1

BGCSE SOCIAL STUDIES

REVISION QUESTIONS ( PAPER 1 and 2)

General Rule for Essays:

State questions: 1 mark

Describe questions: 1 mark or may be elevated to 2 marks

Explain questions: 1 mark for the point and 1 mark for its expansion.

Discuss questions: 1 mark for point, 1 mark for expansion, 1 mark for conclusion. Sometimes can be
demoted to 2 marks or promoted to 4 marks so ALWAYS check mark allocation

Evaluate/analyse/examine/assess (all to be treated the same): 1 mark for point identification, 2

marks for expansion and 1 mark for conclusion. Conclusion can either be positive or negative. NB For
a positive point you can show support by connectors such as “therefore…” and for a negative point a
differing view can be shown by using connectors such as “however”

Different scenarios or stands you can take are as follows:

1 . +++- 3. +++-

---+ +++-

2. ++++ 4. ---+

---- ---+

ENVIRONMENTAL CONCEPTS AND CONCERNS

Explain the importance of Hardveld / Eastern margin to human life

1. Arable farming :It has good fertile soils and enough rainfall e,g. Limpopo soils

2. Pastoral farming: It has good pastures, the vegetation is mixed tree and bush savanna

(mophane, mosunyana, morula etc)

3. Mining which creates employment e.g. Minerals mined are Coal in Morupule and coppernickle in
Selibe Phikwe.

4. Gathering / harvesting of veld products: because of natural vegetation e.g. moretlwa,

phane, morula etc

5. Tourism because of historical sites , game reserves e.g. Mmokolodi & Mashatu game

reserve, Matsieng, Lentswe la baratani etc

Explain the importance of the Semi Desert to people living there

1. Tourism: the main attraction is wildlife, e,g. Khutse, Central Kalahari Gam reserves

2. Arable farming: rainfall ranges from low in the Ghanzi area to high in the Pandamatenga

area. In some areas arable farming is limited due to poor soils

3. Pastoral farming: irrigation of livestock through boreholes, shrub vegetation is good for

animals

4. Veld products collection e.g; morama, wild berries, sengaparile, mosukujane etc

5. Mining; the area has a lot of mines; e,g.Orapa, Letlhakane, Damtshaa

Explain the importance of Deciduous Forest to human life.

1. Tourism: due to abundance of wildlife :e,g. chobe national park, boating cruize at the

Chobe river, the sedudu island etc

2. Lumbering/timber production: due to availability of wood from the forest

3. Fishing in rivers e.g. Chobe and Linyanti rivers

4. Arable farming due to good soils and rain e.g. horticulture2

5. Livestock farming is done on small scale because of pests (tsetse fly)

Explain the importance of Swamps to human life.

1. Abundance of surface water provides them with water reeds for construction of shelter

2. Basket weaving: due to availability of reeds from the swamps

3. Fishing: because of availability of water from the Thamalakane, Okavango and Boteti

river
4. Tourism due to abundance of wildlife

5. Provision of wild food e.g. water lilies

6. Crop production because of fertile soils

7. Water transport because of rivers

Investigate the impact of human beings on the environment

Pollution

1. Cause water-borne disease which will be easily spread; diarrhoea.

2. Death of marine species; plants and animals that live in water will suffocate and die

3. Global warming; green house gases such as CO2 emmitted into the atmospere will

eventually lead to the depletion of the ozone layer which will result in global temperatures

rising

4. Spread of respiratory diseases; air pollution leads to contamination of the air. E.g. Athsma

5. Acid rain; the pollutants in the air will mix with rain water and cause it to be acidic thus

leading to acid rain

Poaching

1. Extinction of some animal species due to over hunting e.g. those which are endangered

2. Disturbs ecosystem. The food chain will be affected. Sometimes poachers can cause veld

fires

3. Scares away tourists. Some of the animal species which attract tourists will be finished

and the tourists will visit other places or destinations

Deforestation

1. Causes soil erosion; plants and trees are wind breakers and if they are cut it will be easy

for the soil to be washed away3

2. Leads to extinction of plant species. If cut on a large scale and continuously or burnt,

some plants species may never grow again

3. Depletion of ozone layer, plants use CO2 from the atmosphere to make their own food,

when they are cut then there will be a lot CO2 in the atmosphere which contributes to

global warming. Burning of the veld also increases this CO2 in the atmosphere

4. Loss of habitat; some animal species will not have a place where to live

5. Loss of food; plant species are a source of food to different types of animals e.g herbivores

6. Desertification; continuous soil erosion will deplete the soil and lead to it being

unproductive

Explain the importance of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

1. It promotes proper use of the environment; helps planners to identify problems that are

likely to result from proposed projects.

2. It enhances the spirit of sustainable development; the environment will be used wisely,

only projects that are environmentally friendly will be implemented

3. It ensures that the ecosystem is not interfered with negatively; measures will be put in

place to deal with or address the identified negative impact

4. It promotes environmental awareness;

5. It enables planners to take the right measures to deal with expected environmental

problems

6. It ensures that the views of the public are taken on board before implementing

development projects

7. It protect other environmental users (animals and people)

Evaluate the role of NGOs in conserving the environment.

1. They have educated people about the environmental care (how to use resources e.g.

Thusanyo Lefatsheng educating people on how to harvest natural resources)

2. They have managed to guard against misguided projects especially those which are not

environmentally friendly e.g. dragging of the Boro river

3. They have campaigned against over-use of natural resources

4. Have advised government on projects relating to the environment

5. They have funded environmental projects4

6. They have done research on environmental conservation

7. The have lobbied for conservation policies

8. Did not give enough education to the communities

9. Failed to reach rural population as they are located in urban areas

10. Some have abandoned projects due to misuse of allocated funds

Evaluate the role of local communities in conserving the environment.

1. Carried out conservation activities at grassroots level e.g. litter picking campaigns

2. They formed community based resource management projects

3. They educated one another on environmental conservations e.g. VDC address community

in Kgotla meetings

4. Failed to care for their environment e.g. littering, deforestation

5. Did not give enough education to the community e.g. Churches, Dikgosi do not take part

6. Community Based Natural Resource Management failed to conserve their resources e.g.

Do not convince the community about the importance of natural resources

Evaluate the role of government in environmental conservation.

1. Managed to set up national parks and game reserves to protect wild animals

2. Introduced policies such as TGLP

3. Set up Department of Wildlife and National Parks to take care of wild animals

4. Has provided dustbins and created dumping sites

5. Created National tree planting days and litter picking days

6. Have formulated environmental legislation

7. Introduced environmental education in schools

Describe ways in which the environment can be sustained.

1. Afforestation: planting of trees again after cutting them down

2. Eco-tourism: involves the local people in caring for the resources5

3. Good farming practices e.g. crop rotation, terracing

4. Controlled hunting e.g. issuing of hunting licences

5. Charging the polluters e.g. those who dump in rivers

6. Use non pollutant forms of transport e.g. walking, bicycles

7. Controlled population growth

8. Formulation of legislation to control the environment

9. Educating the public

POPULATION DYNAMICS

Explain socio-economic factors contributing to population growth.

1. Polygamy: Marrying of many wives results in a large number of children

2. Stage of child bearing: (Teenage pregnancy, early marriage)- One starts bearing children

at an early age and by the time one reaches menopause one has many children

3. Virility of men: Men prove their virility by having so many children

4. Use of children as labour: Families have large numbers of children so that they can use

them as labour in their fields and cattle posts.

5. Use of children as security: Parents had many children so that children can take care of

them while old

6. Religious beliefs: The Roman Catholics do not agree to the use of condoms and this

results in more pregnancies thus more children.

7. Lack of use of contraceptives; non use leads to more births

8. Lack of Education on family planning: Women with no education lack ambition and have

no future plans hence they tend to have many children.

9. Immigration : When many people come into the country population increases

10. Sex preference

11. Standard of living;

Examine the impact of rapid population growth on available resources.

1. Shortage of amenities e.g. health and educational facilities would be overstretched6

2. Degradation/Depletion of natural resources e.g. land, water, food

3. Traffic congestion due to large population

4. Unemployment leading to poverty and development of shanty towns, crime and famine

5. Constraint on government budget

6. Causes conflicts e.g. land use

7. Pollution e.g. land, water, noise and air.

8. wide pool of human resource

9. Optimum use of resources, there will not be any ‘white elephants.

10. Increased productivity in the workplace because of competition for jobs.

Explain possible solutions to rapid population growth

1. Education; making people aware of the effects of high population growth

2. Family planning; to help to reduce the number of children in a family

3. Use of contraceptives; to avoid pregnancy / control birth

4. Population policy; e.g; one child policy in China to reduce population growth

5. Delay marriage; child bearing would start later in a couples live and hence reduce

population growth

Describe causes of conflict over the use of natural resources

1. Land –use;

- conflict between mining and settlements,

- Industries and environmentalits (pollution)

- Developments; people being moved infavour of some developments,

- Wildlife and setlements (damage done by animals)

2. Overpopulation (shortage of resources): e.g land will get degraded and will force people

to fight over the use of limited land which will be degraded/leading to people competing or

fighting over limited resources

3. Misuse/Overuse/Overharvest of natural resources: e.g overuse of fire wood causing

depletion of these trees cause a war between users and environmentalists.

4. Illegal use/Greed/Corrupt distribution of land: when land board officials allocate land to

their friends or family members without following laid down land board procedures/Unfair

distribution of resources; conflict can be between peole and the government e.eg; poaching 7

5. Forced removals; e.g conflict between government and the squatters

6. Lack of access/Denied right of use: when some people deny others the use of naturals

resources conflicts do occure e.g CKGR issue where by Basarwa were fighting with

government.

7. Ownership of natural resources/belonging: when people fight over land each one of them

is claiming right to it.

8. Little or not benefit from the resources; The Niger delta, Kabinda in Angola.

9.Lack of consultation on the use of natural resources: sometimes government or

individuals carry out projects without consulting relevant stakeholders and this creates

problems.

Describe ways of resolving conflict arising from the use of scarce resources by

communities.

1. Legislation: government should make laws that protect natural resources

2. Strict government policies: enforce anti pollution laws and punish those who pollute

3. Education: government should educate people through workshops, kgotla meetings on

importance of resources.

4. Support NGOs that are concerned with environmental conservation e.g. Thusanyo

Lefatsheng

5. Dialogue government and communities should hold talks face to face about importance of

preserving natural resources.

6. Government should work hand in hand with other stakeholders to find solutions to

environmental problems

State factors that force people to migrate.

1. Poor infrastructure

2. Unemployment

3. Harsh climatic conditions

4. Poverty

5. Medical reasons

6. Fear of witchcraft

7. Diseases8

8. Wars

9. Natural disasters e.g. drought

The rapid increase of Zimbabwean immigrants into Botswana has directly affected

Botswana.

Explain factors that could have forced Zimbabweans to migrate into Botswana.

1.Political instability/poor governance: abuse of power by those in power e.g jailing of

Zimbabweans for their political affiliation.

