Name: Tyeni Ndityeyo

Surname: Angula

Student number: 21610351

Subject code: CPM201

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Question 1
Crime prevention strategy for Marvel Town

1.1 Introduction

The rising crime rate is a major concern, especially in our town, Marvel Town, where it
has risen dramatically in the last three years. We're all worried about crime in our area.
We have well-trained police officers whose primary duty is to protect citizens. Officers
can only enforce the law, not prevent it. They can't predict when or where a crime will
occur, but they can help prevent it. The term "crime prevention" refers to intervention in
the causes of criminal and disorderly behavior in order to reduce the likelihood of their
occurrence and/or the severity of their consequences (Van Dijk, & Steinmetz 2019,
p10). Crime prevention encompasses all activities aimed at reducing actual crime
and/or the perceived fear of crime (Van Dijk, & Steinmetz 2019). Because law
enforcement cannot deter and prevent crime alone, citizen involvement is essential.
Citizens can assist police officers by being more proactive. This community must work
together to effectively reduce crime. In reality, no policy, practice, or program can
reduce crime without community support. Let's talk about the most common
approaches, their effectiveness, and their implementation (Kuttschreuter, & Wiegman,
2020, p441).

1.2 Primary crime prevention

Primary prevention aims to avert violent behavior and activities in the first place. This
type of intervention seeks to address the risk factors for violence. Preventative efforts
rely on private citizens to address issues in their immediate environment, as well as
collaborative efforts between law enforcement and citizens. As Van Dijk, & Steinmetz
(2019, p23) discusses, one method for removing or mitigating society's criminogenic
aspects is through the physical environment, Media-Based Crime Prevention,
Developmental Crime Prevention, and General Deterrence Crime Prevention.

1.2.1 The Physical Environment and Crime Prevention

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Crime Prevention by Environmental Design (CPTED) is a community-based approach
to crime prevention. The crime prevention strategy describes how to design physical
environments to reduce crime. A citizen uses a CPTED strategy to address their
physical location to deter future crime. Architectural design, surveillance, target
hardening, and accessibility should all be considered. Territoriality, natural surveillance,
image and milieu, access control, target hardening, and activity support are all used to
create "defensible space" (Kuttschreuter, & Wiegman, 2020, p441).

A wide range of possible access control/target hardening interventions exist. Better

street lighting, removing obstacles or redesigning areas to reduce concealment, and
CCTV all contribute to better surveillance. Installing locks, strengthening doors,
installing unbreakable glass, and installing alarms could prevent access. Increase
access control and target hardening by identifying properties. Target hardening has so
far largely focused on the direct impact of physical design elements on crime and/or fear
of crime, ignoring any indirect effects via intervening factors (South Africa, 2013).

Deterrence through physical design changes will only work if implemented as part of a
comprehensive strategy. Physical changes must support active surveillance, community
cohesion, and citizen action. Neighborhood crime prevention is a strategy that combines
theory and practice (Kuttschreuter, & Wiegman, 2020, p441).

1.2.2 The Mass Media and Crime Prevention

The most effective law enforcement agencies value and promote citizen-police
partnerships as a strategy for crime prevention. The work of any law enforcement
agency is aided by engaged and empowered citizens. As social media grows in
popularity, the police will have more opportunities to engage citizens and promote crime
prevention (South Africa, 2001).

Both physical design and neighborhood crime prevention programs reduce crime and
fear. Programmers do not reach out to or involve a wide range of people and areas.
Hiring programmers who can reach a larger audience and increase participation is one
solution. Using the media can help you reach more people. Today, social media has

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allowed the mass media to reach audiences outside of their living rooms (Laycock &
Tilley 2019, 91).

Media-based crime prevention takes many forms and has many outcomes. The media
can be used to increase offender risk perception, promote public safety, and reassure
the public. It can help reduce crime and fear (South Africa, 2013).

The media can be used in numerous ways, including the following: Raising public
awareness may increase offender risk. Those who break the law will fear being caught.
Deliberately exposing themselves to the public increases the perceived risk of being
caught. According to media messages, criminal behavior carries risks and
consequences. Campaigns against drunken or distracted driving are common during
the holiday seasons (South Africa, 2001).

Educate the public on the value of safety. Perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors can be
changed through public awareness campaigns to improve safety. Flyers about safety,
installing burglar bars on windows, taking valuables from cars parked on the street
overnight, and enrolling people who are at risk in self-defense classes are just a few
examples (Kuttschreuter, & Wiegman, 2020, p441).

