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A literature review can be just a simple summary of the sources, but usually contains an
organizational pattern and combines both summary and synthesis. Make sure to read the abstract to
find out whether an article is relevant to your question. While it is important to think about and
discuss possibilities such as these, it is equally important to be realistic in stating your anticipated
findings. This means that you will not just simply list your sources and go into detail about each one
of them, one at a time. No. As you read widely but selectively in your topic area, consider instead
what themes or issues connect your sources together. Anson, Chris M., and Robert A. Schwegler.
2010. The Longman Handbook for Writers and Readers, 6th ed. Sometimes a literature review is
written as a paper in itself. All of the elements come together to form a coherent look (synthesis).
This can negatively impact on number of milder cases (characterized by less health complaint and no
need of surgical intervention), leading to a series not completely representative of whole MO
population. Steps in Conducting a Literature Review A literature review is an integrated analysis-
- not just a summary-- of scholarly writings and other relevant evidence related directly to your
research question. But if you find yourself wanting to put in more quotes, check with your instructor.
The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Often this form is used to
help establish a lack of appropriate theories or reveal that current theories are inadequate for
explaining new or emerging research problems. The unit of analysis can focus on a theoretical
concept or a whole theory or framework. Structuring a literature review Directing the argument and
synthesising sources Being critical in your literature review. In other words, theoretical literature
provides a prediction or expectation of what one might find based on reason and logic, whereas
empirical research tests the accuracy of those predictions using actual real-world data. Reasons for
Conducting a Literature Review Goals of a Literature Review Contents of a Literature Review
Examples. The figure depicts individual trials as filled squares with the relative sample size and the
solid line as the 95% confidence interval of the difference. This volume represents a revision and
expansion of the material on writing literature reviews that appeared in English in Today's Research
World. Writing a Literature Review Purdue OWL Research and Citation Conducting Research
Writing a Literature Review Writing a Literature Review A literature review is a document or section
of a document that collects key sources on a topic and discusses those sources in conversation with
each other (also called synthesis ). Doing a Literature Review: Releasing the Social Science Research
Imagination. What are the key concepts and how are they defined. Sitemap case study creative
writing presentation problem solving rewiew prompts websites tips. For each patient, the Disease-
Free Survival (DFS) was calculated from the date of diagnosis to local recurrence, metastasis (MTS)
onset or death as a result of the disease. An example of this approach in the eHealth domain is
offered by DeShazo, Lavallie, and Wolf (2009). If you have the opportunity, discuss your topic with
your professor and your class mates. 2. Decide on the scope of your review How many studies do
you need to look at. The type of information you choose to mention should relate directly to the
review’s focus, whether it is thematic, methodological, or chronological. In domestic studies, the
Korean databases KoreaMed, KMBASE, and RISS4U may be included. In addition to providing the
reader with background information relevant to the topic or research question, a literature review
may help to identify gaps in the current body of knowledge or criticize previous research practices as
a way to present potential for future research. A meta-analysis is a quantitative review, in which the
clinical effectiveness is evaluated by calculating the weighted pooled estimate for the interventions
in at least two separate studies. For each publication, ask yourself: What question or problem is the
author addressing. Is it manageable? Begin writing down terms that are related to your question.
An in-depth, detailed examination of specific cases within a real-world context. You can choose the
intellectual lineage you would like to be part of and whose definitions matter most to your thinking
(mostly humanities-specific, but this goes for sciences as well). The academic proofreading tool has
been trained on 1000s of academic texts and by native English editors. Seven databases were
searched from 1985 to March 2010. Most economics papers include a literature review section,
which may be a separate section, or incorporated into the paper’s introduction. (See organising for a
standard format.). Are the findings across the studies similar or is there a lot of variation. A case
study research design usually involves qualitative methods, but quantitative methods are sometimes
also used. By going through these steps, a systematic review provides a broad evidence base on
which to make decisions about medical interventions, regulatory policy, safety, or whatever question
is analysed. He teaches how to evaluate data and prior research; how to follow a trail to elusive
treasures; how to organize a project; when to start over; when to ask for help. This approach should
only be followed if a clear path of research building on previous research can be identified and that
these trends follow a clear chronological order of development. Text alternative for Levels of
Evidence Pyramid diagram EBM Pyramid and EBM Page Generator, copyright 2006 Trustees of
Dartmouth College and Yale University. By trend: A better way to organize the above sources
chronologically is to examine the sources under another trend, such as the history of whaling.