2.Poverty: people are not able to meet their basic needs so they move away to search for a

better life.

3.Poor health facilities/services: hospitals and clinics in Zimbabwe do not have medicines
because the government cannot afford to buy these medicines.

4.Low agricultural production: this has pushed the Zimbabweans out because there is lack

of food.

5.Lack of employment: most the international companies have relocated from Zimbabwe

and most people have lost their jobs

6.Depreciation of the currency: this pushes people out because their money cannot buy

basic needs.

7.Lack of basic commodities: those with money have to go out to buy basic commodities.

Evaluate how this type of migration has economically benefited Botswana.

1.Acquisition of skilled manpower such as doctors and engineers

OR

Competion of jobs

2.Abundance of cheap labour which benefit local industries e.g herdboys, domestic workers

OR

has brought competition for employment. Locals suffer because theirr jobs have been taken

by Zimbabweans.

3.Increased market for local businesses which Zimbabweans buy from and take products

back to their country of origin

OR

At the same time as the Zimbabweans come to buy products in Botswana they spread

diseases. Zimbabweans have also overstreached the government resources e.g repatration

of Zimbabweans and medical bills.

4.Multiplier effect: establishment of new businesses eg tax

OR

Economic crime e.g fly-by-night businesses9

Discuss five effects of rural-urban migration on rural areas (source areas).

1. Brain drain: skilled people leave rural areas for towns thus reducing productivity in

rural areas

2. Unfair distribution of resources: more resources channelled to urban areas at the

expense of rural areas (because few people will be left in rural areas not enoiugh to atttract

any much development) and this hinders development in rural areas

3. Decline in economic activities: e.g. Agriculture decline due to the fact that able bodied

migrate to urban areas leaving agricultural production in the hands of the young and old,

thus reducing production.

4. Family breakdown e.g. spouses leave their partners back in rural areas and both of them

indulge in extra marital affairs.

5. Gender and age imbalance: rural areas would have more females and also the young

and old while the able-bodied men have left for urban areas.

6. Spread of diseases e.g. extra marital relationships may spread diseases such as HIV/Aids

7. Depopulation: rural areas will remain with few people

8. Remittances: those who migrate to urban areas may get employment and bring wages

back to their homes in rural areas ( developing and taking care of their families)

9. Reduces pressure on available resources: few people will remain and this reduces

pressure on resources such as water, land etc

10. Trickle down effect e.g. new skills, ideas, technology brought back from towns to rural

areas by those who might have migrated.

11. Increases dependent population as breadwinners leave the young and old behind

12. Loss of culture as some of the things copied including behaviour may conflict with the

values of people in rural areas.

Discuss the trend of rural-urban migration in Botswana.

1. Age: Able bodied (working population) mostly move to urban areas leaving the

dependent population behind (the old and children)

2. Sex: Both men and women equally move to urban areas mostly looking for employment

and better lifestyle

3. Destination: They move to mining towns and industrial towns

4. Volume: They move in large numbers10

Evaluate the effects of international migration in Botswana.

1. Loss of culture

2. Increased crime

3. Managed in creation of jobs/opening of new industries

4. Helped to assimilate culture

5. Encouraged exchange of skills

6. Promoted foreign exchange

7. Has led to competition for job opportunities

8. Has increased/decreased population

9. Promoted international relations

10. Has led to family breakups

11. Xenophobia (hatred without reasons)

12. Spread of diseased e.g. HIV/AIDS

13. Crime/Social Ills

14. Enhances culture

15. Brain drain (Loss of skilled manpower)

16. Pressure on resource/facilities

17. Undermines local entrepreneurs

Discuss how the youth can help to address the problem of unemployment in rural
areas.

1. Self employment by setting up industries and this would help to create employment

2. Voluntary service in Non governmental Organizations

3. Change of attitude towards menial jobs

4. Active participation in decision making e.g. being councilors, MPs

5. Form youth syndicates to create employment

6. Utilising government schemes e.g. CEDA11

7. Acquire entrepreneurial skills

Discuss the impacts of HIV/AIDS on the society.

Positives:

1. Reduces population growth rate

2. Create employment

3. Improves infrastructure

4. Research opportunities

5. Training opportunities

6. Encourages positive behaviour change

Negatives:

1. Loss of life

2. Loss of breadwinners

3. Loss of able bodied people (working population)

4. Loss of skilled manpower

5. Increased orphans and street kids

6. Funeral expenses

7. Increased govt expenditure leading to less developments

8. Stigmatisation/discrimination
Give importance of Population Census

1. To identify changes in the structure of population and causes for those changes

2. Vital information is compiled e.g. birth/death rate

3. To collect data which will be used in planning in social and economic sectors e.g.

Agriculture, Health etc

4. It provides demographic data e.g. age, gender, occupation

5. Census data can be used to identify where developments are needed most12

6. To know the total number of people in the country so as to balance resources with

population

7. For budgeting purposes

9Give importance of Population Policy

1. To ensure a balance between population and available resources

2. To permit future population projections which can help in prioritising development

projects

3. To increase or decrease population

4. To formulate relevant legislation e.g. law on number of children per couple

5. To help all stakeholders to work towards a common goal e.g. population

increase/decrease

FAMILY

Discuss the importance of Socialisation

1. Teaches and promote responsibility in citizens

2. Teaches morality and societal values;

3. Sense of identity/belonging/pride

4. Promote adult life;

5. Teaches survival skills; hunting. Farmingn etc.

6. Cultural preservation; Ensure continuity of culture as it it will be passed form one

generation to the other.

7. Peaceful co-existance; Through upholding morals and values people will respect each

other and live in peace.

Discuss factors that influence division of labour in the modern society.

1. Education: Equips both genders with same skills [ with the skills achieved

everybody can perform any task. ]

2. Human rights issues (laws): Feminists campaign for women to be given positions

of power. 13

3. Nature of the economy of the society: e.g; In an agrarian society, majority will be

engaged in agriculture irrespective of gender. In case of a diversified economy

people will follow their personal choices.

4. Proffessional demands: Capability of individual and experience (Qualification)

5. Age (Experiencecomes with age): Some roles even nowadays are exclusively for

the elderly.

6. Globalisation/cultural influence:

• Technology: enable everybody to perform difficult and heavy tasks.

• Copied trends: e,g; men can cook

• Women leaders/Female family heads

Discuss division of labour in a traditional society under the following headings:

Gender:

a) Male

1. Head of the family (father)

2. Looks after livestock

3. Ploughing, hunting
4. Provider (bread winner)

5. Provides shelter

6. Discipliner in the family

7. Training boys to be responsible boys

8. Fencing field

b) Female

1. Cooking, washing

2. Sweeping (cleaning)

3. Bird scaring

4. Taking care of children

Discuss the significance of intermarriages in Botswana and globally.

1. Promotes national unity: it brings different ethnic groups together as relatives/ enhances

peace, cooperation, harmony14

2. Promotes cultural tolerance: people get to accept other peoples culture whom they are

married to.

3. Broadens cultural knowledge: married couples can learn each others cultural elements.

4. Prevent tribalism

5. Genetical pool: improves the genetic characteristics of children of married couples from

different ethnic background.

Describe the role of the family in addressing the issue of HIV/AIDS.

1. Education: Making people aware of the effects of HIV/AIDS.

2. Provide care: Taking care of the sick ( bathing them and feeding them)

3. Destigmatise: Accept and give hope tro the sick.

4. Provide support: counselling, moral, emotional, material and financial support.

5. Encourage family members to marry and stick to one partner (to reduce the spread
of HIV/AIDS)

6. Encourage members to abstain, know their status and enrol in government

programmes like PMTCT etc.

7. Encourage members to condomise to reduce the spread

8. Participate in community and national AIDS activities.

Explain the role of the family in adressing issues of sex education

1.Availing literature to the children: such as books, video cassettes, DVDs and brochures.

2.Guidance and counselling/socialisation: parents should openly talk about sex issues with

their children e.g abstainance, puberty, HIV/AIDS, same sex relationships, teenage

pregnancy.

3.Provision of contraceptives/use of contraceptives: if parents rea;ise that the children are

sexually active they need to avail contraceptives in the home.

4.Rules and regulations at family level: parents should monitor the activities of the children

so that they did not indulge in sexual activities at an early stage.

Describe challenges that threaten the family in Botswana and internationally.15

1. Divorce

2. Poverty

3. Natural disasters

4. Wars

5. Diseases

6. Property disputes

7. Abuse e.g. spouse abuse

8. Witchcraft

9. Religious intolerance

Discuss five effects of changing family systems

1

1. Orphans: No longer a responsibility of relatives, they are now taken care of by the

government at Orphanage homes.

2. Old Age Homes: Old people no longer taken care of by relatives when they get old, now

they are taken to Old Age homes to be taken care of by Government.

3. Street Children: No one to discipline and take care of children at home, so they end up in

streets to fend for themselves.

4. Destitutes: Individualism leads to destitution. Families no longer help each other to

alleviate poverty. Now they are taken care of by the government

5. Divorce: Family members no longer involved in counselling couples, so there is a high

rate of divorce

6. Small families: Couples opt not to have large number of children due to high standards of

living.

Evaluate the impact of changing family systems in Botswana.

1.Nuclear family: changing from extended to nuclear family reduces family ties in that these

days people only associate only with their immediate family members.

Extended family members no longer care for each other and this result in juvenile

delinquency, street children, destitudes etc.

2.Nuclear families are easily manageable since they are small and therefore lead to reduced

conflicts.16

3.Death of the spouses/decision not to marry/lack of marriage: gives rise to single parent

families and this compromises socialisation at family level. Socialisation is best done by two

parents.

4.Decision not to have children/lack of children: lack of children result in lack of care during

old age.
5.Divorce: since one of the parents may abidicate his/her responsibilities and this may put

emotional stress, fiinancial stress on the children and the available parent.

6.Family headed by children: due to loss of parents this leads to juvenile delinquency, leaves

children to fend for themselves.

7.Cohabitation: creates a feeling of anxiety and this may result in passion killings, may bring

legal battles due to breach of promise or inheritance.

8.Gender inequality: this has helped to bring equality between men and women in the

running of the family, family roles are gender neutral.

9.Street kids: death of parents, negligence, abuse etc

10.Destitution

NATION BUILDING

Describe the impacts of Mfecane on the lives of Batswana

Negative;

1. Mass loss of life

.2. Destruction of Tswana settlements e.g. Bangwaketse at Kgwakgwe

3. Loss of property e.g. land, livestock, grain

4. Forced migration and displacement of Tswana groups e.g. Bangwaketse forced to settle at

Letlhakeng

5. Depopulation of Tswana communities

6. Batswana were captured e.g. women and children and strong men

7. Loss of power by Tswana chiefs

8. Many victimised communities turned into victimisers themselves e.g. Bangwaketse

attacking Bakgalagadi

Positive;17

1. New military tactics were learnt e.g. settling on hill tops for defence
2. Trade was started with settlers e.g. buying of guns for defence

3. Introduction of Kgamelo system

4. Emergence of powerful Tswana kingdoms e.g. Bakwena, Bangwato

5. A period of nation building because this is a period when merafe came together for

common defence.