Giving the public assurance: To educate the public on crime prevention measures Of
course, public education should focus on crime. It still has four basic goals when the law
enforcement environment publishes its strategic and annual operational plans. It aims to
alter public perceptions of crime and justice. This book instills a realistic view of crime
and the criminal justice system's role in crime prevention. The program's second goal is
to empower citizens to deter and prevent crime. Third, it seeks to improve citizen-justice
relations in order to improve current crime prevention efforts (The Constitution of the
Republic of South Africa, 1996).

1.2.3 Developmental Crime Prevention

Part of primary prevention is changing someone's motivation and drive. Proactive

deterrence aims to stop criminals. The basic premise is that childhood influences
criminal and deviant behavior. The goal is to understand deviant behavior and prevent

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it. The main difference is that early problem solving is emphasized (Laycock, & Tilley.
2019, p94).

Preventing later delinquency or crime is the goal of developmental prevention. In

contrast, developmental crime prevention studies what makes people more likely to
commit crimes. But we can't cover everything. That would imply total control over
people and their environments. Instead, focus on the factors most likely to influence a
person's choices. Identifying and reducing risk factors (The Constitution of the Republic
of South Africa, 1996). The most exciting developmental prevention programs are
examined.

Many programs are focused on risk. Educate skills Schools have many social and life
skills programs. These programs teach kids problem-solving skills. Controlling one's
emotions and identifying others' needs and concerns are all part of teaching self-control
and problem-solving skills. Interacting with others without being aggressive or antisocial
is one of these skills. Peer pressure and adolescent aggression are addressed in the
training (The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996).

Providing a safe environment for children is a concern for developmental prevention.

Children, teens, and pregnant women can participate in these programs (Lab,
2020:140). There are preschool programs. Early schooling can help reduce antisocial
behavior. It is believed that preschool programs can help children who are not yet ready
for school develop basic skills and establish a baseline of competence. Academic
success should reduce delinquency and crime (South Africa, 2013).

There are mentoring programs. Mentoring programs help youth grow. Friendship,
emotional support, guidance, and advice are provided by adult volunteers. Academic
failure, school dropout, truancy, and delinquency are targeted. Training in
developmental prevention appears to work. Partially aired:

Consider programs with multiple parts. These programs frequently target children who
are already antisocial or delinquent. The programs are secondary prevention because
the targets have already acted negatively. To help youth avoid riskier behaviors,

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programs must first address the underlying causes of deviance. The programs also
target pre-adolescents, preventing problems (South Africa, 2013).

1.2.4 General Deterrence Primary crime prevention approach

The term deterrence refers to "fear-based influence." Criminals abstain from committing
crimes out of fear of being apprehended and punished. General and specific deterrence
are classified into two types.

General deterrence's objective is to have an effect on more than one offender. Arresting
and prosecuting one individual should serve as a deterrent to other criminals and
potential lawbreakers. General deterrence is a good fit for primary prevention because it
tries to stop an act before it happens (South Africa, 2013).

Specific deterrence refers to measures taken to keep a repeat offender from violating
the law. It is hoped that the experience of punishment will deter the individual from
engaging in future illegal behavior. The punishment is not expected to have any effect
on anyone other than the offender. Because it is aimed at someone who has already
broken the law, specific deterrence is called tertiary prevention.

Three factors determine the effectiveness of a deterrent. Consider the punishment's

severity, certainty, and timing. The severity of the punishment must be sufficient to
offset the pleasure gained from the criminal act. The basic premise is that people
choose their behavior based on the trade-off between the benefits of crime and the
costs of being caught. An analysis shows that illegal activity provides more pleasure
than pain. Severity seeks to replace the activity's pleasant outcome with unpleasant
pain. Certainty refers to the likelihood of being apprehended and punished. Identifying,
apprehending, convicting, and sentencing the offender causes pain. Incapable of
enforcing its will and punishing those who violate it, the system sends a signal to other
potential offenders. The third is speed. Celerity is the speed at which a society reacts.
The underlying assumption of celerity is that a punishment administered late will have
less impact than a punishment administered immediately. Gradually losing the ability to
connect later punishment (pain) to the prior offense (pleasure) (South Africa. 1995).

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Deterrence requires the presence of all three of these elements. The deterrent effect of
the punishment can be significantly diminished if any one component is missing.
Despite their close interdependence, the majority of deterrence research has
concentrated on a single factor at a time. The other two are either ignored entirely or
taken for granted (South Africa, 2013).

1.3 Secondary crime prevention approaches

Identification and prediction are the foundations of secondary prevention. Secondary

prevention techniques, rather than targeting entire communities or neighborhoods,
concentrate on identifying offenders, places, or situations that are more prone to
criminal activity. Knowing who will not rebel, when and where crime will occur (and who
will be the victims), and what items criminals will target are all difficult or time-
consuming tasks. Secondary prevention includes predicting criminal behavior, analyzing
risk factors for deviance, and identifying victimization (Van Dijk, & Steinmetz 2019, p61).

