PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

11 – STEM 2

Review of Related Literature

Harnessing Aquatic Power: Designing an Aquarium

Water
Wheel to Lessen the Electricity Costs for Low Income
Individuals

Authors:

Malaay, Merjan R.
Dalere, Rhaizen Louise J.
Escotido, Jhon Dave T.
Francisco, Andrew S.
Llanto, Ivan S.
Nerosa, Meljer M.
Tamayo, Jhon Manco C.
Valiente, Renzo C.
REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE:

1. Gravity water wheels as a micro hydropower energy source: A review based on historic data,
design methods, efficiencies and modern optimizations
Quaranta, E. & Revelli, R., (2018)

Summarization:

Hydropower is playing an important role in meeting energy demand, because of the need to
achieve renewable energies and stable electricity production. In particular, due to their low payback
periods and good environmental sustainability, and the use of small head microhydropower plants is
spreading all over the world. The Gravity water wheels are typically used at sites that has a height of
less than 6 m and discharges several cubic meters per second, and are micro hydropower converters.
Water wheel has been scientifically investigated way back eighteenth century but they were largely
ignored throughout the twentieth century, There has been renewed interest in their use within the
scientific community only in the past two decades. (Quaranta, E. , 2018)

2. Design and Implementation of Filter Pump Control in a Freshwater Fish Aquarium based on
Fuzzy Logic
Muhammad A. & Yogi R.(2019)

Summarization:

According to Muhammad A. & Yogi R. (2019) This study are focuses on the design and the
performance of a control system. Based on them the controller uses information from a photodiode
sensor to measure water turbidity and a pH sensor to monitor water acidity. They experimental results
show that the controller effectively improves water clarity in a short time and maintains good
performance even in the presence of disturbances.

3. Development of Smart Ph Stabilizer for Aquarium Fish Tanks Application

Wan Alida Fairuz, W. M. H., & Sahari, N. (2023).

Summarization:

A smart stabilizer for aquariums automatically monitor and adjust the pH level of water.
Ensuring the clean and healthy condition for fish. The researcher use sensor and water pumps to
remove contaniminated water and replace it with fresh water. (Wan Alida Fairuz, W. M. H., & Sahari,
N. , 2023)

4. Optimizing the performance of a spiral water wheel pump

Millimouno, A. (2022).

Summarization:

In this research they talk about how the water efficiency is used so they research about the spiral
water wheel pump. This study objective was to design, construct, and evaluate a spiral water wheel
pump performance characteristics to optimize it's performance at any given location. (Millimouno,
A. ,2022).
5. What Is a Water Pump and How Is It Used?
Woodard, J.(2023)

Summarization:

According to John Woodard (2023). That Water pump at are used to transport the water from
one location to another. To suck the water in so that it can be expelled, this pump are capable of rapid
change in pressure within the system. The way that the water pumps achieve this change of pressure
that allows them to be more useful for some of applications over others. The that fluid flows through
the system in different ways and movements. There are various reasons why water pumps are important
to us, even though they all move water in the other location. In other words, when water builds up in
the hull of a ship. On the other hand, a water booster pump is use on homes and increase their water
pressure.

6. Hydro power plants, an overview of the current types and technology

Tkáč, Š. (2018)

Summarization:

According to the study of Tkáč, Š. (2018). despite the long history of hydropower technology
and rising number of system harvesting energy from alternative sources, the constant research within
hydro power sector becoming increasingly important as the power from water was and still is the
leading alternative source of green energy generation, capitalized not necessarily within micro-urban
structures only. The advantages of hydro systems involve their relatively low acquisition cost against
durability, the possibility of gaining energy independence, relatively high flexibility and adaptability
for spatial conditions and energy demands of the end users. Nowadays micro hydro systems could
capitalize head range starting at 100cm and the efficiency of hydro systems in general ranges between
65-75% in micro and small applications climbing up to 96% in macro designs. It is mostly due to
flexibility in applications, adaptability in combinations with other renewable energy systems and the
ability to generate clean, stable, thus reliable energy that makes technical development the most vibrant
and noticeable in the micro sphere.