Outline disadvantages of multi-ethnicity in Botswana

1. Tribalism: looking down upon other tribes

2. Loss of culture as ethnic groups interact

3. Imbalance in developments especially if there is tribalism

4. Conflict between tribes

5. Shortage of land

Explain how the Boers threatened the lands of Batswanan between the 1840s and

1880s.

1. Wanted labourers to work for them e.g. wanted to disarm Sechele to force his people to

work for them

2. Encroachment into the land of Batswana because they wanted to take their lands e.g.

Boers crossed the Vaal River and settled in Eastern Botswana

3. Attacked some Batswana merafe e.g. Sechele of Bakwena in 1852 (Battle of Dimawe)

Describe reasons why the British finally declared Bechuanaland a British

Protectorate.

1. Fear that the Boers and Germans may merge and take over the Bechuanaland

2. Protecting the Road to the North: where British expected to transport labour and

minerals and spread their religion.

3. Expansion of the British Empire: To colonise as many colonies as possible

4. Protection of the Batswana from the Boers: e.g. Boers had already taken land belonging to
Botswana (Stellaland and Goshen)

5. Discovery of Gold in Tati and Diamonds in Kimberly: opened hope for finding more

minerals.18

6. Source of cheap labour for the South African mines

7. Missionary influence ; so that they do their mission work freely without the interference

of the Boers.

Expain ways in which the Native Administration Proclamationof 1934 reduced the

powers of the Dikgosi.

1. Resident Commissioner had legal authority over Dikgosi: that is Dikgosi had to obey his

instructions

2. Kgosi could not collect tax or tribute without permission of Resident Commissioner

3. Kgosi would rule with the consent of Tribal Councils; no longer with the consent of his

morafe

4. Kgosi could be banished, suspended and appointed by Resident commissioner

Outline the provisions of the 1934 Native Tribunal Proclamations

1. It created law courts called Tribunals which did not allow merafe to participate during

trials.

2. Kgosi could not try major cases such as murder, rape and treason, they had to be tried by

Magistrate court

3. Stripped the powers of the dikgosi which they had over their people

4. Kgotla could no longer be used as a place for trial

5. Chief no longer made final judgement

Outline reasons why Batswana criticised the colonial government and demanded

independence

1. Exploitation of Batswana at workplaces e.g. working under harsh conditions and paid low
wages

2. Introduction of harsh laws which undermined chiefs e.g. proclamations of 1934

3. Lack of development of the country

4. Uneven distribution of resources

5. Racism and segregation19

Describe the roles played by Batswana Dikgosi in preventing a takeover by the

British South Africa Company (BSACo.) activities

1. Seeking the support of missionaries as secretaries, advisors

2. Petitioning the British Queen

3. Visiting Britain to protest

4. Addressing the British public for support

5. Writing in newspapers to expose the evils of the BSA Company

6. Refused to sign treaties and concessions

7. Chiefs coming together

Discuss contribution of Dikgosi to the preservation of the lands of Batsvvana

1. They saved the lands of Batswana from being taken by the Ndebeles and Kololo’s even the

Boers e.g. Kgosi Makaba and Kgari died trying to save the lands

2. They joined forces to defeat Boers e.g. In 1852 at Battle of Dimawe Sechele, Mosielele and

Gaseitsewe joined forces

3. They went to Britain to protest against incorporation of Bechuanaland into the Union of

South Africa e.,g. Sebele I, Khama in and Bathoen I

4. They sued the British government for introducing proclamations e.g. Bathoen II and

Tshekedi Khama

State problems faced Botswana in nation-building.

1. Legacy of colonialism
2. Unequal distribution of resources

3. Low levels of literacy

4. Cultural differences

5. Illegal Immigrants

6. Passion killings

7. HIV/AIDS

Answers:20

1. Provide sense of identifying with a nation

2. Unites people

3. Provides sense of independence

4. Provides sense of pride

5. Convey important messages about the nation e.g. national anthem convey history, culture

and vision of the nation.

Explain role of Advisory Councils in preparing Batswana for Independent

African Advisory Council

1. Pressed for developments in the protectorate

2. Opposed the incorporation of Bechuanaland into the Union of SA

3. Opposed discriminatory laws in the protectorate

4. Encouraged Batswana to unite in order to achieve their goals

5. Criticised colonial government for low salaries, poor education and health facilities

Joint Advisory Council

1. Forged cooperation between Whites and Africans

2. Formed basis for multi racial Botswana after independence

3. Batswana in the councils gained some experience in governance

4. Promoted spirit of collective efforts

LEGCO

1. Had some legislative powers hence involved Batswana in making laws

2. Served as a forum for discussions on the development and future of the protectorate

3. Formed basis for total independence

4. Formed basis for formation of political parties e.g. BDP, BNF etc which led the country to

independence21

Explain how Nationalism contributes to Nation Building

1. Promotes love and pride in all citizens for their nation

2. Provides grounds for uniting people of different ethnic groups

3. Provides sense of belonging to the nation

4. It instils a common goal by all members of the nation

5. Sensitises people of their rights and freedoms

6. Driving force for political education to citizens e.g. respect for national symbols

The spirit of nationalism brought changes in the lives of Africans. Discuss how

nationalism affected the lives of Batswana.

1.enriches culture i.e people learn one another’s culture.

2.promotes unity among different tribes e.g. Bakgatla, Bangweketse fighting Sebetwane

3.speed up development as people pull in the same direction e.g. in addressing national

issues.

4.some cultural groups were assimilated e.g. Batswapong and Bangwato, Bayei and

Batawana.

5.paved way for independence; different tribes put their differences away for the same

mission of gaining independence.

6.gives pride and love

7.instills sense of belonginess/cultural identity

8.promote tolerance

Explain Negative uses of Nationalism

1. Can be used as a tool of destruction e.g. prompted Genocide in Rwanda and Sudan

2. Can be used to promote apartheid e.g. in South Africa it was used to deny blacks all their

rights

3. Can be used to fuel conflicts e.g. Religious nationalism resulted in terrorist attacks in USA

4. Can be used to discriminate other groups e.g. In Sudan Moslem used it to dominate N

Christians and this resulted in Civil war22

Explain the importance of Nation Building

1. Unites people

2. Promotes peaceful coexistence within the nation

3. Promotes tolerance for one another

4. Promotes development of the country

Analyse the significance of national symbols in nation building

National flag (Blue, black and white)

1. Show pride, love, patriotism and identity for one’s nation/country

2. Black and white represent the two racial group working together to develop the nation

3. The blue represent the natural resources in the country (water)

National Anthem ( you may quote a line from the anthem)

1. It strives for unity and peace ( …ka kutlwano le kagisano, e bopagantswe mmogo.)

2. Instils a sense of patriotism and identity

3. It encourages the nation to work together to preserve the national heritage

Coat of Arms

1. Shows identity/love/pride/patriotism

2. The motto ‘PULA’ instils a sense of unity/let there be rain

3. The 3 cog wheels represent developments in the country

4. A Zebra is our national animal/the abundance of wildlife in the country

5. Sorghum stalk, cattle head represent farming/agriculture

Evaluate the contribution of the NGOs in Nation Building.

(For human rights and environmental conservation)

POSITIVES

1. NGOs such as Emang Basadi have succeeded in lobbying Government to change

policies which discriminate against women e.g marriage Act23

2. Managed to educate people on human rights e.g. Ditshwanelo

Give financial support e.g. KCS

3. Helped children not to be abused by elders

4. Managed to address issues of stigmatization

5. Succeeded in addressing issues of ill-treatment of ethnic groups by government e.g

SPIL, KAMANAKAO(

6. Managed to lobby government to respect human rights e.g. Ditshwanelo, Emang

Basadi

7. Managed to expose crime e.g. Transparency International

8. Equip people with life skills e.g. YWCA, Bana ba metsi

9. Assists disadvantaged members of the community e.g. Red Cross

NEGATIVE

1. Can exaggerate issues e.g. removal of Basarwa from CKGR by Survival International

2. Put national issues on international agenda e.g Human Rights abuse

3. Created conflicts between parents and their children e.g. Childline Botswana

4. Managed to promote justice for all e.g. Ditshwanelo, Red Cross

5. Most of them are based in urban areas e.g. Somarelang Tikologo, KCS
Evaluate the contribution of Emang Basadi in Nation Building in Botswana.

Positives

1.Encourages the recognition of women as equals to men e.g it pressurised government to

change the marriage act, allowed women to be solders.

2.Encourages women to support one another and stop being jealous towards each other e.g

voting each other during National Elections

3.Promote proper upbringing of children e,g Botswana has managed to protect child rights

and sensitise cchildren on their rights

4.Finances and facilitate workshops aimed at empowering and educating women.24

5.Strengtherns family ties as the existence of Emang Basadi as a women libby or as a watch

group influences men to respect their women counterparts.

6.As a women lobby or watch group, Emang Basadi is one of those groups that advocated

for a 30% quata for women in Botswana National Assembly.

7.It provudes legal aid through their lawyers.

Negatives

8.It has created conflicts at family level since some women no longer respect their husdands

because of equality which is preached by Emang Basadi.

9.Emang Basadi does not reach women in rural areas so they do not benefit from their help.

Discuss the role played by the Bogosi institution in nation building.

1. Helps in the law making processes

2. Advices government in tribal matters

3. Promotes government policies

4. Kgotla institution encourages the spirit of consultation: democracy (accountability and

transparency)

5. It resolves conflicts (promotes peace)

6. Encourages the spirit of oneness (tolerance)

7. Preservation of land

8. Custodian of culture

9. Promotes national principles

Explain how colonialism led to the formation of early Nationalists Movements

1. Exploitation of Batswana at work places

2. Introduction of harsh colonial laws which undermined chiefs e.g. hut tax, proclamations

3. Batswana were paid low wages

4. They were denied a saying in the affairs of their country

5. Lack of political representation

6. Racism and segregation25

7. Colonial education

8. Lack of development of the country even though they paid tax

9. Uneven distribution of resources

10. Erosion of culture

11. Political experience gained e.g. from World War II and mines

Explain how the following national princioples contribute to Nation Building: Botho,

Democracy, Self reliance, Unity and Development

Botho:

1. Teaches acceptable behaviour

2. Promotes respect for each other

3. Encourages tolerance for each other

4. Ensures compassion — ready to assist others

Democracy:

1. Places people on same level (equality)

2. Allows freedom of speech and rights

3. Promotes accountability and transparency

4. Involves people in decision making

Development:

1. Mobilise country’s resources for the upliftment of people’s standard of living

2. Speeds up the pace of development for the benefit of all

Self reliance

1. Encourages people to be independent and avoids dependence on others

2. Encourages people to participate in the country’s development efforts

3. Develops people’s pride

4. Promotes patriotism

5. Increase level of goods and services and makes everyone to have enough

Unity

1. It eliminates ethnic and racial differences26

2. Promotes stability

3. It fosters for cooperation and oneness thus peace

Discuss challenges encountered in nation Building in Botswana

1. Nepotism and favouritism

2. Low levels of literacy

3. Recognition of all groups

4. Common language policy

5. Promotion and recognition of all languages

6. Historical mistrust arising from past squabbles

7. Poverty

8. HIV/Aids
9. Crime

10. Gender Inequality

11. Illegal immigrants

12. Corruption.

CITIZENSHIP IN BOTSWANA

Explain ways of acquiring citizenship in Botswana.

