Hair tugging from roots
Rain drops – light pitter patter on the head
FACE
Smooth over – place your hands in prayer position at the chin and sweep up to
the forehead, twist hands and slide back down to chin - repeat x 6
Forehead stroking using thumbs
Finger pressure - starting at the top of the forehead in the middle. Using two
fingers of both hands, image lines across the forehead. Work from the centre
out to the side of the head. Follow down to the eyebrows.
Eyebrows – follow the eyebrows with the flats of your fingers, applying slight
pressure x 3
Eyebrow pinching
Eye sockets – apply light pressure around the eye sockets using the flats of your
fingers
Cheeks – apply pressure around sinus area x 6
Petrissage to jaw area
Pinch along jaw bone
Temples – apply tiny, light circular friction to the temples using fingers
Ear lobe – apply tiny, light circular friction to the ear lobes
AFTERCARE
Clients must be provided with clear written aftercare instructions to prevent

adverse reactions and know how to deal with them. It is always good practice
to give your clients a leaflet explaining the advice, this way you make sure
they know and understand what to expect.
Finally, ask the clients for feedback on the treatment; fill in their record card
on your findings and ask when they would like to rebook.
In the unlikely event that your client is unhappy with their treatment, find out
why and try to rectify it. Try not to let your client leave feeling dissatisfied
with their treatment. Depending on the situation, you can offer to redo part of
the treatment, offer them a free treatment, or rebook the treatment again at a
discounted price, or even free of charge.
As general aftercare, you should:

drink plenty of water to aid flushing out toxins
avoid eating a large meal for several hours as the body needs energy for healing
avoid smoking
avoid alcohol, tea and coffee
rest
We recommend approximately 4 weeks between treatments.

NOTES

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BEAUTYMASTERCLASS

DEEP TISSUE MASSAGE

EXPERTS IN BEAUTY TRAINING

Section 1 - Introduction: Section 4 - Health & Safety:

We also welcome experienced masseuses who are wanting to expand their

Training Academy Aims & Objectives

Q: What is a Deep Tissue Massage?

Q: What is the treatment good for?

Q: What does the treatment include?

Q: How long does the treatment take?

Q: How often should we have a deep tissue massage?

Deep Tissue Massage has many benefits:

When is it best to avoid providing a massage?

The functions of skin are as follows:

Epidermis - protects underlying tissue from infection, dehydration, chemicals and

Hair Sensory nerve endings

Sweat gland Fat, Collagen Venule

The 5 layers of the epidermis are known as:

Granular cell layer

Melanocyte Basal layer

The average thickness of the dermis is 3mm and it is made up of 2 regions:

NAME APPEARANCE CAUSE CATEGORY

Inflammation of Allergic reaction to

NAME APPEARANCE CAUSE CATEGORY

Red spot which

Divisions of the Skeleton

parietal Forms the roof and sides of the cranium

occipital situated at the back of the cranium

temporal situated on both sides of the cranium

ethmoid forms the roof of the nasal passage

nasal forms the bridge of the nose

zygomatic form the angle of the cheeks

Cervical version The neck

Hyoid U-shaped bone at the front of the neck

Clavicle Slender long bones at the base of neck

Scapula Triangular bones in the upper back

Humerus Upper arm

Sternum Breast bone

We have 7 bones in the neck, which form the cervical vertebrae.

Growth and Repair of Bones

POSTURAL DEFECTS MEANING

Kyphosis Excessive curvature at the top of the spine.

Scoliosis Curvature of the spine to one side.

Lordosis Inward curve of the lower back.

Cervical spondylitis Arthritis of the spine in the neck.

Fracture causing little damage to the surrounding tissue.

Compound The bone is sticking through the skin.

Comminuted The bone breaks into several pieces.

Greenstick The bone is bent and broken on only one side.

Impacted One broken fragment is impacted into the end of another.

Complicated When the broken bone causes damage to other organs.

SKELETAL DISEASE MEANING

Paget’s Normal cycle of bone renewal and repair is disrupted.

Osteoarthritis Arthritis where bony spurs grow.

Osteoporosis Weak and fragile bones.

Softening and weakening of bones that can cause bow

Scleroderma Targets the connective tissue of skin, muscles and organs.

Synovitis Inflammation of the synovial membrane.

A form of inflammatory arthritis, affecting the joints of the