Group 1 “Freud: Psychoanalysis”

Psychoanalytic Theory – a theory proposed that Ego

the mind is divided into 3 components:
 The ego, or I, is the only region of the
Id – Complete Unconscious mind in contact with reality. It is governed
by the reality principle, which it tries to
Superego – Preconscious and Unconscious
substitute for the pleasure principle of the id.
Ego – Conscious, Preconscious, and Unconscious
Superego
The most famous personality theory
 In Freudian psychology, the superego, or
Reasons: above-I, represents the moral and ideal
aspects of personality and is guided by
- The followers of Freud disseminate the theory the moralistic and idealistic principles as
beyond its origin. opposed to the pleasure principle of the id
- His brilliant command of language enabled him and the realistic principle of the ego.
to present his theories in an exciting and  The superego has two subsystems, the
stimulating manner. conscience and the ego-ideal
 The conscience results from experiences
Biography
with punishments for improper behavior and
Born: May 6, 1856 tells us what we should not do, whereas the
ego-ideal develops from experiences with
Died: September 23, 1939 rewards for proper behavior and tells us
Parents: Jacob and Amalie Nathanson Freud what we should do.

Dynamics of Personality
- Firstborn of seven children and has two step-
brothers from his father’s first marriage. To Freud, people are motivated to seek pleasure
- Mothers favorite and to reduce tension and anxiety.
- A scholarly, serious-minded
- Intensely curious about human nature. Drives

 Freud’s official translators rendered this term

 University of Vienna Medical School as instinct, but more accurately word is
 General Hospital of Vienna “drive” or “impulse.” Drives operate as a
 Wednesday Psychological Society constant motivational force.
 Vienna Psychoanalytic Society  According to Freud, the various drives can
 International Psychoanalytic Association all be grouped under two major headings:
sex or Eros and aggression, distraction,
1930 – Goethe Prize for Literature
or Thanatos. These drives originate in the
Level of Mental Life id, but they come under the control of the
ego.
 Unconscious – Contains all drives, urges, or
instincts that are beyond our awareness but that Sex
nevertheless motivate most of our words,
 The aim of the sexual drive is pleasure, but
feelings, and actions.
this pleasure is not limited to genital
 Preconscious – Contains all those elements
satisfaction. Freud believed that the entire
that are not conscious but can be conscious body is invested with libido. Besides the
either quite readily or with some difficulty. genitals, the mouth and anus are especially
 Conscious – Mental elements is in awareness capable of producing sexual pleasure and
at any given point in time. are called erogenous zones.
Province of Mind  Sex can take many forms, including
narcissism, love, sadism, and
Id masochism.
o Narcissism - Infants are primarily self-
 At the core of personality and completely
centered, with their libido invested
unconscious is the psychical region called
almost exclusively on their own ego.
the id, a term derived from the impersonal
This condition, which is universal, is
pronoun meaning “the it,” or the not-yet
known as primary narcissism.
owned component of personality. The id
Adolescents often redirect their libido
has no contact with reality, yet it strives
with personal appearance and other
constantly to reduce tension by satisfying
self-interests to their ego. This
basic desires. Because its sole function is to
pronounced secondary narcissism is
seek pleasure, we say that the id serves the
not universal.
pleasure principle.

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Group 1 “Freud: Psychoanalysis”

o Love – A second manifestation of Eros Reaction Formation

is love, which develops when people
invest their libido on an object or person  Repressed impulse may become
other than themselves. conscious is through adopting a disguise
o Sadism -Is the need for sexual pleasure that is directly opposite its original form.
by inflicting pain or humiliation on  Reactive behavior can be identified by
another person. its exaggerated character and by its
o Masochism – Like sadism, is a common obsessive and compulsive form.
need, but it becomes a perversion when Displacement
Eros becomes subservient to the
destructive drive.  Transferring one’s emotional burden or
emotional reaction from one entity to
Aggression another.
 The aim of the destructive drive, according Fixation
to Freud, is to return the organism to an
inorganic state. Because the ultimate  Refers to the point of individual
inorganic condition is death, the final aim of development at which certain aspects of
the aggressive drive is self-destruction. emotional development do not advance.
Aggression is flexible and can take a  The process of psychologically growing
number of forms, such as teasing, gossip, up, however, is not without stressful and
sarcasm, humiliation. humor, and the anxious moments.
enjoyment of other people’s suffering.
Regression
Anxiety
 reversion of the ego to an earlier stage
 Sex and aggression share the center of of psychosexual development.
Freudian dynamic theory with the concept of  Revert back to that earlier stage.
anxiety.
 Three kinds of anxiety Projection
o Neurotic anxiety is defined as  unacceptable feelings or tendencies that
apprehension about an unknown actually reside in one’s own.
danger. The feeling itself exists in  An extreme type of projection is
the ego, but it originates from id paranoia, a mental disorder
impulses. characterized by powerful delusions of
o A second type of anxiety, moral jealousy and persecution.
anxiety, stems from the conflict
between the ego and the superego. Introjection
o A third category of anxiety, realistic
 Is a defense Mechanism where people
anxiety, is closely related to fear. It
incorporate positive qualities of another
is defined as an unpleasant,
person into their own ego.
nonspecific feeling involving a
 Adopting or introjecting the values,
possible danger.
beliefs, and mannerisms of other
Defense Mechanism people.