1.honourary/presidential dercee/dispensation; given to foreigners who have contributed

positively to the country by the state President.

2.birth: born in Botswana by Motswana parents(s)

3.settlement: people who came into and settled in an area before independence

4.descent; born outside the country to by a Motswana parent

5.naturalisation; given to a foreigner who has successfully applied for citizenship, must be

21 and above.

6.through adoption/ registratio e.g marriage; a non Tswana child being adopted by a

Tswana parent(s).27

Outline qualities of a good citizen.

1. Respect for law

2. Ensures safety of his country e.g. whistle blowing

3. Patriotic: having love for his country

4. Participate in decision making activities e.g. voting, referendums, kgotla meetings

5. Participate in national activities like tree planting, litter picking

6. Respect for national symbols

7. Protecting public/government property

8. Pays tax

9. Have Botho e.g. cooperating at funerals, compassion by helping the disadvantaged

members

10. Have national documents e.g. Omang, passport

Evaluate ways in which Non-Governmental Organisations promote human rights in

Botswana.

1.Through advocacy, Emang Basadi has made women aware of their rights. Child line also

fights agaist the abuse of children/education: Ditshwanelo teaches people about their

rights.

Families have broken up due to influence from these organisations

2.Caring: SOS helps to care for homeless children and those with disabilities.

NGO’s can promote dependency syndrome

3. Legal representation: NGO’s like Ditswanelo represent people or speak for people whose

human rights are being abused by either the government or some individuals.

4.Sponsorship: NGO’s sponsor workshops which are invilved with educating people about

their human rights.

5.Lobbying: NGO’s criticise whoever is abusing the human rights of some people or a group

of people e.g survival internation on the plight of Basarwa

Lobbying can also tarnish the image of a country a country(over exaggeration of issues)

6.Language barrier: mode of communication used is English so they fail to reach ordinary

people.28

7.Mostly based in urban areas: so fail to reach those in rural areas.

Evaluate the role of the state to its citizens

1. Has improved the lives of citizens by providing health services like clinics and hospitals

2. Have provided primary, secondary and tertiary education to develop manpower

3. Has managed to provide transport and telecommunication networks e.g. in rural areas

4. Has failed to create employment for all citizens

5. Has managed to protect basic human rights of citizens e.g right to life, right to health

6. Has protected citizens from internal and external enemies e.g. through BDF and Police

Compare and contrast Traditional attributes of citizenship with Modern attributes.

1. Language: In the past people could be identified by the language they spoke, nowadays

people can speak many languages. Therefore modern attributes such as passport, ID are

used to identify people

2. Location: Ward could easily identify a particular group in the past, but nowadays people

can locate any where they want. So modern attributes are used instead.

3. Age Regiments: People could identify themselves by the names they were given during

Bogwera and Bojale, but nowadays these initiation schools have been replaced by modern

schools where modern attributes are used.

4. Totem: People identified themselves by totems e.g. Bakgatla (Kgabo). Bangwato (Phuti)

but nowadays people use same totems and some don’t have.

5. Food: Food could be used to identify people e.g. Bakalanga were associated with Delele,

but nowadays people eat different food e.g. Modern food such as rice.

6. Dress: They way people dressed could identify them, but nowadays people were modern

clothes so modern attributes such as Passport, ID, National anthem, currency are used.

7.location/ward; was made of people who are related e.g. Kgosing ward for the Kgosi’s

relatives.

8.communal land belonged to the people of a specific community only

9.ethnic group; group of people sharing history and culture

10.totem; a symbol o respect associated with a certain group.

Explain importance of youth in promoting responsible citizenry and participatory

democracy.29

1. Youth parliament
2. Represent our country internationally e.g. in sports

3. Taking part in national elections

4. Conservation of the environment

Assess how globalisation has negatively affected the economy of Botswana.

1. Trade: Botswana being a developing country only mostly receives goods from

developed countries. Most of the goods manufactured locally do not have a market

outside; that is trade is only one way.

2. Crime: This has increased due to the exchange of ideas with other foreign criminals.

There are now cases of well planned robberies in Botswana and the robbers even

have firearms which they get from outside the country.

3. Competition for employment: Highly paying jobs are occupied by expatriates. Most

highly paid jobs are occupied by foreigners more especially in the private sector

while locals are in low paying jobs.

4. Multi-National companies established disadvantage local small companies. They

overshadow them (competition for market) and this makes it difficult for local

companies to grow.

5. Spread of Diseases: (ie; HIV/AIDS, SARS, H1N1, etc. These stretches the

government’s budget. They also have reduced human resource (trained and

qualified personnel)

6. Brain drain: Most Batswana students who go for training outside do not come back.

They get jobs abroad. Also some Batswana go for greeener pastures abroad, e,g;

Batswana nurses.

7. Influx of illegal immigrants: These people are expensive to keep and repatriate

8. Restriction on trade by international organisations: E.g; AGOA e.g. CITES restriction

on elephant tasks and we cannot sell diamonds directly because it is controlled by

some organisations.

9. Influence by global economic forces: e.g. inflation, devaluation of currencies,

fluctuating of world prices (for fuel, minerals)

Explain ways in which globalisation has impacted negatively on Batswana.

1. Incease in crime and social ill; illegal immigrants, xenophobia, prostitution, drug

trafficking, corruption, terrorism. 30

2. Aid with strings attached – has left government with huge debts

3. Undermines sovereignty/independence of other states (e.g; AGOA agreement,

quotas for exports)

4. Dumping site for cheap, low quality and second hand produts.

5. Brain – drain: Skilled labour, athletes, artists migrate to rich developed countries.

6. Influx of foreiners: leads to competition for jobs and markets.

7. Local market saturated: Trade - foreign products in the market (cars, food, clothing

and electronics).

Chinese ( selling everything including local mechandise)

8. Fly-by-night investors: The investors enjoy the tax holiday and take the profits to

their countries.

9. Cultural erosion: Dress, language, religion etc.

10. Spread of diseases: HIV/AIDS, SARS, Swine flu, Cholera etc.

11. Pressure on resources: food, money.

12. Influence of global economic forces: (inflation, recession, devaluation of currencies,

fluctuation of world prices)

Assess the social impact of globalisation on Botswana.

1.Language: trading with other people from outside has lead Batswana to learn languages of

their trading parters for effective communication e.g English.

Cultural exchange/loss of culture: may lead to copying of bad traits of other people’s culture

e.g prostitution, homosexuality or local culture may be enriched e.g technology like the use

of modern transport, use of air cons etc

2.Social ills have increased e.g increase in crime, complicated corruption

Promote cooperation between countries in security cooperation i.e interpol

3.Spread of diseases e.g HIV/AIDS swine flu.

Facilitate research, leading to safe male circumcision.

4.Recognition of Human Rights e.g some locals started to lobby for human rights as it is

done internationally e.g Marriage Act, Citicenship Act.

Has also brought moral decay.

5.social welfare programmes are in place e.g orphanages like SOS, old age

pension(tandabala)

Discuss ways in which the government of Botswana is encouraging peace and

harmony among ethnic groups in Botswana.31

1. Giving all ethnic groups an equal opportunity (more especially in education) by building

schools in all areas of Botswana.

2. Amendment of discriminatory laws which referred to some tribes as major and others as

minor.

3. Distribution of resources basing on national needs rather than on tribal needs e.g.

allocation of land. Every Motswana can apply for a plot anywhere in Botswana.

4. Allowing all tribes to have a say in decision making e.g. Referendum (patlo maikutlo)

5. Allowing different tribes cultural expression and the formation of cultural groups e.g.

SPIL. They can freely showcase their culture.

6. Allowing intermarriages across ethnic groups

GLOBAL CITIZENRY
Assess the impact of Terrorism as a global crisis.

1. Loss of life: this lead to reduction of population e.g more than 3000 people were killed

during the Sptember 11 2001 terrorist attacks in New York (USA).

2. Destruction of property/environment:e.g terrorist often destroy airplanes, airports,

bridges, trains, and mails leading to high expenditure on recontraction. Destruction of the

land leading to pollution.

3. Separation of families/migration: families are usually separated from each other e.g

children from their parents.

4. Restrictions on travelling: because people will be afraid of using some modes of transport

i.e airpalnes and trains which are usually targeted by terrorists.

5. Disruption of world market which leads to unemployment/low productivity

6. Disruption of peace and stability: which leads to war as some countries fight back e.g the

USA and the Taliban government of Afganistan leading to racial/religious hatred.

7. High expenditure on security services: in order to prevent terrorist attacks e.g in London

there street cameras

8. Spreads fear and panic/also a tool of oppression.

9.Spread of diseases e.g Anthrax

10.instruments of liberation since people believe that for them to e listened to they need to

engage in acts of terrorism to register the concerns of the aggrieved parties.32

11.Can cause a change in policy e.g Americans are now cooperating with other countries to

fight terrorism.

Discuss the impacts of Desertification.

1. Acceleration of soil erosion due to bare ground leading to low yield to farmers

2. Loss of flat land as dongas and gullies develop, spoils the beauty of the landscape

3. Erosion leads to silting of rivers and dams

4. More floods due to bare lands, plants help hold water thus avoiding floods

5. Rise of temperatures leading to global warming

6. Reduction in the level of underground water

7. Change of climate due to lack of trees e.g. Drought

8. Enhances tourism

9. Disturbs the ecosyste: loss of plant and animal species

10. Enhances conservation (research)

Assess the impacts of Global Warming on the environment.

1. Leads to floods

2.Global warming leads to melting of ice caps

3. Melting of ice caps cause sea level to rise

4. Rising sea level cause floods

5. Raise sea level and destroy coastal cities

6. Drought

7. Extinction of species e.g. plants and animals

8. Cause acid rain leading to diseases like skin cancer

9. Destroys ozone layer

10. Change in climate33

Explain the role played by the following organisations in sustaining human life,

dignity and peace: International Red Cross, UN Peace Keeping forces,

International Red Cross

1. Provides necessities e.g. food, shelter

2. Mobilise countries to help during disasters

3. Provides medication to the victims of natural disasters and wars

4. Provides legal aid to the prisoners of wars

United Nations Peace Keeping forces

1. Help implement and monitor cease fires

2. Patrol ceasefire zones between fighting factions;this helps to sustain peace in the affected

region.

