REPRODUCTION IN

PLANTS & Animals

Science Grade 9
Types of
Reproduction
In order to survive, organisms use several ways
of reproduction. There are two major kinds of
reproduction: sexual (generative) and asexual
(vegetative) reproduction.
 The DIFFERENCES OF
GENERATIVE AND VEGETATIVE
REPRODUCTION
GENERATIVE VEGETATIF
REPRODUCTION REPRODUCTION

1. Also known as sexual reprodution Also known as asexual reproduction

Involves the fusion of female gamete It does not involve the fusion of
2. (ovum) and male gamete (sperm). gametes.
(Fertilisation happens) (Fertilisation doesn’t happen)

3. Involves male parent and female parent Involves only one parent

Produces offspring that resemble their Produces genetically identical

4. parents but are not genetically identical offspring to its single parent
to them
 01.
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS
How do plants reproduce?
a. Generative
Reproduction
The generative reproduction in
flowering plants is characterized by
flowers.
PARTS of A FLOWER

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-402sEaV4u8&ab_channel=OnlineClass4Kids
 TYPES OF FLOWERS

PERFECT imPERFECT
FLOWER FLOWER

A perfect flower is one that has An imperfect flower is one that

both male and female parts. only has male or female parts.
 TYPES OF FLOWERS

COMPLETE iNCOMPLETE
FLOWER FLOWER

A complete flower contains

An incomplete flower is missing
sepals, petals, pistils, and
one of those parts.
stamens.
https://www.liveworksh
eets.com/w/en/scienc
e/1505937

—QUIZ TIME!
 POLLINATION
Pollination is the act of
transferring pollen grains from
the male anther of a flower to
the female stigma.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W-
daJxfe4As&ab_channel=PeekabooKidz
THE PROCESS OF POLLINATION
 Types of pollination
based on the pollen source
1. Autogamy 2. GEITonogamy
(penyerbukan sendiri) (penyerbukan tetangga)

Same flower, same Different flower, same

plant plant

4. Hybrid
3. Allogamy pollination
(penyerbukan silang) (penyerbukan bastar)

Different flower, From different

different plant varietas
 Types of pollination
based on the POLLINATOR
1. ANEMOGAMY 2. ZODIOGAMY
(wind) (animal)

e.g. corn, rice and e.g. butterfly, honey

grass bee, and bat

3. Hydrogamy 4. ANTROPOGAMY
(water) (human)

e.g. hydrilla, water e.g. vanilla and some

hyacinth, and lotus types of orchids
“We send fertilizing winds, and bring down
rain from the sky for you to drink. It is not
you who hold its reserves.”

—Q.S. AL-HIJR: 22
 Types of pollination
based on the pollen source

01. 02. 03.

Autogamy Geitonogamy ALLOGAMY
Same flower, same Different flower, same Describe the topic of
individu individu the section here

04. 05. 06.

HABITAT DANGER CONSERVATION

Describe the topic of Describe the topic of Describe the topic of

the section here the section here the section here
FERTILISATION
In plants, fertilisation is a
process of sexual reproduction,
which occurs after pollination
and germination.

Fertilisation can be defined as

the fusion of the male gametes
(pollen) with the female
gametes (ovum) to form a
zygote.
HOW DOES FERTILISATION HAPPEN?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Y5BRMCo-00&ab_channel=ScienceSauce
SEED DISPERSAL
B. VEGETATIVE
REPRODUCTION
Vegetative reproduction of plants
can occur naturally without human
intervention, or artificially with
human intervention (artificial
vegetative propagation).
 NATURAL
VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION
01. 02. 03.
BULBS ROOT TOOBERS STEM TOOBERS
(umbi lapis) (UMBI AKAR) (UMBI BATANG)
Short stems with Swollen roots that Enlarged felshy ends
fleshy leaves. E.g. store foods. E.g. of stems growing
onions, garlics, lilies, carrot, radish, dahlia, under the ground. E.g.
and tulips. and cassava. potato and yam.
 NATURAL
VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION
04. 05.
RIZOME STOLON
(RIMPANG) (geragih)
Stem that grows Stems that grow
horizontally under the horizontally above the
ground. E.g. curcuma, ground. E.g.
ginger, galangal, and stawberry, centella,
turmeric. nut grass, and mint.
 NATURAL
VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION
06. 07.
BUDS ADVENTITIOUS BUDS
(TUNAS) (TUNAS ADVENTIF)
Buds grow from underground Buds not growing at the
stems. They grow into new ends of stems and leaf axils,
plants around the mother. E.g. but not on the parts of
banana, bamboo, and cane. plants that usually do not
bud. Such as leaves and
roots. E.g. Bryophyllum
pinnatum (sprout leaf plant).
 ARTIFICIAL
VEGETATIVE
PROPAGATION

Artificial
vegetative propagation is any
form of asexual reproduction
occurring in plants in which a
new plant grows from a
fragment or cutting of the
parent plant.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZtkBVbQ8f
PM&ab_channel=FreeAnimatedEducation
1. Grafting (sambung tunas)
2. CUTTING (stek)
3. LAYERING

(MERUNDUK)

(mencangkok)
METAGENESIS
IN FERN AND MOSS
Metagenesis is the rotation between
sexual and ansexual generation. Every
generation undergoes an offspring from
gametophyte generation (generation of
gametes) and sporophyte generation
(generation of spores). Metagenesis occurs
in mosses and ferns
METAGENESIS IN FERNS

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IH636KqlU0c&ab_channel=ProfessorDaveExplains
METAGENESIS IN moss

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wovX7pJGwzs&ab_channel=ProfessorDaveExplains
METAGESIS IN FERN VS MOSS
Spore (n)
Spore (n)

Gametophyte Protonema
Prothallium
generation
Antheridium Archegonium Gametophyte
Moss
(♂) (♀) generation

Sperm Ovum
Antheridium (♂) Archegonium (♀)
Zygote (2n)
Sperm Ovum
Sporophyte
Fern generation
Zygote
(2n)
Sporophyll
Sporophyte
Sporangium Sporogonium generation

Sporangium
 “And He is the One Who sends down rain from the sky—causing all
kinds of plants to grow—producing green stalks from which We
bring forth clustered grain. And from palm trees come clusters of
dates hanging within reach. ˹There are˺ also gardens of grapevines,
olives, and pomegranates, similar ˹in shape˺ but dissimilar ˹in
taste˺. Look at their fruit as it yields and ripens! Indeed, in these are
signs for people who believe.”