However, study selection via a systematic review is a precondition for performing a meta-analysis,
and it is important to clearly define the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes (PICO)
parameters that are central to evidence-based research. More and more cultural studies scholars are
accepting popular media as a subject worthy of academic consideration. On the Ovid platform using
the multi-field search option, the search would look like this: meta-analysis.sh. AND staphylococcus
aureus.af. Systematic reviews with meta-analyses published before 2011 are included in the
REVIEWS controlled vocabulary term in the thesaurus. In the sciences, for instance, treatments for
medical problems are constantly changing according to the latest studies. When you have multiple
sources cited in a paragraph, you are more likely to be synthesizing them (not always, but often Read
more about synthesis here. The Literature Review Definition A literature review surveys prior
research published in books, scholarly articles, and any other sources relevant to a particular issue,
area of research, or theory, and by so doing, provides a description, summary, and critical evaluation
of these works in relation to the research problem being investigated. If you have the opportunity,
discuss your topic with your professor and your class mates. 2. Decide on the scope of your review
How many studies do you need to look at. USC Libraries Research Guides Organizing Your Social
Sciences Research Paper 5. A critical review of qualitative case study reports Study design. In this
case, the purpose is to evaluate the current state of research and demonstrate your knowledge of
scholarly debates around a topic. A p-value? This study includes 105 MO - for the large majority
Caucasian Italian - patients ??74 male and 31 female - affected by SPC - that were evaluated at the
IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli. Your literature review should have a strong structure, and this is
where you need to think carefully about your argument. To identify the most important publications
on your topic, take note of recurring citations. A flow diagram shows the number of studies
identified, screened, and included or excluded at each stage of study selection. How to identify
juxtaglomerular cell tumor by ultrasound: a case series Purpose To study the value of ultrasound in
the diagnosis of juxtaglomerular cell tumor (JGCT). However, if the author has published well and
has a good reputation, it. In recent years, the number of systematic reviews in the field of health
informatics has increased considerably. Consider whether your sources are current Some disciplines
require that you use information that is as current as possible.
It is specifically designed to examine, analyze, and critique scholarly writings that are related to and
around a research question or topic. Systematic reviews with discordant findings can cause great
confusion and make it difficult for decision-makers to interpret the review-level evidence ( Moher,
2013 ). Let’s get to it! What should I do before writing the literature review. Specifically, it is a
review and synthesis of prior research that is related to the problem you are setting forth to
investigate. Problem formulation -- which topic or field is being examined and what are its
component issues? 2. Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no
competing interests. There are many different research methods you can use to collect data on your
subject. In other words, a research gap emerges whenever there’s still some uncertainty regarding a
certain topic or question. You can reach out to the subject librarian for a consultation. Reprints and
permissions About this article Cite this article. Wang, L., Li, M., Jin, S. et al. How to identify
juxtaglomerular cell tumor by ultrasound: a case series and review of the literature. You have some
chance to do this in your introduction in an article, but the literature review section gives a more
extended opportunity to establish the conversation in the way you would like your readers to see it.
The type of information you choose to mention should relate directly to the research problem,
whether it is thematic, methodological, or chronological. What is the significance of your proposed
research. Literature Review This is the most time-consuming aspect in the preparation of your
research proposal and it is a key component of the research proposal. If the same authors, books or
articles keep appearing in your reading, make sure to seek them out. Try sorting through some other
current bibliographies or literature reviews in the field to get a sense of what your discipline expects.
Victoria (BC): University of Victoria; 2017 Feb 27. Should I evaluate the sources in any way beyond
evaluating how they relate to understanding the research problem? 5. For example, you may include
survey questionnaire and results in the appendix. Literature Review Basics Literature review basics
A literature review synthesizes and analyzes previous research in a field to inform an audience and
establish background knowledge. In the present context, the notion of rigour refers to the reliability
and validity of the review process described in section 9.2. For one thing, reliability is related to the
reproducibility of the review process and steps, which is facilitated by a comprehensive
documentation of the literature search process, extraction, coding and analysis performed in the
review. The type of information you choose to mention should relate directly to the research problem,
whether it is thematic, methodological, or chronological. What is the difference between a systematic
review and a. In case of disagreement between the two radiologists, the consensus was reached by
discussion. Independent-samples T test or Fisher’s exact test was used to compare the differences
between the two groups. Here is a potential outline for your conclusion: Discuss why the study
should be done. Therefore, various guidelines have been suggested for conducting systematic
reviews and meta-analyses to help standardize them and improve their quality. This page features
resources that will help you figure it out. A literature review is a type of paper that encompasses a
critical summary and analysis of the most important writings on a particular topic. Peer reviewed
articles may also be described as refereed articles or scholarly articles.