3. Monitor the disarmament of local troops; this helps to avoid the killing of people or

multilating of people

4. Separate the enemies and provide opportunity for negotiation

5. Responsible for transporting aid e.g. food, medical supplies to affected areas

6.provides/creates conducive environment for political institution; rebuilding of the

infrustructure and polical institution e.g. Iraq and Afghanistan situation. Make sure that the

political structures are in place.

6.prevent nets of sabotage against important government installation/infrastructure.

Discuss role played by institutions in sustaining human life, dignity and peace.

International Red Cross

1. Provides relief to those in need like the poor e.g. clothes, medicine

2. Helps people during wars with shelter, food, e.g. wounded soldiers

3. Helps during natural disasters by providing the necessary items

4. Provides resettlement of displaced people

5. Checks on how people are being treated e.g. war prisoners

6. Checks if countries of war are upholding the international treaties

7. Helps in blood donation34

Amnesty International

1. By ensuring that people’s rights are not violated by reporting countries

2. Campaigns against capital punishment

3. Campaigns for the rights of minorities

4. Advocates for political freedom/campaigns for transparency in elections

5. Campaigns against dictatorship

Southern African Development Community (SADC)

1. Attempts to stop conflicts and violence in member states in a friendly manner/Support

peace keeking missions; in 1998 peace keeping forces restored order in Lesotho

2. Help member states during natural disasters

3. Dedicated to upholding basic human rights

GOVERNANCE

Describe how government is formed in Botswana.

1. Registration of different political parties

2. Campaign for power by different parties

3. Registration of people who want to vote

4. Holding of elections

5. Voting

6. Majority rules (First past the post)

7. President from the party that won election

8. Parliament formed by those who won elections from their constituencies

9. President appoints cabinet and senior government officials

Describe the main features of Botswana’s constitution.

1. Declares Botswana as a sovereign state: thus it shall rule itself without any external

interference

2. States the rights and freedoms of people that are protected e.g. right to life35

3. States that power is separated into three branches: Executive, Legislature and Judiciary

4. Specifies how and when elections should be held e.g. every after 5 years

5. Establish Botswana as a democratic country e.g. leaders must be elected by citizens

6. States issue of citizenship e.g. how one can become a Motswana and renounce citizenship

Describe duties of three branches of government.

Executive

1. Initiate government policies: Policy alleviation programmes.

2. supervises/ runs implement government policies/initiatives through the public service

e.g. offeing 10 year basic education through the use of teachers

3. Propose new laws, amendment of old laws e.g. the liquor Act

4. Make/draws National Development Plans (NDP) and National budget: proposes division

of government money depending on the different needs of government ministries and

parastatals.

5. Changes the constitution

6.enters into international agreement on behalf of citizens e.g. Botswana-Zimbabwe power

deal.

Legislature

1. Make and amends existing laws e.g. marriage Act of 1975 amended in 1st May 2005,

Traffic Act.

2. Approve or criticise government policies e.g. fight against HIV/AIDS

3. Approve or criticise NDPs (National Development Plans) and National budget: authorises

money depending on the needs of different ministries.

4. Authorize government to borrow money from other countries or foreign financers e.g.

countries like China, Swiss Bank, IMF.

5. Advice government on customs and traditions through House of Chiefs

6.advise the government on National issues: e.g. unemployment, corruption

7.approves nomination of special members of parliament and Vice President e.g. speaker,

deputy speaker.36
Judiciary

1. Interpret the constitution

2. Judge cases e.g. criminal and civil cases

3. Punish those found guilty e.g. send them to prison .

Outline stages of law making in Botswana

1. Ministry concerned writes a memorandum

2. Memorandum is taken to Attorney General Chambers where bills are drafted

3. The drafted bill is published in Government Gazette for 30 day

1 St reading in the parliament: no debate at this stage

2” reading in the parliament: debate are allowed at this stage and members vote to

approve or reject

6. Committee stage: where the bill is discussed in details and changes are made and

vote is taken

3d reading in the parliament: members then vote for or against the bill

8. If,voted for, the bill becomes an Act of Parliament awaiting the president to sign

9. If the president signs, it becomes the law. It is now an ACT

10. If the president refuses to sign the bill, it is returned to parliament to undergo the stages

again.

Explain constitutional limitations on the power of government in Botswana

1. Government can be sued by civil society e.g. Unity Dow case over the citizenship act

2. The government power to change the constitution is limited e.g. it has consult people

through national referendums and if majority disagree, the government can’t change.

3. The president has powers beyond all the branches e.g. signs the bills, can give clemency

4. Judiciary is not that independent because it is under the office of the President

5. President can make decisions that cannot be questioned e.g. can declare war
Discuss advantages and disadvantages of Botswana’s Electoral System (First Past the

Post)37

Advantages(strengths):

1. Very simple and easy to understand

2. Forms a stable government

3. Produces a clear winner

4. Forms closer bond between the electorate and the elected

5. Encourages accountability/consultation

6. Encourages broad based political parties e.g. BDP as opposed to regional based parties

e.g. MELS

7. Allows bye-elections which act as an indicator of political opinion.

Disadvantages(weaknesses):

1. Disadvantages small parties representation in parliament

2. Domination of parliament by one party

3. Delimitation of constituencies e.g. unequal distribution of development because of

division into constituencies.

4. Make certain constituencies safe for certain parties

5. Can be represented by people of low calibre

6. Lack of direct presidential elections

7. Bye elections are expensive

8. Undermines the legitimacy of government

9. Will of the majority not represented

10. Party that wins may not necessarily mean it has highest votes.

Explain why there is voter apathy in Botswana.

1. Inadequate voter education

2. Dominance by a single party

3. Jealousy

4. Comfortable with the status quo

5. Timing of the election day/weather conditions38

6. Cultural/historical factors

7. Irresponsible behaviour e.g. lost omang, wanting to be paid to vote

8. Fewer polling stations resulting in long queues

9. Fragmentation of opposition political parties

10. Lack of direct presidential elections

11. Lack of confidence on politicians.

12. Party policies not appealing to the youth

Analyse the role of various institutions in promoting good governance

Media

1. Disseminates information about events happening around the world

2. Openly criticise government and encourage accountability on leaders

3. Allow people to express their views through Media

Ombudsman

1. Enhances accountability as public officers will know that any wrongdoing will be

reported

2. Encourages transparency by monitoring the decisions of public officers

3. Encourages good relationships between public officers and those they supervise

Directorate of Corruption and Economic Crime (D.C.E.C.)

1. Encourage accountability by investigating wrong doing by leaders and civil servants

2. Prevents misuse of govt funds by those in power

3. Builds confidence on local and foreign investors and this promotes investments and civic
peace.

4. Teaches people about the dangers of corruption on the economy of this country in order

to have a corrupt free society.39

5.It promotes trasparency; any action by any official with authority should not be taken in

secrecy e.g tendering for projects should be transparent or open to all qualifying person. It

should be done according to government stipualated procedures.

Independent Electoral Commission (I.E.C.)

1. Gives people a chance to elect leaders.

2. Ensures free and fair elections

3. Ensures democracy and transparency because it is independent from government

4. Teaches people about importance of voting (Voter Education)

Discuss the importance of NGO’s in promoting democracy.

1. Educates people about their rights e.g. Ditshwanelo

2. Helps to improve people’s lives by sponsoring projects e.g Kuru Development Trust

3. Encourages accountability/transparency on the part of government e.g. Survival

International speaks for the disadvantaged.

4. Guards against misuse of power by government

5. Influences decision making

6. Promotes or demotes country’s image internationally

7. Offers practical assistance e.g. legal assistance

8. Promotes peace: Mediation of conflict e.g. International court of Justice

Evaluate the role of opposition parties in good governance.

1. Can Offer and alternative government to the voters

2. Have made sure that the government does not overstep its mandate

3. Have scrutinised government policies

4. Have provided some checks and balances or guard against abuse of power by government

5. Made sure that government delivers on its promises

Explain how transparency promotes good governance

1. Removes suspicion and instills confidenceand trust on people ( about their leaders)

2. Promote efficient use of resouurces ( accountability) 40

3. Minimises corruption

4. Allows for consultation between people and their leaders

5. Brings about the rule of law

6.Reduces abuse of power

Describe characteristics of a democratic Government

(CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY)

1. There are elections to elect leaders.

2. There is multi-party system i.e. many political parties stand for elections

3. There is respect for Human Rights

4. There is accountability e.g. leaders and responsible and explain their intentions

5. There is transparenc: openness and free flow of information by those in power

6. People can criticise the government without fear

7. The constitution can be challenged by civil society

8. Decisions of leaders can be questioned.

Describe characteristics of Non-Democratic forms of government.

( ABSOLUTE MORNARCH, DICTATORSHIP)

1. No free & fair regular elections; Only one party allowed and people forced to elect that

party.

2. Violation of human rights; No freedom of expression, speech, vote etc.

3. No accountability;Leaders are not responsible for their actions

4. Dictators make laws without any consultation and control the courts

5. No respect for the rule of law / constitution

6. No transparency

7. Corruption

8. Use of force; to scare and intimidate or even kill people who disagree with the

government41

9. No consultation

10. Power on one or few people e.g; Dictators

Compare and contrast Constitutional Democracy with Absolute Monarchy

Similarities

1. Hierarchy consists of a leader at the top

2. They use constitutions to run the country

3. Have government

Differences

DEMOCRACY ABSOLUTE MONARCHY

1. Elections 1. No elections

2. Consultation in decision making 2. No consultation

3. Multi party system 3. No parties

4. L.eader is elected 4. Leadership is hereditary

Contrast Botswana’s constitutional democracy with Swaziland’s monarchy

1.In a constitutional democracy the head of state is the president whereas in a monachy the

head of state is the king.

2.In a constitutional democracy leadership is through elections whereas it is heereditary in

monarchy.

3.In a constitutional democracy all people are equal before the law whereas ina monarchy
some people are above the law.

4.In a contitutional democracy anyone is at libety to criticise the leaders but I a monarchy

no is allowed to criticise the leaders.

5.In a constitutional democracy there is always consultation with the citizens whereas in a

monarchy changes are made by the king without consultation.

In a constitutional democracy laws are made thhrough parliament while in ,onarchy the can

make laws on his own.

6.In a constitutional democracy there opposition parties and civil societies whereas an a

monarchy opposition parties and civil societies are prohibited.42

7.In a constitutional democracy there is separation of power while monarchy us autocratic.

8.In a constitutional democracy there is transperancy,accountability while in a monarchy

there is secrecy and corruption is rife.

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Explain why international relations are important.

1. Helps in sustaining peace in the world/Unity; Mutual understanding on issues to avoid

war.

2. Helps in opening routes for trade;Exchange of goods

3. Assistance e.g. monetary and material aid (loans/grants and food)

4. Promotes economic development

5. Cooperation; Common approach to world issues/goals e.g; Millenium Devt. Goals, World

peace, environmental conservation etc.