Unconscious psychological response that protects Sublimation

people form feeling of anxiety threats to self- esteem
and the things that they don’t want to think about or  Redirecting negative feelings or
to deal with. impulses into positive ones.
 Expressed most obviously in creative
Principal Defense Mechanism cultural accomplishments such as art,
music, and literature, but more subtly, it
Repression
is part of all human relationships and all
 Subconsciously blocking ideas or social pursuits
impulses that are undesirable.
Stages of Development
 Whenever the ego is threatened by
undesirable id impulses, it protects it-self Infantile Period
by repressing those impulses; that is, it
forces threatening feelings into the  One of Freud’s most important assumptions is
that infants possess a sexual life and go through
unconscious.
a period of pregenital sexual development during
the first 4 or 5 years after birth. Freud divided the
infantile stage into three phases according to
which of the three primary erogenous zones is
undergoing the most salient development.

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Group 1 “Freud: Psychoanalysis”

Oral Phase

 The mouth is the first organ to provide an Genital Period

infant with pleasure, Freud’s first infantile
stage of development is the oral phase.  Puberty signals a reawakening of the
sexual aim and the beginning of the
 Infants’ defense against the environment is
greatly aided by the emergence of teeth. At
this point, they pass into a second oral
phase, which Freud called the oral-sadistic
period. During this phase, infants respond
to others through biting, cooing, closing their
mouth, smiling, and crying.

Anal Phase

This period is characterized by satisfaction gained

through aggressive behavior and through the
excretory function, Freud called it the sadistic-anal
phase or, more briefly, the anal phase of
genital period.
development. This phase is divided into two
subphases, the early anal and the late anal. Maturity
o During the early anal period,  In addition to the genital stage, Freud
children receive satisfaction by alluded to but never fully conceptualized
destroying or losing objects. a period of psychological maturity, a
o Then, when children enter the stage attained after a person has
late anal period, they passed through the earlier
sometimes take a friendly developmental periods in an ideal
interest toward their feces, an manner.
interest that stems from the
erotic pleasure of defecating.
Application of Psychoanalytic Theory
Phallic Phase
Freud’s Early Therapeutic Technique
At approximately 3 or 4 years of age, children begin
a third stage of infantile development the phallic  During his early years as a therapist,
phase, a time when the genital area becomes the Freud used a very aggressive technique
leading erogenous zone. whereby he strongly suggested to
patients that they had been sexually
seduced as children. He later
abandoned this technique, along with
his belief that most patients had been
seduced during childhood. The current
frequency with which therapy patients
accuse their parents or other adults of
criminal sexual acts has prompted some
investigators to look at the validity of
these claims.

Freud’s Later Therapeutic Technique

 Beginning in the late 1890s, Freud

Latency Period adopted a much more passive type of
psychotherapy, one that relied heavily
 This latency stage is brought about
on free association, dream
partly by parents’ attempts to punish or
interpretation, and transference. The
discourage sexual activity in their young
goal of Freud’s later psychotherapy was
children. Freud believed that, from the
to uncover repressed memories, and the
4th or 5th year until puberty, both boys
therapist uses dream analysis and free
and girls usually, but not always, go
association to do so.
through a period of dormant
psychosexual development. Free association

 Patients are required to verbalize every

thought that comes to their mind, no

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Group 1 “Freud: Psychoanalysis”

matter how irrelevant or repugnant it refers to the fact that the manifest dream
may appear. content is not as extensive as the latent level,
 The purpose of free association is to indicating that the unconscious material has
arrive at the unconscious by starting been abbreviated or condensed before
with a present conscious idea and appearing on the manifest level.
following it through a train of - Displacement means that the dream image is
associations to wherever it leads. replaced by some other idea only remotely
related to it.
Transference

 refers to the strong sexual or aggressive

Freudian Slips
feelings, positive or negative, that
patients develop toward their analyst  Freud believed that many everyday slips of the
during the course of treatment. tongue or pen, misreading, incorrect hearing,
misplacing objects, and temporarily forgetting
Positive transference
names or intentions are not chance accidents
 permits patients to more or less relive but reveal a person’s unconscious intentions.
childhood experiences within the  Freud used the German Fehlleistung, or “faulty
nonthreatening climate of the analytic function,” but James Strachey, one of Freud’s
treatment. translators, invented the term parapraxes to
refer to what many people now simply call
Negative transference “Freudian slips.”
 In the form of hostility must be Parapraxes or unconscious slips
recognized by the therapist and
explained to patients so that they can  Are so common that we usually pay little
overcome any resistance to treatment. attention to them and deny that they have
any underlying significance.
Resistance
Related Researches
 Which refers to a variety of unconscious
responses used by patients to block Unconscious Mental Processing
their own progress in therapy, can be a
 Operate outside the person’s awareness
positive sign because it indicates that
and play a major role in directing thoughts,
therapy has advanced beyond
feelings, and behavior.
superficial material.
Pleasure and the Id: Inhibition and the Ego
Several Limitations of Psychoanalytic Repression, Inhibition, and Defense Mechanism
Treatment
Research on Dreams
- First, not all old memories can or should be
brought into consciousness. Critique of Freud
- Second, treatment is not as effective with Did Freud understand women?
psychoses or with constitutional illnesses as it is
with pho-bias, hysterias, and obsessions.  Freud regarded women as “tender sex”,
- Third limitation, by no means peculiar to suitable for caring for the household and
psycho-analysis, is that a patient, once cured, nurturing children but not equal to men in
may later develop another psychic problem. scientific and scholarly affairs. He labeled
women as the DARK CONTINENT FOR
PSYCHOLOGY”. He was not able to
Dream analysis understand women.

 To transform the manifest content of dreams to Was Freud a Scientist?

the more important latent content.  He views himself as a conquistador—an
 The manifest content of a dream is the surface adventurer.
meaning or the conscious description given by
the dreamer, whereas
 The latent content refers to its unconscious
material.

Two basic ways Condensation and

Displacement.

- Condensation