1.3.1 Predicting offending behavior

The first issue is determining what is predicted. One of the most common tasks in
criminal justice is predicting recidivism. The severity of future activity, revocation of
probation or parole, are all examples of recidivism. The primary concern of secondary
prevention is predicting individuals' initial deviant behavior. This is often expressed as
foreseeing danger. The juvenile justice system, which is built on the assumption of
future adult criminal activity, is a prime example of this. Secondary prevention keeps
potential offenders from reaching their full potential (Kuttschreuter, & Wiegman, 2020,
p44).

Many aspects of criminal justice still rely on guesswork. Prediction is a part of all
decisions, though it is rarely conscious. Each of these decisions involves predicting
future deviant behavior (Van Dijk, & Steinmetz 2019, p61).

The first prediction we have is the clinical prediction. Clinical prediction is based on a
rater's assessment of an individual based on interviews and records. The rater can use
psychological tests, demographic data, family and personal history, or subject

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interviews to make a determination. In most cases, raters have complete discretion
(Van Dijk, & Steinmetz 2019, p61).

Another type of prediction, actuarial forecasts are based on known parameters or data
certainty. The best example of actuarial prediction is in the insurance industry. The cost
of life insurance is determined by the applicant's age group's mortality rate. The
prediction uses only known statistical factors. Finding the right predictive items is critical
in actuarial forecasting. Criminal justice uses age, race, sex, socioeconomic status,
education, IQ, criminal history, the immediate offence, family history, and psychological
test results. (South Africa, 2013).

1.3.2 Risk factors and prediction

A more recent trend in predicting who will commit crimes is identifying risk factors
associated with deviant behavior. Future deviance is predicted by the risk factors.
Predictions about specific people are uncommon. The risk factors are simply indicators
or flags that people may need extra help or attention. Risk factors are divided into
categories. Peer (gang membership, peer deviance/criminality, and sibling criminality),
community (poverty, disorder, incivility, availability of firearms/drugs, low
socioeconomics), psychological/personality (hyperactivity, impulsivity, inability to
conjure), and family size are some of the most common categories in the literature
(Kuttschreuter, & Wiegman, 2020, p44).

There are factors affecting immediate and long-term care in the family. This category
includes a wide range of family situations and factors. All of this does not change the
fact that childhood maltreatment leads to later deviance. Inadequate parental
supervision (South Africa. 1995). One of the most important factors in adolescent
behavior is peer influence. Delinquency may be predicted by antisocialist among
siblings. Joining a gang, for example (South Africa. 1995).

The community in which a person lives can be dangerous and can thus influence
someone’s behavior. Schools are a community risk factor. Schools may pose special
dangers. Dropping out of school, for example, has been linked to delinquency. Another
type of factors are psychological and personality factors are both risk factors for

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aggressive behavior. These factors may inhibit a person's ability to succeed in the
workplace. In young adults, hyperactivity has been linked to violent behavior (Van Dijk,
& Steinmetz 2019, p66). Prenatal and perinatal complications are influenced by
biological risk factors. Pregnancy and substance abuse Chemicals called "nero
transmitters" communicate with the brain. In 2020, the average resting heart rate will be
179-180 beats per minute.

1.3.3 Predicting places and events

It is not necessary to limit secondary prevention prediction to predicting who will

become a delinquent or criminal. It's also possible to forecast where and when criminals
and victims will appear. It's not uncommon for police departments to deploy resources in
different ways and at different times across their jurisdiction. In order to find crime
hotspots and popular products, researchers today use new technologies and data
sources (South Africa. 1995).

Hot spots, according to (South Africa, 2013) are "small areas where crime is so
common that it is highly predictable over a year." The police identify high-crime areas
and times on a regular basis. Aggression and violence are more common in local bars
than in fine dining lounges, for example. Similarly, assaults in the evening outnumber
assaults in the morning. This basic understanding shows that many problems happen at
the same time and in the same place.

The problem is identifying these clusters and using that information to create effective
interventions. Identifying hot spots can also aid in the detection of criminal patterns and
locations. When assessing hotspots, stability should be taken into account. Is the
identified crime hotspot temporary or does it persist for an extended period of time?
There are plenty of hot spots to choose from, whether it's late at night, on weekends,
holidays, or during the summer vacation months. The fact that crime tends to cluster in
certain areas or at certain times suggests that focusing on hotspots could be a good first
step in crime prevention. The discovery of a crime hotspot should prompt further
research into what makes a location a crime hotspot and how to prevent it (South Africa.
1995).