6. Promotes exchange of skills/technology (cultural exchange)

7. Gives room for conflict resolution through dialogue

8. Human resource exchange; skill, knowledge and experiences.

Explain principles that guide Botswana’s international relations.

1. Protection of National Interest/Botswana first; Consideration for Botswana’s needs and

wants first before outsiders.

2. Good neighbourliness; Peaceful co-existence with neighbours. Botswana respects other

countries.

3. Respect for International law; Obey rule of law and international law to protect image of

Botswana

4. Respect for Human rights; Protection of rights of citizens of Botswana and citizens of

other countries

5. Non interference (soveignity); Does not want to interfere in the internal affairs of other

countries without being asked and Botswana does not want other countries to interfere in

her internal affairs.

6. Non Alignment; Remains neutral in any political factions/when there is an argument

between two countries Botswana does not side with eithet country.43

7. Respect for territorial Integrity; Does not want to claim the land that does not belong to

her/respect boarders of other states.

Discuss the Importance of Internatiional relations

i. Helps countries in sustaining peace in the world and promotes unity among

countries-therefore countries have mutual understanding on issues to avoid

war. E.G. botswana vs Namibia over Sedudu Island.

ii. Helps in opening routes for trade- as countries are dependent on each other

in the exchange of goods.

iii. Assistance e.g. monetary and material aid (loans/grants and food)-countries

can benefit from receiving aid/ loans in order to develop their countries.

iv. Promotes economic development e.g receiving funding for development

projects
v. Cooperation: Common approach to World issues/goals e.g Millenium Devt.

Goals, World peace, Enironmental Conservation .et.c.

vi. Promotes exchange of skills/ technology (Cultural exchange)

Explain the role played by Botswana on international relations at regional,

continental and international

(a) Regional

i. Taking part in SADC summits/ meetings

ii. Signing regional agreemens e.g. OKAVANGO (Okavango River Basin Water

Commission)

iii. Mediating in conflicts e.g. in the Democratic Republic of Congo

iv. Hosted refugess who were fleeing from wars in their countries

(b) Continental

I. Participated in a number of peace keeping missions e.g. 1993

Botswana soldiers went to somalia

II. Attends AU meetings

III. Signed agreements such as the African Nuclear Free Zone Treaty

(c ) International

I. Is a signatory to the UN and other international organisations

II. Had sent soldiers in a number of UN missions e.g. in somalia, Rwanda

III. Participate in mediation of conflicts e.g former President Masire was appointed as

UN facilitator in DRC.

Explain ways in which Botswana benefits from international relations.

1. Trade e.g. European Union market44

2. Aid e.g. money from other countries

3. Skilled manpower e.g. foreign workers from other countries

4. Loans e.g. Trans Kalahari built through a loan from Arab States

5. Gives the country a good image e.g. country advertises itself

6. Scholarship/education

7. Foreign investment: new industries from outside are set in Botswana

8. Cultural exchange( Exchange of technology e.g. internet.)

Explain challenges faced by Botswana in International Relations

1. Crime Social ills; Influx of illegal immigrants, International crime

2. International agreements and declarations threaten our sovereignty because they are

binding

3. Political instabilities e.g Zimbabwe (crime and illigal immigrants)/Undemocratic

governments/differences in ideologies/policies.

4. Health Issues/diseases e.g HIV and Aids, Ebola, SARS spreading

5. Fluctuation of world prices/Big-brother attitude (control by world super powers eg;

US)/aid with strings attached/unfair trade relations: the chinese government has to assist

Botswana with money to build an airport, a Chinese contractor has to be hired by the

Botswana government to do the project.

6. Geographical location; Botswana is landlocked, so there are more expenses in trading

with other countries especially when shipping goods. Currently uses Walvis Bay and

Durban sea ports.

7. Natural disasters

8. Language barriers; Difficult to communicate with other people from non-English

speaking countries. E.g; Asia/Batswana have to know other peoples languages in order to

relate with that prticular country e.g Russian,French and German.

9. Relationship with poor countries; Trade benefits are minimal

10.Threats by international organisations e.g survival international tarnishing the image of

Botswana.

11.Few diplomatic missions: this stalls the expansion of the international relations.

Explain the role of International organisations in maintaining peace45

(a) Security Council

I. Imposes economic sanctions (financial, technological,goods sanctions) to

countries

II. Military intervention e.g. UN peace keeping forces( peace keeping

mission(UNAMIS)United Natons Advance Mission-mediating talks in

Sudan(North-South Sudan conflict)

III. Diplomacy- banning any political or diplomatic relations

(b) Internationnal Court of Justice

I. Trial leaders who violate basic human rights e.g. Charles Taylor Liberian

President

II. Settle cases/ conflicts between countries e.g. Botswana vs Namibia over

Sedudu Island.

Evaluate efforts made in promoting international relations

Positives

I. Botswana has signed treaties and agreements.

II. Has a foreign policy guideline

III. Mediation in conflicts e.g. in the DRC

Negatives

I. Has failed to bring peace in countries like DRC

II. Has failed to produce a foreign policy document

III. Global events e.g. globalisation dictates Botswana’s foreign policy as the

country has to accommodate the interest of other countries

CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN BOTSWANA

Outline traditional non-verbal aspects of culture that promote the principle of Botho

1. Surrendering a seat to an elderly person`

2. Kneeling and clapping of hands when greeting elders

3. Bending on knees when giving elders

4. Not finger pointing elders

5. Putting off a hat when talking to elders

Discuss with examples how culture promotes gender disparities in Botswana.46

1. Inheritance: Only boys are allowed to inherit major property like land and cattle and the

surname. Girls are only given pots etc

2. Leadership: This was only reserved for males in most tribes in Botswana. They believe

that women cannot be good leaders

3. Education: Only the boys were allowed to finish school, with girls there is a belief that

they would get married and be taken care of by their husbands. Separate schools for boys

and girls (Bogwera and Bojale)

4. Provider in the family: Society strongly believes that it is the men who should provide for

the families. They should look for employment while the women stay at home to look after

children and cultivate the fields.

5. Division of labour: Boys and girls grow up knowing that they have different

responsibilities e.g. men do jobs that require muscles while girls do light jobs e.g. cooking

6. Bereavement: e.g. mourning during death of a spouse it is only the women who are

required to put on a mourning dress for a certain period while men do not.

7. Marriage: Payment of lobola by males only, hange of surname by women, women also had

to change their residence after marriage. Polygamy; men could take in many wives.

8. Setswana proverbs/sayings: e.g.Ga dinke di etelelwa ke manamagadi pele, ya mosimane

ke e nkgwe.

9. Societal values; Sex preference ( during child bearing) and child naming.

Using examples, show how elements of culture differ from one group to anotherin

Botswana.

1.Food: Bakalaka delele, Batawana tswii

2.dress: Baherero put on long heavy dresses with head scarves shaped like horns

3.dance: Basarwa dance tsutsube, Bakwena phatise, Bakalanga ndazula

4.technology: the mortar in the southern part of Botswana is taller while the one used in the

norther part is shorter.

Explain ways of promoting culture.

1. Intermarriages

2. Food exhibitions

3. Cultural festivals

4. Education: putting culture in the syllabus47

5. Literature: Writing books

6. Through broadcasting e.g. Ngwao Boswa programme

7. Dress code

8. Language

9. Story telling

10. Museums

11. Cultural villages e.g. Domboshaba

12. Through Arts e.g. Thapong arts

Evaluate the importance of culture

1. Identity/Belonging

2. Morality/Socialisation/Botho
3. Unity/Peace/Cooperation

4. Pride

5. Teaches survival skills; hunting, farming (self-self reliance)

6. Promote democracy;

7. Promote tourism;

8. Hinders development;

9. Encourages male domination

Describe cultural changes that have taken place in Botswana since independence.

1. Dress; Women now put on trousers and very short skirts; change from traditional way to

the western way of dressing

2. Language; Borrowed and acquire words from other languages; Accent has changed and

local language mixed with English

3. Food; A shift from traditional foods to western foods

4. Music/Dance; Traditional music no longer there unless in certain celebrations, music

enriched with the use of other instruments48

5. Tools; Agriculture; use of highly mechanised tools from simple tools, use of animals as

draught power

6. Religion; Emergence of other religions apart from Christian, Islamic, Hinduism

7. Bogadi; Bogadi has lost it value; it is now commercialised

8. Initiation schools has changed to formal education

Explain the role of mass media in influencing culture positively.

1. Helps to develop a sense of pride in one’s culture: programmes like Dipina le Maboko

2. Custodian of culture e.g. TV and radio programmes on culture

3. This helps to disseminate culture/promotes culture

4. It can teach us about other aspects of our culture

5. It helps to preserve culture e.g. tape recorder used are stored and will be seen by future

generations

6.bring people of different cultural background to discuss to cultural issues e.g. Molemo wa

kgang programme on BTV

7.creates cultural clashes e.g. sexually straight shaming sexually not straight

8.media has eroded the setswana culture e.g. children now sing hip hop

Discuss how globalisation has affected national culture in Botswana.

1. Women now put on trousers like western women

2. Women are no longer housewives; they are now professionals and hold top jobs

3. Traditionally women put on long dresses but now they put on short dresses

4. There is now prostitution in our country due to globalisation

5. Women now sit on chairs instead of traditional mats

6. House hold chores are not necessarily divided according to gender

7. Bogadi has been commercialised

8. Women now drink alcohol and smoke

9. Dikgafela no longer celebrated.

10. Botsetsi no longer sacred49

11. Traditional foodstuffs no longer popular

12. Marriage now westernised

13. Acquisition of foreign language

14. Loss of pride in ones language

Suggest possible solutions which address issues of gender imbalances within cultural

practices in Botswana.

1. Amend laws that discriminate against women in terms of inheritance, property

ownership
2. Campaigning for women empowerment

3. Create gender sensitive policies

4. Educating the public about gender issues

5. Implementation of International agreements

6. Removing traditional restrictions

7.Resolution of marital powers

Evaluate the impacts of culture in promoting national principles.

Democracy:

1. Many sayings/proverbs have promoted democracy e.g. Mmua lebe o bua la gagwe

2. Kgotla has promoted democracy because everybody was allowed to contribute in kgotla

Self reliance:

1. Some cultural forms have encouraged self reliance e.g. Molaletsa, Letsema

2. Some public projects were assigned to some regiments e.g. hunting

3. Some schools were built by local people e.g. Moeng, UB

4. Every culture produced its own tools e.g. Dikika, ditlatlana, dinkgwana

5. Some sayings have encouraged self reliance e.g. Mpha mpha o a lapisa

Unity:

1. Some sayings have promoted cooperation e.g. Moroto wa esi ga o ele50

2. Some cultural forms have encouraged cooperation e.g. Motshelo

3. Social gatherings have promoted unity e.g. marriages, funerals etc.

Botho:

1. Cultural practices have promoted Botho e.g. greeting of elders using both hands

2. Tswana proverbs have encouraged Botho e.g. Ngwana yo o sa utiweng molao

3. Punishment of wrong doers at the Kgotla also promoted Botho.

Development
1. Tradionally Batswana improved their standards of living through barter trading on the

things they did not have

2. Traditidal forms of cooperation, mafisa, motshelo etc promoted development of people in

the community.

