Pr1 Lessons
Pr1 Lessons
Pr1 Lessons
PRACTICAL
RESEARCH 1
Ma’am Andrea Malang
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays society has many forms of
problems that require solutions. These
solutions must be based on facts, valid
investigations, and experiences and not just
on mere beliefs and suggestions. Indeed, to
attain such knowledge and accuracy, a
systematic procedure and well-planned
research are required.
Research is a process of inquiring about the
solution to the problem, collecting data, and
logically evaluating information. To develop
good research, one must investigate reliable
information.
In this lesson, you will conduct research with a
vision to seek information and solutions to a
problem. You will look for an in-depth
evaluation of everything that is needed in the
research.
Research is a process of executing various
mental acts for discovering and examining facts
and information to prove the accuracy or
truthfulness of claims or conclusions, requires to
ask, inquire, investigate about chosen research
topic, a way of discovering new knowledge,
applying knowledge in various ways as well as
seeing relationships of ideas, events and
situations, and requires to work logically or
systematically and collaboratively with others.
Characteristics
of Research
Characteristics 1. Accuracy – correctness
of Research of data/information.
Characteristics 2. Objectiveness –
of Research specificity of data to be
studied.
Characteristics 3. Timeliness – date /time
of Research when the research took
place.
Characteristics 4. Relevance– importance
of Research of the study for a
particular period or time.
Characteristics 5. Clarity– correct
of Research understanding of the topic
or issue.
Characteristics 6. Systematic– a step by
of Research step/organized process to
do the task.
Research
Ethics
RESEARCH ETHICS
Research Ethics at the core of a research
undertaking lie ethical considerations .One of the
very important considerations of qualitative
research is ensuring that the informants are not
harmed in any way possible. This is known as
the ethics of non - maleficence -Researchers
ought to be aware of the direct and indirect
consequences of the study particularly on the
participants .
1. SCIENTIFIC SOUNDNESS
Once crucial consideration in conducting a
qualitative research.
The extent of tangible benefits that the
investigation could produce.
Objectives can be so hard to achieve when the
researcher does not possess sufficient background
and skills required.
An inexperience person in research is usually
advised to seek clear guidance and constant
supervision from experts
2. CONSENT
Seeking informed consent as a voluntary agreement
of the participants to be involved in the study is
prerequisite for almost all types of research.
Before the research starts, an informed consent
should be obtained from each participant.
Used if the approval from adult participants is
sought while informed assent is sought from
participants who have not yet reached the legal age
or very young to give consent but old enough to
understand the risks and benefits.
3. INFORMANT VALIDATION
A validation of qualitative data
should be done with the participants
Remember that it is so unethical to
report a particular statement which
is not actually expressed by any of
the research informants.
4. CONFIDENTIALITY
Participants’ narratives as
presented in the research report
should be an assured statements
that would seem faulty to largely
provoke mistrust on the part of
the informants
7. IDENTIFICATION OF THE PARTICIPANT BY SELF OR OTHERS
1. Qualitative Research – is a
research type that puts premium
or high value on people’s thinking
or point of view conditioned by
their personal traits.
2. Quantitative Research - systematic
investigation of phenomena by gathering
quantifiable data and performing statistical,
mathematical, or computational techniques. It
collects information from existing and potential
customers using sampling methods and sending
out online surveys, online polls, questionnaires,
etc., the results of which can be depicted in the
form of numerical. After careful understanding of
these numbers to predict the future of a product
or service and make changes accordingly.
A topic is researchable if the
knowledge and information about it
are supported by evidence that is
observable, factual and logical.
Qualitative variables are not
ordered on a numerical scale in
statistics so they are assigned nominal
scales. A nominal scale is a scale
where no ordering is possible or
implied. It describes data that fits into
categories.
Types of
Qualitative
Research
1. Case Study
- tries to bring together all aspects
and information about the unit under
study, contributing to explaining or
describing something. This could be
a country or a company.
1. Case Study
Example:
Example:
“Cultural Identity and Adaptation: An
Ethnographic Study of Immigrant
Communities in Urban Settings”
3. Phenomenology
- this studies phenomena, or
manifestations of things. It studies
a particular phenomenon, in its
many angles and facets, adding to
knowledge about the phenomenon.
3. Phenomenology
Example:
“The Essence of Caregiving: A Phenomenological
Exploration of the Lived Experiences of
Family Caregivers”
4. Content Discourse Analysis
- provides for a close reading of such
articles. It allows the examination of how
words, figures, pictures, and texts deliver
meaning, and offer explications of
cultures. Content analysis yields codes
and categories, upon being subject to
rigorous analysis.
4. Content Discourse Analysis
Example:
“Framing Climate Change: A Content Discourse
Analysis of Environmental Reporting in
National Newspapers”
5. Historical Analysis
Example:
“Unveiling Forgotten Voices: A Historical
Analysis of Women’s Participation
in Political Movements during
the 20th Century”
6. Grounded Theory
- This approach derives theory from
the data collected through research.
The theory is grounded in the data.
For instance, your data would allow
you to code and classify it, leading to
the development of theory.
6. Grounded Theory
Example:
“Navigating Uncertainty: A Grounded
Theory Study on Coping Strategies
Developed by Cancer Survivors”
Guidelines in
Formulating
Research
Questions
Research Problem
~ is a situation that needs a
solution, improvement ,
alternation, or a discrepancy
between what is and what is
ought to be.
Research Question
~ is an explicit query about a
problem or issue that can be
challenged, examined, and analyzed
and will yield useful new
information.
Guidelines in Formulating
Research Questions