7. Early Detection of Turn-to-Turn Faults in Power Transformer Winding: An Experimental

Study
Moradzadeh & Pourhossein (2019)

Summarization:

According to Moradzadeh & Pourhossein (2019) Turn-to-turn insulations of transformer

windings may degrade gradually because of mechanical forces, thermal stresses or chemical corrosion.
Degradation decreases impedances of inter-turn insulations that finally may lead to a solid turn-to-turn
short circuit. In this paper, early detection of turn-to-turn faults in transformers windings has been
studied, in its high-impedance stage, using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) based on its Frequency
Response (FR). For this purpose, a model winding has been used as test object to approve capability of
the proposed approach. A variety of low impedance and high impedance short circuit faults were tested
on the model winding. Then the frequency response of winding in both intact and defected conditions
is measured using Low Voltage Impulse (LVI) test. A mapping between frequency response and exact
location of each fault was made using multi-layer perceptron (MLP) neural network. Extracted features
from frequency responses are used to train and test the proposed MLP. The results show that this
method is able to detect turn-to-turn faults in transformer winding even in their early stages.

8. Prototype design of waterwheel micro hydro power plants for small water discharge
Suryatna & Agustina(2021)

Summarization:

According to Suryatna & Agustina (2021) The findings of this study was the Prototype Model
of Micro Hydro Power Plant (MHPP) for small water discharges (less than 10 Liters per Second),
namely MHPP waterwheel and the Speed Converters from waterwheel to Dynamos, named"
Converters" MHPP. This study was aimed to produce a prototype design of a wind turbine-based
MHPP for small water discharge. This study used an engineering-based approach to the design of
prototype MHPP. The design of the prototype MHPP for small water discharges (less than 10 liters per
second) consists of 6 components, a wheel diameter of 4-5 meters, the turning machine from a
pinwheel to a dynamo given the name" converter", Dynamo, House where the prototype MHPP,
Conductor Network of MHPP to homes, and safety tanks and waterways.

9. Prospect for small-hydropower installation settled upon optimal water allocation: An action
to stimulate synergies of water-food-energy nexus
Zhou, Y., et al., (2019)

Summarization:

This research says that water wheels are low head hydropower converters and considered fish
friendly, although they are ecological their behavior has not been scientifically assessed. The results are
not generalized and they have not been performed at different wheel characteristics. This project
reviews informations in the ecoloical performance of water wheels. To generalize and interpret results,
a blade-strike theoretical model is developed and calibrated on field tests conducted in Germany on ten
water wheels, that represent the most systematic and comprehensive series of tests.

10. Slow convection and fast rotation in crystallization-driven white dwarf dynamos.
Ginzburg, S., Fuller, J., Kawka, A., & Caiazzo, I. (2022)

Summarization:

According to Ginsburg S. That white dwarfs genetic fields in process related to the Earth.The
core creates a compositional inversion that drives convention,and combined with rotation,can support a
magnetic dynamo.The dynamo mechanism flowing from the slow crystallization of the core,and find
the convective transfer times tconv of weeks to months – longer by orders of magnitude than
previously thought. With white dwarf spin periods P ≪ tconv, crystallization - consumed dynamos are
almost in the fast-rotating regine, magnetic field B at least equipartition with the convective with
convective motion and is possibly B ∝ (tconv/P)1/2, depending on the assumed dynamo scaling law.
Using MESA and compute magnetic field (Teff) as a function effective temperature (Teff).Compare
with observation driven dynamos can explain some - but not all - of the MG magnetic field for a
single,as well stronger measured for white dwarfs cataclysmic,by mass acceretion to short P. Our
B(Teff) clustering of white dwarfs with balmer emission around Teff ≈ 7500 K.
11. Three-Port Converter With Leakage Inductance Energy Recycling for High Step-Down
Applications
Huynh, K., et al., (2023)

Summarization:

According to Huynh, K., et al., (2023) “An emerging revolution in electric vehicles (EVs) is
rapidly taking over the traditional fossil fuel vehicle market. Given its safety features and user-
friendliness, the dual battery system (DBS) has been adopted in various EVs. A step-down three-port
converter (TPC) is essential for the DBS to supply low-voltage auxiliary power in EVs. In this article, a
novel high step-down TPC is proposed by integrating the tapped-inductor technique and a buck
converter for fulfilling the requirements of high step-down power conversion from sources to load with
a reasonable duty cycle. It can also achieve independent power transfer among three ports. In addition,
the energy stored in the leakage inductance of the coupled inductor is recycled, with voltage spikes
reduced across the switches. Finally, an experimental prototype is built to verify the theoretical
analysis, with a main battery of 300 V, auxiliary battery of 48 V, load voltage of 24 V, and rated power
of 300 W. The highest efficiency reached is 96.6%.”