3. Cultivation of skills and knowledge through initiation skills

4. Hard work was valued; Mosele wa pula ga o ele.

Discuss the need for cultural tolerance, space, appreciation and liberty in the world.

1. To promote peace

2. To prevent discrimination

3. To avoid wars

4. To promote cooperation

Discuss the importance of cultural tolerance in Botswana.

1.It promotes nation building/it promotes peaceful co-existance thus unity and peace

2.It leads to cultural indentity e.g all Batswana can identify with certain cultural aspects

such as music and food/It brings about pride which helps people to practice their culture

freely.

3.It helps to preserve culture in that people will know their culture and pass it to the

younger generation.

4.It broadens cultural knowledge/exchange of other people which will lead to cultural

appreciation/aculturalisation.

5.It boosts development: where there is tolerance people work towards one goal to develop

their country.51

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN BOTSWANA

Discuss factors contributing to economic development.

1. Human Resource/Skilled personnel;

2. Availability of natural resources; to be exploited and be exported to attract foreign

exchange.

3. Political stability/good governance;

4. Availability of capital; money and machinery

5. Availability of infrastructure; to attract investors e.e; serviced land , telecommunication

lines, etc.

6. Availability of markets; to be able to sell the goods produced

7. Entrepreneurship;

Explain ways in which the government promotes economic diversification in

Botswana.

1. Resources channelled to other economic sectors like Tourism, Agriculture which also

helps to improve the economy.

2. Provision of loans through organisations like CEDA thus encouraging investment

3. Provision of infrastructure e.g. serviced land and this makes it easy for people who want

to invest

4. Offering tax-holiday to investors

5. Political stability through democracy

6. Attracts foreign investors e.g. BEDIA

7. Encourages development of local entrepreneurs

8. Protection of local industries e.g. import substitution

9. Encouraging privatisation

10. Training people/provision of education relevant to all economic sectors52

Assess the role of the government of Botswana in economic diversification.

1.Country is open to foreign investment: e.g too many Chinese shops in the country, BEDIA

marketing the country internationally.

2.Allows expatriats and attracts fly-by-night investors e.g Hundai

3.Privatisation ofgovernment sectors: not much education has been given to Batswana

4.Funds businesses through Citizen Enterpreneurship Development Agency (CEDA): no

strong supervision of the projects results in collapse of projects.

5.Emphasis on science, engineering and business subjects e.g building of BIUST,

introduction of Know About Business in schools.

6.Educates Batswana on business skills through Local Enterprise Authority (LEA): this helps

them start and manage their own businesses.

7.Empowers Batswana e.g reserving some businesses for Batswana only like operating like

operating public transport. This helps to reduce competion from international companies

8.Provision of infrastructure e.g tarred roads, electricity, running water

Discuss ways in which mining contributes to the economy of Botswana.

1. Major foreign exchange earner/source of income

2. Revenue in the form of taxation: thus taxation helps the government to run the affairs of

the country

3. Provides employment to the locals and this helps to improve their standard of living

4. Scholarships offered to locals and this helps in the development of human resource thus

better productivity

5. Market other industries e.g. Tourism

6. Promotes the development of other industries e.g. thermal electricity industries due to

coal mines and this helps to diversify the economy.

7. Infrastructure development e.g. roads

8. Social responsibility e.g. donations like building of houses for destitudes

9. Improved trade profile

Discuss ways in which agriculture contributes to the economy of Botswana.53

1.Emplotment of Batswana: the agriculture sectore employs a lot of locals in this country

both in government and in private farms.

2.Source of government revenue: agricultural products such as beef are sold to the

European Union countries.

3.Human resourec development: agricultural sector trains a lot of Batswana either through

in-service training or through offering schoolarships to institutions that teach Batswana

about different skills in agriculture.

4.It has multiplier effect: when BMC wa set up in Lobatse other industries also came into

being in the country e.g tannaries. (promote other industries – economic diversification)

5.Infrastructure development: e.g the income from meat industry is used to develop the

country.

6.Food security: this helps to create or produce food locally thus self sufficiency.

Evaluate the role of government in promoting agriculture.

1.Provision of finance to the agriculural sector e.g through CEDA young farmers are

funded.

2.Serviced land/infrastructure development: tarred road, electricity and water have been

made available for farmers to easily access their farms e.g Pandamantenga

Some farms are inaccessible as the roads are bad.

3.Political stability: through democracy farmers enjoy peace tranquility when they practice

their capitalism.

4.Advertisement to foreign investors: foreign countries are buying agricultural products e.g

through NAMPAAD there is a quota for Botswana’s agricultural products that are sold to

USA.

5.Imparting of skills to farmers: agricultural entrepreneurship is encouraged in Botswana

through CEDA and LEA.

6.Incentives like tax holiday: e.g new companies may be excused from paying tax for their

machinery imports.

7.Infusion of agriculture in the education system: provition of relevant education for all

students to do agricultuer in primary and junior schools so that they can be futurefarmers.

8.Insufficient infrastructure development: government has failed to dams and this has made

farmers to suffer during drought.

9.No monitoring by government: farmers cultivate their field with the help from

government but later after cultivating they do not any reason to produce.

10.Agricultural products prices controlled by BAMB/monopoly of prices: this makes

farmers to be slow in producing as they do not see any reason to produce.54

11.Agricultural programmes like provision of tractors, NAMPAAD do not reach the remote

areas/accessible to all.

12.Protection of local products/buy Botswana campaign e.g vegetables imports banned by

Botswana/regulation of imports/backyard gardening.

13.Eradication of animal and plant diseases.

14.Investment on agriculture based research

Discuss challenges facing manufacturing industries in Botswana

1. Lack of market; to sell manufactured goods. Leads to losses

2. Shortage of skilled manpower: Skills needed to operate machine for production

3. Fluctuating Prices; Leads to less profit on goods sold

4. Lack of capital; to expand existing industries and to buy equipment and inputs

5. Poor infrastructure; Serviced land and good roads to transport goods

6. High utility costs; expensive electricity, phone and water bills leading to low profits

7. Competitition from well established foreign industries. This leads to low profits for local

industries.
8. Shortage of resources/raw materials; to be used to manufacture finished goods

9. Diseases; e.g; HIV/AIDS which hampers productivity

10. Shortage of serviced land; for expansion pf existing industries

Examine how corruption undermines economic development.

1. Diverts investment e.g. when profit is not invested back but used for wrong purposes

2. Collapse of sectors i.e. due to inappropriate use of funds

3. Delays economic growth e.g. if profits are not invested back: money that is ear marked for

projects is going to be diverted and used for prsonal purprses by corrupt officials so money

will not be used for its intended purposes.

4. Demoralises work force/frustrated work force: leads to low productivity

5.Investors are scared away because no investor wants to put their money where he/she is

going to loose it because of corruption.

6.It inflates/prolongs the actual time which is spent on projects thus loosing both capital

and time.55

7.Increases the gap between the rich and the poor in that the rich powerful people will

continue to be rich at the expense of the less powerful poor people.

8.Low quality projects: quality assurance measures not adhered to.

Evaluate the role of Private sector in promoting economic diversification.

1. Managed to set up industries

2. Provided financial assistance

3. They have succeeded in providing scholarship

4. They have build schools for training people

5. Failed to empower communities

6. Have failed by duplicating enterprises

Evaluate the contribution of Mining to the economy of Botswana.

1. Has created employment

2. Has brought foreign exchange

3. Has led to improvement of infrastructure

4. Had developed manpower through training of workers

5. Has brought income through taxation

Assess the challenges faced by the mining sector in Botswana

1.Lack of /limited market: most countries are producing the same minerals so there is stiff

competion for market.

2.Lack of capital/equipment: this slows production

3.Shortage of skilled manpower/brain drain: low production and hiring of expensive

expatriates.

4.Exhaustion of raw materials: leading to closure of mines.

5.Conflicts over the use of land/environmental problems: e.g sulphure dioxide in Selibe

Phikwe and some minerals being discovered in residential areas. People again refuse to

relocate and this create conflicts.

6.Flactuation of prices due to global economic forces may cause mines to close thus loss of

jobs.56

7.Unfair trade dealings: prices being determined by buyer instead of producers.

Assess ways in which the tourism industry has positively contributed to the economy

of Botswana

1. Creates employment

2. Generate revenue

3. Source of foreign exchange

4. Helps to develop other industries (Diversifies the economy)

5. Conserves the natural resourses e.g; wildlife

6. Development of infrastructure

7. Opens up the country for investment.

Assess the importance of Global Economic Forces for Economic Development in

Botswana

1. Provides development funds to Botswana e.g. European Union

2. Have provided trading links to Botswana e.g. Market for Beef and Diamonds at European

Union

3. Gives financial assistance for reconstruction and development purposes e.g. World Bank

4. Gives assistance to Botswana in balance of payment e.g. IMF

Evaluate the significance of global economic forces on the economy of Botswana.

1.World recession: bussinesses like mining in Botswana have declined in production and

some mining companies like Debswana are even retrenching staff.

2.Global inflation: general increase in prices of commodities like petrol and food as a result

of increased money suppy.

3.Devaluation of currencies: Pula has been devalued in order to make exports cheaper and

this makes imports more expensive.

4.Flaction of prices in the world markets: meaning that if one sells his/her products at a

time ehen prices are low there is less profit accumulated.57

5.Provides trade links with Botswana: e.g market for beeef and diamond through the EU.

6.Give assistance to Botswana e.g International Monetary Fund (IMF)

7.Non flexible payments of loans (with high interest rates)

EDUCATION IN BOTSWANA

Explain the importance of Traditional Education

1. Teaches children their culture / builds self identity

2. Prepares children for adult life

3. Teaches/imparts practical skills e.g. wood carving, basket weaving

4. Cultivate children to be responsible citizens

5. Promotes continuity of culture; Preserves culural norms and values

Discuss similarities and differences between traditional and modern Education

Similarities:

1. Both teach skills needed in every day life

2. Both teach practical and moral skills

3. Both take place through stages

4. Both prepare children for adult life

5. Both are accompanied by rewards

Differences:

TRADITIONAL MODERN

1. Use local language only 1. Use both local and foreign languages

2. No formal lessons 2. Lessons are formal

3. Unqualified teachers 3. Qualified teachers

4. Takes place everywhere 4. Takes place in the classroom

5. No examinations and tests 5. There are tests and examinations58

Some Dikgosi like Kgosi Kgafela, have re-itroduced inition schools to revive

traditional education.

Explain how this type of education is important to culture in Botswana.

1.It instills discipline e.g enforcing order in the society.

2.It instills the spirit of community service eg Mephato building a school.

3.It prepares the youth for adult life: the youth are taught survival skills that they will use in
future in order to combat challenges of adult life.

