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Research Article
Performance Analysis of OFDMA in LTE
Alaa Deshar FarhoodȦ*, Neelesh AgarwalȦ,A.K. JaiswalȦ, Navendu NitinȦ and Maham Kamil NajiȦ
Ȧ
Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engineering, SHIATS Allahabad, and Technical Trainer in foundation of Technical Education in Iraq,
Baghdad
Accepted 05 May 2014, Available online 01 June 2014, Vol.4, No.3 (June 2014)
Abstract
The LTE employs OFDMA for downlink data transmission because Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
(OFDMA) scheme offers high spectral efficiency and better resistance to fading environments. In OFDMA the data is
modulated using multiple number of sub-carriers that are orthogonal to each other because of which the problems
associated with other modulation schemes such as Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) and Inter Carrier Interference (ICI)
are reduced .In this paper the performance of OFDMA system in LTE is taken into account, Then, the main technologies
are explained, together with possible improvements, their associated challenges, and some approaches have been
considered .We also investigate the performance of OFDMA in LTE physical layer by considering different modulation
schemes (BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM) on the basis of PAPR, BER, power spectral density (PSD) and error
probability .
Keywords: OFDMA, LTE, BER, PAPR, PSD, BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM and 64 QAM
from Base Station (BS) while Single Carrier Frequency first converted into parallel bit streams then it is modulated
Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) is for the Uplink. on each subcarrier using conventional modulation
This work focuses on the Downlink access. The LTE schemes. OFDMA allows low data rate from many users
increases the system capacity and widens the spectrum and has shorter and constant delay. It has flexibility in
from existing technology up to 20MHz. It can be deployed deployment across different frequency bands by need of
in any bandwidth combination because of its flexible little modification to air interface. The effect of multipath
usage of spectrum (1.4 MHz to 20 MHz). It uses fading is reduced by using OFDMA because each user’s
Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division data is modulated over several orthogonal frequencies
Duplex (TDD) to suit all types of spectrum resources rather than a fixed frequency for entire connection period.
(Yapeng Wang et al, 2009). In addition, the OFDMA not only facilitate the capacity
In LTE, the frame duration of 10 ms is divided into sharing in available bandwidth but it also increases the
subframes of 1 ms duration. Two slots of 0.5 ms duration capacity for each user because of using several frequencies
each are formed out of a subframe. The Base Station (Ayoola A.A et al, 2013).The difference between OFDM
schedules transmissions every 1 ms and resource blocks and OFDMA is that OFDMA has the ability to
are formed from the subcarriers for allocation on the dynamically assign a subset of those subcarriers to
Downlink (Ayoola A.A et al, 2013). individual users, making this the multi-user version of
OFDM, using either Time Division Multiple Access
(TDMA) (separate time frames) or Frequency Division
Multiple Access (FDMA) (separate channels) for multiple
users. OFDMA simultaneously supports multiple users by
assigning them specific sub channels for intervals of time.
Point-to-point systems are OFDM, and do not support
OFDMA. Point-to-multipoint fixed and mobile systems
use OFDMA (W. Stallings et al, 2007; T.S. Rappaport et
al, 1996).
OFDMA technologies typically occupy nomadic, fixed
and one-way transmission standards, ranging from TV
transmission to Wi-Fi as well as fixed WiMAX and
newer multicast wireless systems like Qualcomm’s
Forward Link Only (FLO). OFDMA, however, adds true
mobility to the mix, forming the backbone of many of the
Figure 1: LTE frame structure
emerging technologies including LTE and mobile
WiMAX.
The total number of available subcarriers depends on the Due to high spectral efficiency and robust transmission
overall transmission bandwidth of the system. The LTE in presence of multipath fading, the OFDMA has been
specifications define parameters for system bandwidths
selected as basic modulation scheme for downlink in LTE
from 1.25 MHz to 20 MHz as shown in Table 2. A PRB is
systems. To overcome the effect of multi path fading
defined as consisting of 12 consecutive subcarriers for one
problem available in UMTS, LTE uses Orthogonal
slot (0.5 msec) in duration. A PRB is the smallest element Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) for the
of resource allocation assigned by the base station downlink - that is, from the base station to the terminal to
scheduler. transmit the data over many narrow band careers of 180
KHz each instead of spreading one signal over the
3. OFDMA complete 5MHz career (Laurent Boher et al, 2008). The
LTE physical layer specifications are designed to deal
OFDMA is a type of frequency division multiplexing with the bandwidths from 1.25MHz to 20MHz. The
(FDM) in which available frequency band is divided into modulation parameters for different transmission
number of orthogonal frequency subcarriers. The data is
bandwidth are shown in table 1
1615 | International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol.4, No.3 (June 2014)
Alaa Deshar Farhood et al Performance Analysis of OFDMA in LTE
In downlink, the subcarriers are divided into resource IFFT of the mapped data is carried out to convert the data
blocks. This allows the system to split the subcarriers into into their corresponding time domain and the output signal
small parts, without mixing the data across the total are converted back to serial data called OFDM symbols.
number of subcarriers for a given bandwidth. The resource The IFFT block is followed by adding the cyclic extension
block consists of 12 subcarriers for a single time slot of (cyclic prefix, CP).