Look at sources the authors cite to in their work. Both authors independently reviewed each of the
identified articles to determine eligibility and extract study information. State how you will actually
do the methods (i.e. coding interview text, running regression analysis, etc.). Anticipate and
acknowledge any potential barriers you may encounter when undertaking your research and describe
how you will address these barriers. Consequently, a good strategy for writing the literature review is
to break the literature into conceptual categories or themes, rather than attempting to describe
various groups of literature you reviewed. As such, reviewers may selectively ignore or limit the
attention paid to certain studies in order to make a point. What might your study mean for future
practitioners working in the field. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims
in published maps and institutional affiliations. Essentially, your goal in the literature review is to
place your research study within the larger whole of what has been studied in the past, while
demonstrating to your reader that your work is original, innovative, and adds to the larger whole. A
literature review discusses published information in a particular subject area, and sometimes
information in a particular subject area within a certain time period. The theoretical literature review
helps to establish what theories already exist, the relationships between them, to what degree the
existing theories have been investigated, and to develop new hypotheses to be tested. Note: You
must create a free account to search EvidenceAlerts. The purpose is to develop a body of literature
that establishes a contrarian viewpoint. However, there are situations in which it is neither reasonable
nor appropriate to pool studies together using meta-analytic methods simply because there is
extensive clinical heterogeneity between the included studies or variation in measurement tools,
comparisons, or outcomes of interest. Integrative Review Considered a form of research that
reviews, critiques, and synthesizes representative literature on a topic in an integrated way such that
new frameworks and perspectives on the topic are generated. The review was also limited by the
variable methodologies in the articles reviewed as many included measures of student self-reported
knowledge and preparedness and some articles had mixed samples that. What are the most important
topics, subtopics, etc., that your review needs to include. Historical Review Few things rest in
isolation from historical precedent. FSTA is a key tool for systematic reviews and systematic
literature reviews in the sciences of food and health. Six cases had pelvic region involvement (pelvis
or proximal femur), and one case of vertebral SPC who underwent to partial resection and showed a
recurrence of the disease about 10 years later. Color Doppler showed no blood flow in five tumors
with the size range from 0.9 to 2.0 cm, and mild blood flow in six tumors with the size range from
2.8 to 5.9 cm. The preoperative diagnosis was one reninoma, one renal cell carcinoma, and nine
undetermined tumors. As a piece of writing, the literature review must be defined by a guiding
concept (e.g., your research objective, the problem or issue you are discussing, or your argumentative
thesis). Use quotes sparingly Falk and Mills do not use any direct quotes. Enables you to examine the
data within a specific context. The literature review usually comes near the beginning of your
dissertation. Pelvis was affected in the most of cases (46 patients, 44%) with higher incidence in
male patients (32 males vs.14 females, 70% and 30%, respectively). Identify conflicts in previous
studies, open questions, or gaps that may exist. You can also use this method to consider what is
currently of interest to scholars in this field and what is not. The available studies in medical
literature often did not provide detailed information about malignant transformation in MO or
suffered by some bias; in particular, some studies are based on anonymous web-based survey, with
self-reported information by the patient, without follow-up details. For example, if you are writing a
persuasive essay, your aim is to persuade your readers to agree with you and understand your point;
the content of the essay will contain strong arguments and facts. The critical evaluation of each work
should consider: Provenance -- what are the author's credentials.
Sometimes you may need to quote certain terminology that was coined by the author, is not common
knowledge, or taken directly from the study. Colorado State University; Mills, Albert J., Gabrielle
Durepos, and Eiden Wiebe, editors. Writing the Literature Review: A Practical Guide suggests these
steps: Chose a review topic and develop a research question Locate and organize research sources
Select, analyze and annotate sources Evaluate research articles and other documents Structure and
organize the literature review Develop arguments and supporting claims Synthesize and interpret the
literature Put it all together What is the purpose of writing a literature review. A patient had a
malignant transformation of calcaneal region OC and another patient at clavicle (Tables 2 and 3 ). If
it is determined that the different research outcomes cannot be combined, all the results and
characteristics of the individual studies are displayed in a table or in a descriptive form; this is
referred to as a qualitative review. Then decide what information is most relevant to the topic. The
mean age of diagnosis in grade 1 SPCs was 37 years, 35 years for grade 2 and 38.5 years for the
grade 3 cases. It is similar to the standalone in most ways but the main difference is, rather than
stating possible avenues for future research, you link the review to your original project and
showcase how your work improves the knowledge base and where it fills the gaps. It’s basically a
hint for the following researchers. For example, in the case of narrative reviews, there is greater
flexibility in searching and synthesizing articles ( Green et al., 2006 ). Researchers are often
relatively free to use a diversity of approaches to search, identify, and select relevant scientific
articles, describe their operational characteristics, present how the individual studies fit together, and
formulate conclusions. Ultrasound showed a capsule in two cases and no capsule in nine cases.