4.It teaches productivity: the initiates are taught abou the importance of productivity at

home and how to achieve it e.g taking good care of livestock.

5.It helps preserve culture: initiates are taught about the culture of their tribes so that it

does not get lost with time.

6.It promotes self reliance: initiates are encouraged to produce their own food while at

initiation schools and this teaches them to be self reliant in future.

7.It instills pride/belonginess/identity

Suggest ways of catering for the disabled people in the Education system.

1. They should be able to access education

2. The curriculum should cater for them

3. They should be provided with facilities that cater for their status

4. Development of teaching and learning materials to suit the disabled

5. Training personnel i.e. providing skilled manpower who can teach the disabled

6. Making laws in the education policy to cater for the disabled

According to MOE….. asses with particular reference to the disabled learners in

Botswana.

1.Provision of suitable facilities e.g ramps, toilets, deks, lifts have been provided in most

government buildings.

OR

2.Facilities are inadiquate and majority of the schools do not cater for the disabled. There

are only a few of such schools in the country and children feom different regions without

thiese schools have to travel long distances.

3.Training of teachers o special education: this has been done and it has helped to enable

teachers to interact with the disabled learners in schools.

OR59

4.Teachers trained on special education are not many so the candidates are left without

teachers.

5.Availing modified scripts to the disabled learnrs e.g braille for the taoally blind and

enlarged print for those with low vision.

OR

6.These modified scripts are only used during the external examinations only, during the

course of the two years in school they are not provided.

7.Elininating forms of discrimination by teachers and the society to accept and respect

disabled people.

8.Apprenticenship: that is availing job training for them to be competent in various trades.

Explain the role of education in promoting the following: healthy society, voter

education.

Healthy society;

1. Provides information on healthy living

2. Infusion of health issues into the curriculum

3. Conduct vaccinations at schools

4. Train nurses/doctors who care for the sick

5. Train social workers who cares for the disadvantaged

6. People are able to read information about the drug dosage, expiry dates of goods

Voter Education;

1. Make people aware of voting, rights -

2. Provision of information on specific events concerning elections

3. Access to information on elections through reading e.g. newspapers

4. People will have privacy concerning their votes because they will read everything for
themselves

5. Trains Election officers

Outline the steps to take when consumer, voter rights are violated.

Consumer rights:

1. Approach supervisor

2. Approach management60

3. Approach Consumer Affairs department

4. Seek legal action (go to court)

Voter rights:

1. Approach the polling officer

2. Approach the presiding officer

3. Approach the principal Elections Officer

4. Approach IEC

5. Seek legal action

Outline the steps taken by individuals when health rights have been violated

1.approach supervisor in charge

2.approach hospital management e.g. matron, hospital manager/Chief Adinistration Officer,

Hospital Superitendent/Chief Medical Officer.

3.approach Ministry of Health Head Quarters (toll free number 0800 600 740)e.g. Director,

Permanent Secretary

4.appoach Member of Praliament or Ombadsman

5.appoach Office of the President

6.seek legal assistance

Discuss the purpose of education.

1. It creates awareness e.g. rights and responsibilities

2. Help prevent diseases e.g. Diarrhoea

3. Help prevent degradation of the environment e.g. through environmental education

4. Helps in developing human resource e.g people can take part in social, economic and

political activities

5. Improves the standard of living -

6. Provides people with behavioural ethics and morals i.e. they can fit well in the society

Explain the importance of education in promoting economic development.

1.makes people to be innovative: they bring new ideas after getting education61

2.informs policies on development i.e.through research the government can be advised on

which areas to invest so as to diversify

3.creates awareness/addresses issues of health and safety amongst workers: this ensures

fitness and this reduces the time spent on sick leave.

4. a tool for change i.e. removes cultural stereotypes that hinder economic growth

5.teaches problem solving skills/improves standard of living/ticket to employment: better

paying jobs/speed up production as people are trained on relevant skills.

EDUCATION AND HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

Discuss challenges faced by people in Botswana who are self employed.

1. Lack of finance: most people do not have enough money to start their own businesses.

2. Lack of managerial skills/technical skills: most people do not have the relevant skills to

start and manage businesses and so they fail e.g advertising

3. Lack of land

4. Limited market for products: market is limited so locals face stiff competition from

established companies.

5. Competitions from already established industries

6. Jealousy/nepotism and favouritism towards others/negative attitude toward other

Batswana: Batswana do not support each other, they would rather buy products from other

countries rather than those that are made locally.

7. Lack of information on viable projects/lack of research: individuals do not normally

research about products they want to sell or manufacture before yndertaking any business

venture so these businesses end up collapsing e.g duplication of businesses

8. High transport costs/lack of transport/expensive utilities: utilities are normally

expensive so people end up not earning much profit is because most of their profit is spent

on these expensive utilities.

9. Natural disasters e.g. pests and diseases, low rainfall

10. Crime/lack of security e.g. theft: this affects most businesses because they are robbed

of their hard earned profit in most cases. Most people fail to secure their premises and so

they lose due to crime.

11.Bureaucracy of the country: this delays people and they end up giving up on starting

businesses.

Give strategies of empowering the youth in Botswana.62

1. Financial assistance e.g. youth grants/loans

2. On job training

3. Workshops

4. Provision of recreational facilities

5. Talk shows

6. Youth parliament

7. Youth Policy

8. Access to education

Analyse how the Disadvantaged and Youth can contribute to Botswana’s Economic

development.
1. Giving them positions of responsibility at work

2. By forming self help community programmes

3. The old people having wealth of experience can use it to contribute to community

projects

4. By paying tax

5.The grandparents can help to take care of orphans and handicapped when their parents

are at work.

Evaluate the role of stakeholders in promoting Human Resource Development in

Botswana.

Government:

1. Has provided 10 year basic education for Batswana e.g. Primary, and Junior Secondary

Education

2. Has managed to establish more schools to train Batswana for jobs e.g. GIPS, NUT

3. Has provided health facilities to ensure good health e.g. Clinics, hospitals

4. Has increased Family planning education

5. Has sent Batswana officers for further education e.g. to local schools and abroad

NGO’s63

1. Have helped in the development of manpower through offering scholarships e.g. Banks

2. Have sponsored educational workshops and seminars

3. Have helped in improving standards of living of poor people e.g. Red Cross

4. Have assisted in monitoring activities of government e.g. Emang Basadi

Explain how the government promotes human resource development in Botswana.

1. Education — making education accessible to all Batswana e.g. 10 year basic education

2. Training through workshops

3. Expansion of institutions to train more people

4. Under study programmes/localising study programmes

5. Building of new schools

6. Provision of health facilities to ensure a healthy society

7. Training with the view of skills needed in the market

8. Awarding sponsorship

9. Upgrading of officials

10. External placement of students

DEFINITIONS

1. Monarchy: A system of government in which a country is ruled by a king or queen

2. Culture: A way of life of a particular people.

3. Cultural Diversity: Accommodating different cultures.

4. Material culture: Cultural aspects that are tangible (can be touched) e.g. pottery,

dress, food etc

5. Non Material culture: Non tangible (not touchable) aspects of culture e.g. music,

beliefs

6. Economic Development: Using resources to improve wealth in order to raise the

standard of living of people.

7. Education: A process of learning or acquiring knowledge and skills.64

8. Governance: Act of ruling or being ruled.[the way acountry is ruled.]

9. Government: A system through which society is ruled or an institution charged

with the mandate of managing the affairs of a country.

10. Citizenship: The act of belonging to a particular country as an individual.

11. Socialisation: A process through which people learn about the culture, norms and

values of their society

12. De jure population: Total number of people present in a country during census
plus all citizens outside the country during a census.

13. Overpopulation: When there are more people in an area than the available

resources can support.

14. Mortality rate: The number of people who die in a year for every 1000 people in a

particular country

15. Globalisation: When peoples of the world become interdependent and

interconnected through their ideas and activities.

16. Global warming: Accelerated warming of the earth’s atmosphere due to release of

greenhouse gases

17. Migration: Movement of people from one place to another for various reasons e.g.

political, economic, social etc

18. Sovereignty: The right and power of an independent country to run its affairs

without any interference from outside.

19. Foreign policy: The picture through which a country wants to be known by others.

20. Intermarriage: Marrying across ethnic groups or across nationalities

21. Economic diversification: Adding new industries or different industries to an

economy so that a country does not rely on one economic sector.

22. International relations: Official interactions between countries.

23. Constitutional democracy: A type of government in which leaders rule according

to the constitution.[ a rule allowed or limioted by a political constitution]

24. Dictatorship: A form of government whereby the leaders are above the law.

25. Life expectancy: the average number of years a person is expected to live from

birth.

26. Nationalism: a strong feeling of loyalty or faithfulness towards ones country.65

27. Patriotism: Having love or pride for ones country.

28. Land degradation: Depletion/destruction of the land

28. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): A process of investigating the possible

effects of a proposed project on the environment.

29. Multi ethnicity The existence of different ethnic groups in one country.

30. Eco-Tourism: Tourism planned to safeguard the environment by the local

communities

31. Game farming: Rearing of wild animals in privately owned game reserves.

32. Fertility rate: The average number of lifetime births per woman during her

productive age (15-44yrs)

34. Social contract: Unofficial or unwritten agreements between the elected and

electorates.

35. First past the Post: An electoral system in which seats in parliament are based on

constituencies and the candidate with the highest votes assumes power.

36. Rule of law: A practice whereby all the laws in the constitution must apply to all

individuals in the country

37. Voter Apathy: low turnouts of voters during general elections.

38. Nation Building: Making or forming of a nation

39. Terrorism: Acts of violence usually carried out by small or large groups or people

in order to achieve certain goals.

40. Corruption: Acting dishonestly or illegally in return for money or personal gain.

41. Dual citizenship: Having two passports for two countries at the same time

42. Bill: A proposed law.

43. Human Resource Development: Improving quality of workers or labourers

through education.

44. Population Dynamics: The ever changing structure of population due to factors
such as birth rate, death rate, migration etc.

45. Population Census: Official counting of people in a country at a given period of

time.

46. Deforestation: Cutting down trees without replacing them66

47. Sustainability: To continue existing for future use without being depleted

48. Acculturation: The meeting of different cultures resulting in cultural changes.

49. Spouse: A marital partner

50. Honorary citizenship- A special kind of citizenship given by the president.

51. Push factors: Factors that force people to migrate

52. DCEC: Government institution given the mandate to investigate and report

corruption.

53. Ambassador/ high commissioner: The head of diplomats in a foreign country

54. Hypothesis; An educated guess or prediction of the results of a research..

55. Document study: A method of data collection in which data is gathered from

written or published materials only.

56. Research: A systematic study of a subject or problem intended to discover new

facts or ideas.

57. Cohabitation: A practice whereby a man and woman live together as husband and

wife but without being legally married.

58. Formal education: A type of education which involves reading and writing

59. Social Factors: facts and experiences in life that affects and influences the human

behavior and lifestyle in the society