1.

Install and acquaint with Packet Monitoring

software (tcpdump, snort, ethereal)
Installing Packet Monitoring Software

Tcpdump:-
tcpdump is a network traffic analyzer that can be used to capture and analyze
network traffic on a particular network interface. It is a powerful tool that can
be used for a variety of purposes, including troubleshooting network problems,
security analysis, and network performance monitoring.

To install tcpdump on Linux, you can use the following command:

sudo apt-get install tcpdump

On macOS, you can use the following command:

brew install tcpdump

snort:-
snort is a network intrusion detection system (IDS) that can be used to detect
malicious traffic on a network. It can also be used to monitor network traffic for
suspicious activity.

To install snort on Linux, you can use the following command:

sudo apt-get install snort
On macOS, you can use the following command:

brew install snort

ethereal:-
ethereal (formerly known as Ethereal) is a network analyzer that can be used
to capture and analyze network traffic. It is a graphical user interface (GUI)
for tcpdump, and it provides a more user-friendly way to view and analyze
network traffic.

To install ethereal on Linux, you can use the following command:

sudo apt-get install ethereal

On macOS, you can use the following command:

brew install ethereal

Acquiring Familiarity with Packet Monitoring Software

Once you have installed the packet monitoring software, you can start to
familiarize yourself with it by using the following commands:

tcpdump
To capture all network traffic on a particular interface, you can use the
following command:

sudo tcpdump -i eth0

To capture traffic for a specific protocol, you can use the following command:

sudo tcpdump -i eth0 icmp

To capture traffic to a specific IP address, you can use the following command:

sudo tcpdump -i eth0 dst 192.168.1.10 snort

To start snort, you can use the following command:

sudo snort -c /path/to/snort.conf

To view snort alerts, you can use the following command:

sudo snort -A ethereal

To start ethereal, you can use the following command:

sudo ethereal
To capture network traffic, click on the "Capture" menu and select "Start".

To view captured traffic, select the packet you want to view and click on the
"Details" tab.
2. Perform following operations: Trace route, Ping,
Finger, Nmap
Traceroute
Traceroute is a network diagnostic tool that can be used to trace the path that a
packet takes from your computer to a destination. This can be useful for
troubleshooting network problems, such as when you are unable to connect to a
website or server.
To perform a traceroute to a website, you can use the following command:
traceroute google.com
This will print a list of the routers that the packet passes through on its way to
Google.

Ping
Ping is a network diagnostic tool that can be used to check the connectivity
between your computer and another computer or device. It sends a packet to the
destination computer and measures the time it takes for the packet to be
returned. This can be useful for troubleshooting network problems, such as
when you are unable to connect to a website or server.

To ping a website, you can use the following command:

ping google.com
This will print the time it takes for the packet to be sent and returned, as well as
the number of packets that were sent and the number of packets that were lost.
Finger
Finger is a network protocol that is used to query a remote computer for
information about a user. This information can include the user's name, real
name, login time, idle time, and when the user last logged in.

To query a remote computer for finger information, you can use the following
command:

finger [email protected]
This will print the user's information, if the finger service is enabled on the
remote computer.

Nmap
Nmap is a port scanner that can be used to scan a network for open ports. This
can be useful for security purposes, such as identifying potential security
vulnerabilities.

To scan a network for open ports, you can use the following command:

nmap -A 192.168.1.0/24
3. Execute given commands : Server configuration
(FTP, SMTP, DNS)
Server Configuration

Server configuration refers to the process of setting up and managing a server to

meet the specific needs of an organization or individual. This includes
configuring hardware, software, and network settings. The specific
configuration steps will vary depending on the type of server and the desired
functionality.

FTP Server Configuration

An FTP (File Transfer Protocol) server is used to transfer files between

computers over a network. To configure an FTP server, you will need to install
FTP server software and configure it to listen on a specific port. You will also
need to create user accounts and set permissions for each user.

Here are some general steps for configuring an FTP server:

Install FTP server software.

Configure the FTP server to listen on a specific port. Create user accounts and
set permissions for each user. Configure firewall rules to allow FTP traffic.
Test the FTP server to make sure it is working correctly.
SMTP Server Configuration

An SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) server is used to send and receive
email messages. To configure an SMTP server, you will need to install SMTP
server software and configure it to send and receive email from specific
domains. You will also need to configure relay settings and authentication
settings.

Here are some general steps for configuring an SMTP server:

Install SMTP server software.

Configure the SMTP server to send and receive email from specific domains.
Configure relay settings to allow the SMTP server to relay email to other
servers.
Configure authentication settings to require users to authenticate before sending
email.
Test the SMTP server to make sure it is working correctly. DNS Server
Configuration

A DNS (Domain Name System) server is used to translate domain names into
IP addresses. To configure a DNS server, you will need to install DNS server
software and configure it to resolve names for specific domains. You will also
need to configure forwarders and root hints.

Here are some general steps for configuring a DNS server:

Install DNS server software.
Configure the DNS server to resolve names for specific domains.
Configure forwarders to allow the DNS server to forward queries to other DNS
servers.
Configure root hints to allow the DNS server to find the root servers of the
DNS hierarchy.
Test the DNS server to make sure it is working correctly
4.Perform NFS Configuration
NFS Configuration

NFS (Network File System) is a distributed file system protocol that allows
users to access files and directories remotely, as if they are stored locally. This
is particularly useful for sharing files between different Linux systems.