—Q.S. Al-an’am: 99
 02.
Reproduction
in Animalss
How do animals reproduce?
a. SEXUAL
Reproduction
Sexual reproduction (generative reproduction)
is the formation a new organism through the
fusion of sperm and ovum cells. Vertebrate
animals mostly reproduce sexually.
 THE PROSSESS OF
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
2.

1. 3.
FERTILISATIONN
(THE FUSION OF SPERM AND OVUM CELLS)

Internal fertilisation : inside the body, THE DEVELOPMENT

e.g. mammals, birds, reptiles, etc.
Gametogensis External Fertilisation: outside the body OF EMBRIO
(the formation of sex cells) e.g. frogs, fishes, mollusks, etc.
Viviparous animals: Animals that give birth to
Spermatogenesis : sperm formation offspring, the development of the embryo takes
Oogenegis: ovum formation place internally. E.g. almost all mammals.
Oviparous animals: Animals that lay eggs,
embryo development takes place externally. E.g.
birds, reptiles, amphibians, etc.
Ovoviviparous animals: Animals that produce
eggs and keep them inside the mother’s body until
the fetus develops completely and is ready to
hatch. The embryo develops internally E.g. sharks,
rays, snakes, etc.
METamorphosis
Metamorphosis is a biological process by
which animals, including insects,
amphibians and few aquatic animals
undergo extreme and rapid physical
changes sometime after the birth.
COMPLETE VS INCOMPLETE
METAMORPHPSIS

(imago) (imago)
B. ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
Asexual reproduction (vegetative
reproduction) is the process of producing
new organisms from a single organism
without the fusion of gametes.
Invertebrate animals, such as
Platyhelminthes and Echinoderms
reproduce asexually by binary fission,
budding, fragmentation, and
parthenogenesis.
 1. BINARY FISSION

In this type of reproduction, parent cell divides into two equal parts
each containing a nucleus. These are called daughter cells. The
daughter cells are genetically and physically similar to the parent
cell. This type of asexual reproduction can be seen in organisms such
as amoeba, bacteria, paramecium, etc.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_FBBnNhN_NM&ab_channel=songairen
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vnlkvquWXS8&ab_channel=BruceTaylor
 2. BUDDING

Budding is asexual reproduction where a new organism develops from the

small part of parent’s body known as a bud. A bud which is formed detaches
to develop into a new organism. This types of reproduction can be seen in
Hydra and sea anemones.

https://www.youtube.com/shorts/6RG3hW5qgZ0
 3. FRAGMENTATION

This type of asexual reproduction is exhibited by animals such as Planaria

and starfish. The parent body breaks into several pieces and each piece
grows into a new individual. The detachment of the body parts is
intentional.
https://www.youtube.com/shorts/pN3hN8TI3UU
 4. PARThenogenesis
Aphid Reproduction Phases

Parthenogenesis is the type of asexual reproduction involving the development of female

gametes without any fertilisation. Invertebrates such as bees, aphids, ants and Komodo
reproduce by parthenogenesis. Parthenogenesis in aphids A few vertebrates such as crayfish,
snakes, komodo dragons and sharks can reproduce sexually as well as by parthenogenesis.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ISJ2qTAESQ&ab_channel=OneMinuteExplore
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LVdynVuJsBo&ab_channel=TED-Ed
03.
REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY
in plants & animals
What are the technologies used in animals and plants reproduction?
1. ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION
(INSEMINASI BUATAN)
Artificial insemination is a method to insert sperm into a female
reproductive organ using certain tools.

The aims:
1. To improve offspring quality.
2. To help regulate breeding
process.
3. To avoid extinction of superior
male animals.
4. To improve reproduction rates
2. Cloning (kloning)
Cloning is an asexual method of
reproduction using body cells
(somatic cells) of living things, the
clones or offspring produced have
identical genes as their parents.
Scientists first used a cloning
procedure on frogs and
salamanders in the early 1950’s. In
1996, a british scientist, Ian walmut
used the same procedure to clone
the sheep called dolly. Cloning is
also done in dogs. An eleven
membered team succeeded to clone
a dog for the first time. Drh. Yuda
Heru Fibrianto is one of the
members coming from Indonesia.
This cloning project took 2 years 8
months

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QBHKCCw8HxY&ab_channel=BusinessInsiderIndia
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DmHYUvmiXQI&ab_channel=InsiderTech
3. PLANT TISSUE CURTURE
(KULTUR JARINGAN)
Plant tissue culture is a
technique to produce
many homozygous
plants in a relatively
short time under climate-
controlled and sterile
conditions. Tissue culture
utilizes the cell
totipotency properties,
i.e. each cell carries
complete genetic
information that has the
potential to develop into
a complete new
individual. Tissue culture
was first performed by
Frederick C. Steward.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QBHKCCw8HxY&ab_channel=BusinessInsiderIndia
“It is Allah Who made cattle for you so that you may ride
some and eat others.”

—Q.S. GHAFIR: 79
thanks!