12. The design and experimentation of the new cascaded DC-DC boost converter for renewable
energy
Can, E., (2019)

Summarization:

According to this research one of the most interesting solutions to power systems to the grid is
to interface dc. It has a lot of elements that responsible for the overall system behaviour, such as value
of possitive elements, analog/digital, ac current/dc voltage controllers and sensors position. This paper
has a step-by-step design procedures, taking into account all of the elements, proposed and validated
through test or experimental prototype.

13. Low Head Pico Hydro Unit Using Low Cost Induction Motor and Water Wheel
Katre, S. S. (2018)

This research presents a case study on using a water wheel and generator for a Pico hydro unit.
The researcher design a high-speed water wheel and test a prototype at a low head water site. The
results show agreement between laboratory, site, and simulation tests. The field trials are conducted in
Sangli, Maharashtra, India, with a 1-meter water head. Katre, S. S. (2018)

14. Improved CPT system with less voltage stress and sensitivity using a step-down transformer
on receiving side
Mostofa, T., et al. (2019)

this study aims to propose capative power transfer (CPT) system with a transformer to reduce
the circuit quality factor and reduce the sensitivity to parameters variations, as well as the voltage stress
across the coupling interface. The system operating analyzed mathematically. It focus to understand
the effects of leakage undectance of the non ideal transformer on systems performance. the method is
verified by building a prototype system that delivered 25 W an operation frequency of MHz, and
efficiency of more than 70%. The voltage stress across the single pair of coupling plates is reduced
from 252 V of CPT system without the up down transformer, to 50.4 V using a high frequency
transformer with a ratio of 5. Mostofa, T., et al. (2019)

15. Modeling of Brushless DC Motor Using Adaptive Control

Veeramuthulingam, N., et al.,(2018)

This study aims to propose an adaptive controller to enhance the performance of the brushless
DC motor (BLDC). It use the state space model for the motor in an effrot to articulate the theory of
adaptive control of sensorless feedback mechanism. The measure of the back EMF reflects the speed of
repository and enable the computation of the speed error, the reference frame fosters the estimate of the
ripple torque of the motor. converter interface attach support to assuage the most intriguing of
corrective action through the changes of the cycle and modulation index. Veeramuthulingam, N., et al.,
(2018).

16. The effect of greenhouse irradiators on the load factor of step-down transformers
Kondrateva, N., et al., (2019)

The purpose of this work is to determine the permitted load factors for stepdown transformers
when driving the different types of greenhouse irradiaters. The object of research are greenhouse
illuminators with high pressure sodium lamps, induction and light-emitting diodes greenhouse
illuminators (LED) with active and passive power factor. The permissible load factors of the
transformers is calculated by using obtained data: for high-pressure sodium lamp light of 0.95 max; for
LED lamps with active power factor corrector of – 0.76 max; for LED lamps with passive power factor
correction of – 0.59 max; for electrodeless lamp light of – 0.98 max. Special devices, namely active
orpassive harmonic filters, must be used to minimise the sound levels in LED lighting systems and
improve the load characteristics of transformers. For greenhouse irradiators with sodium lamps and
induction irradiators, the use of harmonic filters is not required.Kondrateva, N., et al., (2019).

17. A review of dynamic models and stability analysis for a hydro-turbine governing system
Xu, B., et al., (2021)

The researcher talks about how Hydropower is a flexible and low-carbon energy source that can
help balance electricity grids with high levels of wind and solar power. there are challenges when using
hydropower in fast and flexible conditions. This research also discusses the needed for improved
understanding of load measurement and control in hydro-turbine governing systems (HTGS). It also
reviews different models and stability analysis approaches for HTGS highlighting the three main
challenges the combination of HTGS and shaft model and control methods with intermittent renewable
energy and the uncertain nature of load on system performance. This review aims to inspire further
research on HTGS models and control methods for better grid management. Xu, B., et al., (2021).