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1.3.4 Repeat victimization

Victimization of a person or place at least twice in a short period of time after an initial
victimization event is referred to as "repeat victimization." Repeat victimization entails
pursuing the same person or location twice. Target "Repeat is the most common
example of repeated victimization. The assumption is that evidence of recurring
victimization, regardless of the type, can guide actions.

Preventing crime by focusing on previous victims and locations. Police can better
allocate human and other resources where they can make the most difference by
targeting repeat victims. Targeting high-crime areas while focusing on repeat
victimization has the effect of affecting both the target and potential nearby targets.
There are a lot of things that can be learned about crimes that have already happened,
like where the crime took place, when it took place, and what kind of property was
stolen (South Africa. 1995).

1.4 crime prevention strategy

Stage 1: Conducting a community safety audit to identify problems and

understand our community

The first step is to gather information to determine the extent of our neighborhood's
crime problems. Our community's crime problems are primarily concentrated around
parking lots and residential areas. Among the crimes identified were housebreaking and
theft, being mugged, attacked, assaulted, and armed robbery; cars stolen; items stolen
from cars; physical attacks based on people's skin color, ethnic origin, gender, and
religion; vandalism; and property theft. This data was gathered at a Community Forum
meeting, and the research was carried out in our area, Marvel town.

The second step is to figure out who in our community is already working to prevent
crime. We have found out that the neighborhood security and sector police are currently
collaborating to combat criminal activity.

Next on we investigated our neighborhood's social and physical characteristics. The

Marvel town area is densely populated, with the majority of residents living in squatter

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camps. Visibility is limited in our community due to additional rental units built at the
back of house and along the banks of the Hulk River. Building shacks on manholes and
water pipelines makes capacity, blockage, and infrastructure and utility servicing and
maintenance extremely difficult.

The fourth step is to compile the information and rank the criminal issues in order of
importance. Housebreaking and theft, being attacked, having cars stolen, having things
stolen from cars, vandalism and theft of property, being mugged, and finally, physical
attacks based on skin color, ethnic origin, gender, or religion will be given the highest
priority in this community.

Next on analyze the issues that we have prioritized in our community. As a result of the
investigation, the following areas of concern have been identified: The vast majority of
armored robberies and assaults occur in private residences. Poor visibility, river access,
and a lack of access control are all factors that have contributed to the situation. For
criminals, the area's overgrowth, as well as a number of backyard shacks, provides
cover.

Stage 2: Developing a strategy

When developing a strategy we need to Prioritize and organize intervention areas into
focus areas. Assaults and robberies, vehicle thefts, and malicious property damage are
all areas where assistance is required.

We then went on to create a list of potential local partners. Private security firms include
sector policing, neighborhood watch, business against crime, the local municipality, and
private security firms. The National Crime Prevention Strategy is a long-term initiative
aimed at reducing crime opportunities and motivation while also improving the criminal
justice system's ability to deal with crime. The National Crime Prevention Strategy, on
the other hand, is based on a long-term plan of action that a lot of government agencies
work on together.

Create intervention projects and programmers in step eight. In addition to neighborhood

watch and sector policing, businesses fighting crime may install CCTV cameras, hire
private security companies, and install an access boom as additional control measures.

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Fixing existing lights, erecting additional lights, and repairing broken pipes are all tasks
that the local government can handle. It is necessary to clear the overgrown
surroundings and install security fencing. Many shack dwellers should be given their
own space, and the number of shacks per house should be reduced. Policing strategies
will include more visible patrols for stops and searches, as well as roadblocks.

1.4 Evaluation process

The first evaluation process we have is the Impact Evaluation. Impact (outcome)
evaluations focus on the changes that have occurred after the implementation of a
specific policy, intervention, or programmer. In other words, the impact and effect for on
crime rate is evaluated (Laycock, & Tilley. 2019, 118).

Process evaluations is the second evaluation process which focus on an assessment of

the procedures used to implement a spe cific programmer. The social context within
which the programmer or initiative operates is also taken into consideration. These
evaluations take the form of detailed descriptive accounts of the programmers and their
implementation. The initial goals are measured against the current operations of the
programmer. Information used, include the mission/goals of the programmer, an
assessment of staff, funding and other resources, obstacles, the compliance of clients,
the quality of the data gathered, and any changes made in the programmer over time.
All this information is used in assessing the degree to which the intervention was
successfully implemented, as planned (Laycock, & Tilley. 2019, 118).