Systematic Approaches to a Successful Literature Review. Step One: Decide on your areas of
research: Before you begin to search for articles or books, decide beforehand what areas you are
going to research. Organizing the body Once you have the basic categories in place, then you must
consider how you will present the sources themselves within the body of your paper. And depending
on the situation, the literature review may evaluate the sources and advise the reader on the most
pertinent or relevant. They are commonly written in social and health science classes, but may be a
part of any course in any field. Introduction PDF How to Write a Literature Review This handout
will focus on defining what a literature review is, how to organize and synthesize information, and
what the different parts of a literature review are. As our understanding of evidence-based medicine
increases and its importance is better appreciated, the number of systematic reviews and meta-
analyses will keep increasing. Information systems researchers, among others, have contributed to
advancing knowledge on how to structure a “traditional” review. Survey - find out if similar surveys
have been done before and what did they find. Explain why the research design and methods chosen
for this study are appropriate, and why other design and methods were not chosen. When you have
multiple sources cited in a paragraph, you are more likely to be synthesizing them (not always, but
often Read more about synthesis here. A random-effect model assumes heterogeneity between the
studies being combined, and these models are used when the studies are assumed different, even if a
heterogeneity test does not show a significant result. A review is personal - you're writing a review
to express your thoughts and feelings about a theatre show, not taking an exam. In addition, Ellis
(1998) says that, “A livelihood encompasses the. Use quotes sparingly Falk and Mills do not use any
direct quotes. Abbreviations Disease-Free Survival Hazard Ratio Hematoxylin and Eosin
Interquartile Range Multiple Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification Multiple Osteochondromas
Osteochondromas Registry of Multiple Osteochondromas Secondary Peripheral Chondrosarcoma
World Health Organization Bovee JV. The first is the P value from the z-test, which tests the null
hypothesis that the intervention has no effect. Literature reviews are designed to provide an
overview of sources you have used in researching a particular topic and to demonstrate to your
readers how your research fits within existing scholarship about the topic. Systematic Reviews in the
Social Sciences: A Practical Guide.
Periosteal chondrosarcoma in a 9-year-old girl with osteochondromatosis. We conducted a
retrospective cohort study on patients diagnosed and followed up from 1960 to 2019 to describe the
clinical and pathological features of individuals affected by peripheral chondrosarcoma in multiple
osteochondromas, to evaluate follow up information and individual outcome and to compare the
results with literature. Does it confirm, add to, or challenge established knowledge. To see how to
use the limit and find full text, please see our Joanna Briggs Institute Search Help page. Thus
subsidizing higher education leads to a large social gain. Protocols and registration In systematic
reviews, prior registration of a detailed research plan is very important. Open Google Slides
Download PowerPoint If you want to know more about the research process, methodology, research
bias, or statistics, make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.
The following provides a brief description of the content of each: Introduction: Gives a quick idea
of the topic of the literature review, such as the central theme or organizational pattern. As with any
scholarly research paper, you must cite the sources you used in composing your research proposal. As
in most narrative reviews, the scope of the research questions being investigated is broad: (a) how
development of these systems are carried out; (b) which methods are used to investigate these
systems; and (c) what conclusions can be drawn as a result of the development of these systems. To
provide clear answers to these questions, a literature search was conducted on six electronic
databases and Google Scholar. Doing a Literature Review: Releasing the Social Science Research
Imagination. Much of the information used in an annotated bibliography can be used also in a
literature review, so you’ll be not only partially drafting your lit review as you research, but also
developing your sense of the larger conversation going on among scholars, professionals, and any
other stakeholders in your topic. To this end, they conducted a comprehensive search on multiple
databases using highly sensitive search strategies without language or publication-type restrictions to
identify all rct s that are eligible for inclusion. In other words, theoretical literature provides a
prediction or expectation of what one might find based on reason and logic, whereas empirical
research tests the accuracy of those predictions using actual real-world data. Other Sections of Your
Literature Review Once you've decided on the organizational method for your literature review, the
sections you need to include in the paper should be easy to figure out because they arise from your
organizational strategy. Victoria (BC): University of Victoria; 2017 Feb 27. Methodology -- were the
techniques used to identify, gather, and analyze the data appropriate to addressing the research
problem. Should you summarize, synthesize, or critique your sources by discussing a common theme
or issue. In order to test the presence or absence of publication bias, first, a funnel plot can be used (
Fig. 5 ). Studies are plotted on a scatter plot with effect size on the x-axis and precision or total