Prerequisites:

Before you begin, make sure you have the following:

Two Linux systems (one server and one client) A network connection between
the two systems Root privileges on both systems
NFS Server Configuration:

Install NFS server software on the server system. The specific package name
may vary depending on your Linux distribution. For example, on
Ubuntu/Debian, you can use the following command:
Bash
sudo apt-get install nfs-kernel-server Use code with caution. Learn more
Create the directory that you want to share. For example, let's create a directory
called /share:
Bash
sudo mkdir /share
Use code with caution. Learn more
Set the permissions on the directory so that NFS clients can access it. For
example, you can use the following command to give everyone read and write
access to the directory:
Bash
sudo chmod 777 /share

Use code with caution. Learn more

Edit the /etc/exports file to specify which directories to export. For example, to
export the /share directory, add the following line to the /etc/exports file:
/share 192.168.1.0/24(rw)
This line means that the /share directory will be exported to all hosts in the
192.168.1.0/24 subnet with read and write access.

Restart the NFS server to apply the changes:

Bash
sudo systemctl restart nfs-kernel-server Use code with caution. Learn more
NFS Client Configuration:

Install NFS client software on the client system. The specific package name
may vary depending on your Linux distribution. For example, on
Ubuntu/Debian, you can use the following command:
Bash
sudo apt-get install nfs-common Use code with caution. Learn more
Create a mount point for the NFS share. For example, let's create a directory
called
/mnt:
Bash
sudo mkdir /mnt
Use code with caution. Learn more
Mount the NFS share. For example, to mount the /share directory from the
server to the /mnt directory on the client, use the following command:
Bash
sudo mount 192.168.1.10:/share /mnt Use code with caution. Learn more
where 192.168.1.10 is the IP address of the NFS server.

You can now access the NFS share as if it were a local directory. For example,
you can list the contents of the directory with the following command:
Bash
ls /mnt
Use code with caution. Learn more Troubleshooting:

If you are having problems with NFS, you can try the following:

Make sure that the NFS server and client are on the same network. Make sure
that the NFS server is running.
Make sure that the firewall on the NFS server is not blocking NFS traffic. Make
sure that the /etc/exports file on the NFS server is correct.
Make sure that the NFS client has the correct mount point.
5. Implement Firewall Configuration using
iptables/ipchains (Linux only)
Configuring a firewall using iptables on Linux involves defining rules that
specify how network traffic should be handled. Before proceeding, make sure
you have the necessary permissions to configure the firewall, as this often
requires root or sudo privileges.

Here is a basic example to get you started. This example assumes you want to
allow incoming SSH traffic (port 22) and HTTP traffic (port 80), while blocking
all other incoming traffic. It also allows all outgoing traffic.

Check Current Rules:

Before making any changes, check the current firewall rules:

bash
Copy code
sudo iptables -L
This command lists the current rules.

Flush Existing Rules:

Clear existing rules:

bash
Copy code
sudo iptables -F
This command flushes all existing rules.
Set Default Policies:
Set the default policies to DROP incoming and ACCEPT outgoing:

bash
Copy code
sudo iptables -P INPUT DROP
sudo iptables -P FORWARD DROP
sudo iptables -P OUTPUT ACCEPT
Allow Incoming SSH (Port 22):
Allow incoming SSH traffic:

bash
Copy code
sudo iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT
Allow Incoming HTTP (Port 80):
Allow incoming HTTP traffic:

bash
Copy code
sudo iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT
Save Rules:
Save the rules to ensure they persist after a reboot:

bash
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sudo service iptables save
or

bash
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sudo iptables-save > /etc/iptables/rules.v4
This command may vary depending on your Linux distribution.

Restart iptables Service:

Restart the iptables service:

bash
Copy code
sudo service iptables restart
or

bash
Copy code
sudo systemctl restart iptables
Again, this may vary based on your Linux distribution.

This example provides a basic setup. Depending on your specific needs and
server configuration, you may need to adjust the rules accordingly. Always
ensure that you don't lock yourself out of the system when configuring firewall
rules remotely.
6. Execute Experiments using Turbo C Assembler
Turbo C Assembler, or TASM, is an assembly language compiler that was part
of the Turbo C integrated development environment (IDE) for DOS. Please note
that using Turbo C Assembler may not be practical on modern systems as it is
quite outdated and might not be compatible with newer operating systems.
However, if you are working in a controlled environment or in an educational
setting where Turbo C is still in use, you can proceed with the following steps.

Setting up Turbo C:

Install Turbo C:
Install Turbo C on your system. You can find legacy versions of Turbo C
online. Keep in mind that these versions are outdated and might not work well
on modern operating systems.

Open Turbo C:
Launch Turbo C and open the integrated development environment (IDE).

Create a New Assembly Program:

Create a new assembly program by selecting "File" -> "New" -> "ASM
Source." This will open a new editor window.

Write Assembly Code:

Write your assembly code in the editor. For example:

assembly
Copy code
.model small
.data
message db 'Hello, World!', '$'
.code
main proc
mov ah, 09h
lea dx, message
int 21h
mov ah, 4Ch
int 21h
main endp
end main
This simple assembly program displays "Hello, World!" using DOS interrupt
calls.

Save the Program:

Save your assembly program with a .ASM extension.

Assemble the Code:

Assemble the code by selecting "Compile" -> "Compile" from the menu. This
generates an object file.

Link the Object File:

Link the object file by selecting "Linker" -> "Linker" from the menu. This step
creates an executable file.

Run the Program:

Run the compiled program by selecting "Run" -> "Run" from the menu.
Remember that these instructions are specific to the Turbo C environment,
which is quite outdated. If you're working in a modern environment, consider
using more recent tools and assemblers. Additionally, running Turbo C on
modern systems may require compatibility workarounds, or you might want to
use DOS emulators to execute your programs.