0.5ms duration. The structure of PRB is given in figure 2
4. Design Analysis
transmitted as one signal. Thus, the parallel to serial A. PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio): Power saving in
conversion stage is the process of summing all sub-carriers transmission is an extensive issue for the multiple access
and combining them into one signal. As a result, all sub- techniques used in LTE, therefore is considered an
carriers are generated perfectly simultaneously. important transmission factor PAPR for OFDMA. The
PAPR is calculated by representing a CCDF
Rayleigh fading: This is a reasonable statistical fading (Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function) of
model for multipath situation in the absences of LOS PAPR. The CCDF of PAPR is the probability that the
component (Sai Krishna Borra et al, 2013). PAPR is higher than a certain PAPR value PAPR0 (Pr
{PAPR>PAPR0}). It is an important measure that is
AWGN Channel: Practically there are some losses in the widely used for the complete description of the power
system as compared to theoretical values; therefore we use characteristics of signals (H.G. Myung et al, 2006).
the Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel,
which is commonly used to simulate the background noise B. BER: The bit error rate is the number of bit errors
of the channel (Sai Krishna Borra et al, 2013). divided by the total number of transferred bits during a
studied time interval. BER is a unit less performance
At receiver, the CP is removed first and then subcarriers measure.
are converted from parallel to serial sequence. The FFT
stage further converts the OFDM symbols in to frequency BER = Error Bits / Number of Transmitted Bits
domain followed by equalizer and demodulation as shown
in figure C. SNR: The SNR is the ratio of bit energy (Eb) to the
We use following adaptive modulation schemes to noise power spectral density (N0) and it is expressed in
analyse the Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR), dB.
Bit Error Rate (BER), Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Error
Probability (Pe) and Power Spectral Density SNR = Eb / N0
(PSD) for OFDMA (M. Salehi et al, 2001)
Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) D.BER vs. SNR Process: For any modulation scheme, the
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) BER is expressed in terms of SNR. BER is measured by
16-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (16-QAM) comparing the transmitted signal with received signal, and
64-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (64-QAM) compute the error counts over total number of bits
transmitted.
Advantages of OFDMA
E. Probability of error (Pe): The probability of error or
The primary advantage of OFDMA over single-carrier error probability (Pe) is the rate of errors occurs in the
schemes is its ability to cope with severe channel received signal. For coherent detection, the symbol error
conditions without complex equalization filters. probability of M-ary PSK and M-ary QAM in the AWGN
Channel equalization is simplified because OFDMA channel is determined by following expression;
may be viewed as using many slowly-modulated
narrowband signals rather than one rapidly-modulated ( ) [√ ]
√
wideband signal.
Where,
The low symbol rate makes the use of a guard interval
N0 = Noise density in AWGN
between symbols affordable, making it possible to
Eav = Average value of transmitted symbol energy in M-
eliminate inter symbol interference (ISI).
ary QAM
This mechanism also facilitates the design of single
frequency networks (SFNs), where several adjacent F. Power Spectral density (PSD): In regard to
transmitters send the same signal simultaneously at communication, PSD for any signal is very helpful since,
the same frequency, as the signals from multiple the integral of the PSD over a given frequency band
distant transmitters may be combined constructively, computes the average power in the signal over that
rather than interfering as would typically occur in a frequency band. PSD gives you the strength of a signal
traditional single-carrier system. over a period of time. it is nothing but different ways of
computing the sum of FFT of a signal. The PSD of a
Disadvantages of OFDMA signal x(t )is given by
High peak-to-average ratio
Sensitive to frequency offset, hence to Doppler-shift ∫
as well.
G. Adaptive modulation and coding (AMC): It is a term
5. Performance Calculation used in wireless communications to denote the matching
of the modulation, coding and other signal and protocol
Using various mathematical Parameters of multiple access parameters to the conditions on the radio link. Adaptive
technique, the performance analysis of OFDMA is modulation systems improve rate of transmission, and/or
observed in this section bit error rates, by exploiting the channel information that
1617 | International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol.4, No.3 (June 2014)
Alaa Deshar Farhood et al Performance Analysis of OFDMA in LTE
6. Simulation Result
Figure (5, 6, 7 and 8) shows that for OFDMA the PAPR References
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values, but a sudden change occurs in 16-QAM and 64- Cuthbert(2009),Intelligent Resource Optimization Using
QAM. The 64-QAM has highest value of SNR, which Semi-Smart Antennas in LTE OFDMA Systems, Proceedings
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Figure 11 show the relation between the sampling Ayoola Akinloye Akinniranye and Samson Adenle
frequency (Fs) and power spectral density (PSD). Oyetunji(2013), Resource Optimisation for 3rd Generation
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The following conclusions are made from the simulation Rabineau(2008), Performance Analysis of Iterative Receiver
results: in 3GPP/L TE DL MIMO OFDMA System, ISSSTA, IEEE
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Mofreh EI- Gendy and Essam Sourour(2011), A Study of Access
modulations improve the system performance in terms Methods Effect on the Performance of Two-Tier LTE
of BER and SNR. Femtocell Networks, 28th National Radio Science Conference
We also conclude from our results that, the error (NRSC).
probability increases as order of modulation scheme
increases.
Therefore the selection of modulation schemes in adaptive
modulation is a key feature based on these results.
1619 | International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol.4, No.3 (June 2014)