18.Review on numerical techniques applied in impulse hydro turbines

Chitrakar, S., Solemslie, B., Neopane H., & Dahlhaug, O.,(2020)

According to the Chitrakar, S., Solemslie, B., Neopane H., & Dahlhaug, O.,(2020) that an
Impulse turbines are commonly used in hydropower plants around the world because of the high
efficiency in a larger operating range compared to reaction turbines. Pelton's turbines are state of the
art, which can deliver more than 90% efficiency in a planned operating load. However, by optimising
the nozzles, runners and housings for these turbines there is a possibility to improve their efficiency in
reduced design conditions. The Prediction of performance of the turbines by their numerical techniques
that allows a quicker design optimization and at a much lower cost. In the case of impulse turbines, the
complex nature of the flow, the interaction of the jets, the mixture of water and air, and the interference
of water after the impact on the subsequent buckets limit the use of CFD. Not like the reaction of
turbines, Where it may be possible to study the performance of turbines by means of time independent
analysis in some way, transient the simulations that are inevitable for the impulse turbines.
Furthermore, the overall complexity of CFD is reinforced by need for multiphase modelling. Some of
the recent development that includes the use of Lagrangian scheme, That resulted in a significant
reduction of computational efforts.

19.Are water wheels a rural cost-effective energy technology?

Ponciano, I., (2020)

A rural area can use water wheels to pump water at a lower cost. A low stress small waft water
wheel made the use of to be had and inexpensive materials became designed and tested on this study.
The flow fee of the wheel became decided underneath exceptional situations, while power efficiency
become estimated. Two equations had been suggested for the relationship between waft price, trough
pace and strain head. In terms of startup prices, it's miles about 50% of Brazil's minimal wage, which is
also the same as photovoltaic systems funding. The equipment elements up to 2 hundred m² of land
with water at the same time as raising it up to 22m excessive whilst river speed is set 1.5ms-1. The era
has low preliminary cost and efficiency, however holds promise for water pumping at small elevations
with rivers flowing at round 1.5 ms-1. Ponciano, I., (2020).

20.Performance Optimization of Overshot Water Wheels at High Rotational Speeds for

Hydropower Applications
Quaranta, E. & Revelli, R., (2020)

Overshot water wheels are a kind of hydro power converter that is adopted for heads of up to six
meters and flow rates ranging between 150-200L/m width. For instance, at rotation below the critical
speed, its maximum hydraulic efficiency stands at 80-85%. But as the rotational speed increases above
that threshold, there is a linear decrease in the efficiency on account of water losses from inflow. This
design improvement directs lost water flows back to the buckets by incorporating a circular wall
around the edge of overshot water wheel. It has been discovered that this new design improves
efficiency by one and half times at high rotational speeds. Quaranta, E. & Revelli, R., (2020).

21.Stream water wheels as renewable energy supply in flowing water: Theoretical considerations,
performance assessment and design recommendations
Quaranta, E., (2018)

In history, the water wheel was an early machine to tap into the power of running water and
convert it into mechanical energy. Nowadays, though it is being converted into electricity particularly
in remote regions and developing nations. Flow discs have no flow difference in flow rate when
installed and can be categorized as low-density low-density flows, streamline unnecessary surfaces or
water depths. The recent analysis examined stream water discs' analysis, design and numerical details;
support structures, blades and movement were also looked at in terms of their design elements The
study further identified the hydraulic behavior, revealing the mechanisms that cause differences
between shallow zone levels as well as how they employ hydrostatic force and kinetic to bring out deep
flows intensity This makes canal devices generate from 0.5 to over 10 KW per meter of width which
makes them viable sources of electrical power for places with no head differential.Quaranta, E., (2018).

22.The effect of using upper shroud on the performance of a breashoot water wheel
Helmizar, & Muller, G, (2019)

The efficiency of a small-scale hydropower machine called a breastshoot water wheel was
examined by looking at two wheels one with an upper shroud and one without. The results of the
experiment showed that the water wheel with the upper shroud had higher efficiency than the one
without, across all speed ranges. Helmizar, & Muller, G, (2019).

23.Water Lifting Water: A Comprehensive Spatiotemporal Review on the Hydro-Powered Water

Pumping Technologies
Zambrano, J., et al.,(2019)

According to Zambrano, J., et al.,(2019). Water pump systems powered by renewable energy are
greener and sometimes less expensive than electric or diesel systems. It follows that hydraulic pumps
have other advantages. 30 pressure-based hydraulic fracturing technologies from around the world are
grouped and presented by location and time. Some people have played an important part in
development of specific countries, while others remain invisible, in modern times there's have a
technology that have a big impact on global. Still all of them are proven alternative to current pumping
technologies that are inaccessible and unaffordable, especially in remote or grid areas.

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