The last evaluation process we have is the Cost-Benefit Evaluations. A cost-benefit

evaluation (or cost-benefit analysis) seeks to assess whether the costs of an
intervention are justified by the benefits or outcomes that accrue from it. A cost-benefit
analysis is a form of process evaluation that requires an impact evaluation be
completed at the same time (Van Dijk, & Steinmetz 2019, p61).

1.5 Conclusion

The strategy is based on the belief that, rather than simply normalizing something that
has never been normal, we must create a new society. The magnitude of the challenge
should not be underestimated. It will require the commitment, clarity of vision, and

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leadership of all national government institutions, as well as provincial and local
governments, as well as the participation of civil society. The National Crime Prevention
Strategy represents a turning point in the war on crime. This strategy is a uniquely
South African product, based on the realities of our society. To be fully successful, it will
require the support of all residents of Marvel Town who do not want to be victims or live
in fear.

The strategy is based on the belief that, rather than simply normalizing something that
has never been normal, we must create a new society. The magnitude of the challenge
should not be underestimated. It will require the commitment, clarity of vision, and
leadership of all national government institutions, as well as provincial and local
governments, as well as the participation of civil society. When these interventions are
used together, they can help reduce the risk of re-offending, which is an important part
of crime prevention.

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Question 2
The functions that are outsourced by the author are:

1. Guarding of government buildings

The majority of the security industry is devoted solely to guarding buildings and
functions, whereas policing encompasses all aspects of guarding, reaction, and
investigation. All of these are not usually found under one roof in private security, but
they do exist in various forms. More sophisticated equipment like x-ray machines and
metal detectors are being used in government buildings where employees have been
robbed or held up by armed robbers. Risk-analysis software packages (incident
reporting and management) and the development of private intelligence gathering
capabilities have all pointed to greater involvement in crime (Laycock, & Tilley. 2019,
p234).

2. Provision of certain security services (e.g. access control to SAPS

buildings, parkade guarding etc.)

Responding to alarms, providing CCTV services in CBDs, certain types of investigation

services, security services at gated neighborhoods/enclosed areas, security villages,
and vehicle security and tracking are among the more visible replacements of police in
certain security functions. Furthermore, while the private security industry offers a wide
range of specific security services, modern security requirements demand that "policing"
activities similar to those performed by public or state policing agencies, such as
managing security risks, risk (crime) profiling, risk analysis, risk reduction, investigating
any security breaches, and collecting data, be performed within these security functions
(Laycock, & Tilley. 2019, p234).

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 3. Certain functions around vehicle fleet management

Private companies did not take over the responsibilities of police officers; rather, they
supplemented them by providing additional manpower while also having access to
better resources and managing this resources, such as vehicles and more sophisticated
equipment, to assist the SAPS (Laycock, & Tilley. 2019, p234).

4. Provision of IT services (maintenance of equipment; provision of hardware

and software)

Customers can track the movement of their own vehicles using the latest in web-based
technology (very useful for trucking companies or for positioning a family vehicle if
concerns arise about where such a vehicle might be) simply by logging on to the
company website. Additionally, this internet tracking can now be accessed via a
cellphone (the latter system combines GPS and GSM (cellular network) technology with
the internet) (Laycock, & Tilley. 2019, p234).

5. Vehicle Pound safeguarding

Before a vehicle can be impounded, the private company that is impounding it must
have legal authority to do so. A court decision may be required in some cases. In
others, the right to impound is automatic if certain conditions are met. In some
jurisdictions, that authority may allow the lender to repossess the vehicle using its own
resources; in others, the lender must request the assistance of a sheriff, marshal, or
other government agent to perform or supervise the repossession (Laycock, & Tilley.
2019, p234).

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References
Kuttschreuter, M., and Wiegman. O. 2020. Crime Prevention and the Attitude Toward
the Criminal Justice System: The Effects of a Multimedia Campaign." Journal of
Criminal Justice 26(6), 441-452.

Laycock, G., and N. Tilley. 2019. Implementing Crime Prevention. Building a Safer
Society: Strategic Approaches to Crime Prevention. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago
Press.

Van Dijk, J., and C. Steinmetz 2019. Crime Prevention: An Evaluation of the National
Publicity Campaign. The Hague, Netherlands: Netherlands Ministry of Justice.

South Africa. 2001. Department of Safety and Security. South African Police Service
InterimRegulations for Community Police Forums and Boards. Pretoria: Government
Printer.

South Africa. 2013. National Development Plan 2030. Pretoria: Sherino Printers.

South Africa. 1995. Police Service Act, 1995 (Act 68 of 1995). Government Gazette. No.
1527,4 October 1995. Pretoria: Government Printer.

South Africa. 1996. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. Pretoria:
Government Printer.

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