sample size on the y-axis. Literature search -- finding materials relevant to the subject being
explored. 3. Data evaluation -- determining which literature makes a significant contribution to the
understanding of the topic. 4. Analysis and interpretation -- discussing the findings and conclusions
of pertinent literature. Sheppard is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-
ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. In this section, address the
following: a) How the data was collected b) How it was analysed and c) Explain or justify why a
particular method was chosen. You also need to be careful to distinguish between “real research” and
propaganda or press releases. The Objective of the Review of the Literature is to... Zero in on the
research that relates to your project. Don’t be afraid to do more research if you discover a new thread
as you’re writing. They originated from criticisms of positivist systematic reviews which centre on
their “simplistic” underlying assumptions ( Oates, 2011 ). P-values? Baseline characteristics The
clinical, ultrasound, and CT manifestations of 15 patients with JGCT were shown in Table 1. All
references in the reference list, must appear in the body of the research proposal. It’s also a good idea
to state any assumptions that are inherent in these definitions and why these are acceptable, given
the purpose of your study. A good case study should have the potential to: Provide new or
unexpected insights into the subject Challenge or complicate existing assumptions and theories
Propose practical courses of action to resolve a problem Open up new directions for future research
TipIf your research is more practical in nature and aims to simultaneously investigate an issue as you
solve it, consider conducting action research instead.
It is not simply a summary of information you have found on a topic. Use Quotes Sparingly Some
short quotes are appropriate if you want to emphasize a point, or if what an author stated cannot be
easily paraphrased. The body of literature includes all studies that address related or identical
hypotheses or research problems. A well-done integrative review meets the same standards as
primary research in regard to clarity, rigor, and replication. In 47 cases (34 males and 13 females), a
pathogenic variant was identified, in particular 31 patients (66%, 21 males and 10 females) carry a
disease-causing variant on EXT1 gene, while an EXT2 causative variant was found in 16 patients
(34%, 16 males and 3 females). This tab focuses on the latter--how to design and organize a research
paper in the social sciences that analyzes a specific case. While the study focuses on one topic,
harpoon technology, it will still be organized chronologically. Ten Simple Rules for Writing a
Literature Review Rule 1: Define a Topic and Audience How to choose which topic to review.
Making it the most accurate and reliable proofreading tool for students. Publication bias Publication
bias is the most common type of reporting bias in meta-analyses. When the MD is used, the
combined units must be shown. There are many benefits to writing a literature review, from
improving your research skills to gaining a better understanding of the field you are studying. Cover
the entire scope of the movie (except the end) Write about 5 events. Digital Paper by Andrew Abbott
ISBN: 9780226167787 Publication Date: 2014-08-04 Abbott tells what every senior researcher
knows: that research is not a mechanical, linear process, but a thoughtful and adventurous journey
through a nonlinear world. In other words, your discussion in those sections needs to start laying the
foundation for the research gap. All of this information must be carefully crafted in 150 to 250
words. Qualitative versus quantitative research Empirical versus theoretical scholarship Divide the
research by sociological, historical, or cultural sources Theoretical: In many humanities articles, the
literature review is the foundation for the theoretical framework. Plenty of information mentioned
years ago remains relevant, so it’s better not to miss it. You might argue for the relevance of a
specific theoretical approach, or combine various theoretical concepts to create a framework for your
research. Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social development. Those who will read this
example of literature review will understand in which way they should move to continue
investigating the topic. Suggestions about the article are sent to the author for revision. Typically
you’ll cover a few things within the theoretical framework: Firstly, you’ll need to clearly define the
key constructs and variables that will feature within your study. The type of information you choose
to mention should relate directly to the research problem, whether it is thematic, methodological, or
chronological. In simple words, what key points will be added to the body part. Literature Review
Basics Literature review basics A literature review synthesizes and analyzes previous research in a
field to inform an audience and establish background knowledge. Hereditary multiple exostoses
(EXT): mutational studies of familial EXT1 cases and EXT-associated malignancies. Essentially, this
section should only be one or two paragraphs in length. This is particularly true in disciplines in
medicine and the sciences where research conducted becomes obsolete very quickly as new
discoveries are made. A review is personal - you're writing a review to express your thoughts and
feelings about a theatre show, not taking an exam. Unlike other review types, critical reviews attempt
to take a reflective account of the research that has been done in a particular area of interest, and
assess its credibility by using appraisal instruments or critical interpretive methods.