CENSUS OF INDIA 1961

MONOGRAPH SERIES
MONOGRAPH

No.6

ELECTRICITY SUPPLY IN INDIA

AND
AN ANALYSIS OF POWER
I
DEVELOPMENT DURING THE
I TWO FIVE YEAR PLAN PERIODS
I
( I 95 I-56 & 1956-6 I )
, I

M. DATTA
Chief Engineer
West Bengal State Electricity Board

OFFICE OF THE REGISTRAR GENERAL, INDIA

MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS
NEW DELIlI-ll
 CONTENTS

PAGE
1. General: Legislative measures and establishment of State Electricity Boards
2. Electrical Energy in India: History of Electricity Supply and progress made 2
3. Plans: The targets set for the different Plan periods and growth of installed capacity 4
4. Sources of Energy: Hydro, Coal, Oil & Gas, Nuclear Powor-Economics of
different sources of power 5
5. Pattern of Utilisation: Relative share of power used for different categories of
SerVice-Energy generated-Consumption in various industries 8
6. Power Generation: (a) Hydro-Electric Power, (b) Coal-fired Steam Generation. 10
7. Transmission: Overhead Lines, Cables, Transformers, Switchgear, System Operation. 13
8. Distribution: Main & Rural-How the rural net-work is being erected 15
9. Industry: Manufacture of Electrical Plants 15

10. Programme [Sr the Third Plan: Principal Generation Schemes included in the Third Plan 15
11. Review of the Progress: (a) Capital Outlay, (b) Power Projects, (c) Installed Plant
Capacity, (d) Generation, (e) Transmission and Distribution, (f) Transformers,
(g) Places electrified, (h) Consumer and Connected load, (i) Energy Sale,
(j) Per capita Consumption 17
12. Hope for the future: How electricity may help the industry and status of India in
th~ World 24
13. Appendix-A-EXits. to 28-Statistical Tables and Explanatory Notes 25
14. Appendix-B-State Power Maps showing important Power Stations and the Grid
lines in the States 61
 ELECTRICITY SUPPLY IN INDIA AND AN ANALYSIS OF POWER DEVELOPMENT
DURING THE TWO FIVE YEAR PLAN PERIODS (1951-56 & 1956-61)
General The Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948 has, for
its chief purpose, the rational and rapid develop-
In all progressive countries of the World, ment of electric power resources of the country,
power resources are regarded as national assets in contrast with the 1910 Act, which was intended
and organisations are set up for the conservation, to ensure safety to electricity users and generally
development and proper working of these re- to control and regulate electricity licensees. The
sources. Beneficent legislation is framed and Supply Act provides for the setting up of the
amended from time to time to ensure that there Central Electricity Authority and the State Elec-
shall be available a cheap and abundant supply tricity Boards to plan a regionally co-ordinated
of power to the public and provisions are made scheme of electrical development. The Act pro-
to safeguard the interests of the consumers from vides for the establishment of an Electricity
exploitation. Legislation is, therefore, a necessary Board by the State Governments. The Board
part in the make-up of the Electricity Supply i'i to be a corporate body and is required to operate
Industry. like a private concern, free from Government
control, but subject to Government supervision.
The State Boards are authorised to establi~h
The Ministry of Irrigation and Power is power plants and build transmission lines, as
responsible for the overall direction and control may be deemed necessary, and to undertake
of the Electricity Supply Industry. T~~e· Central the sale of electric energy. Under specified condi-
Water & Power Commission (which, in effect, tions, they may take over power facilities owned
is a technical wing of the Ministry of Irrigation by the licensees or otherwise control the output
& Power) tenders advice to the Central and State of the lic(fnsees' stations in the best interests of
Governments, renders technical assistance and the. regi~n. -:rhe .above Act does not contemplate
works as a Central Co-ordinating Organisation natlOnahsatlOn of the Supply Industry but the
in the field of electric power. Board may establish new generating stations or
control existing ones for the purpose of generating
The chief legislative measures under which electricity required by it, and then proceed to
the Electricity Supply Industry in India operates interconnect stations by means of transmission
are: lines. The Board may also buy electricity in bulk
from the owners of controlled stations or sell
1. The Indian Electricity Act, 1910, it to them and other licensees. In short, byensur-
2. The Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948, and ing that the generation of electrical power is con-
centrated in the most efficient stations, distributed
3. Indian Electricity Rules, 1956. over the entire region and that the bulk supply
is centralised under its own direction, the State
The Indian Electricity Act, 1910 prescribes, Board will have the power to develop a Grid
among others, the methods, procedure and condi- system not only in new areas but also in the
tions for the grant of electric licenses, the rights areas of old licensees by controlling their opera-
and responsibilities of the licensees, provisions tions. It is not, however, contemplated that the
to ensure the safety of persons operating electrical existing statutory rights and obligations of a
equipments and appliances, etc. licensee under the lndian Electricity Act, 1910,
shall be derogated by a Board subject, however to
The Indian Electricity Rules are drafted in control of Licensees' finances unless a licel{see
accordance with the provisions of the 1910 Act is not himself carrying out his development duties
and furnish detailed information and guidance satisfactorily.
to be followed by suppliers and users of electric The reasons which usually are advanced
energy. against nationalisation or State ownership ate
The licensees operating under the provisions lack. o\!ncentive due to the absenc.e of the "profit
of the Indian Electricity Act, 1910 include both motIve and the. system .of promotIOn by seniority
private companies an.d municipalities. Among rather than ment. It IS also a fact that under
the private companies, the more important ones "Departmental" operation, the control of finance
are the Tata Group of Hydro-electric Companies and consequently expansions are not in the hands
supplying power in the Bombay-Poona region, of those in charge of th~ enterprises.
the Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation Ltd., The means o~ combating t.hese disadvantagt:;s
and the Ahmedabad Electricity Company (Pri- of State ownershIp adopted III most countries
vate), Ltd. is to set up semi-autonomous bodies in th~
1
 2
form of Statutory Commissions or Boards to into a ·major system catering for the needs of
operate public utilities. The Government of Calcutta and its suburbs coverinO" an area of
India, recognising this as the best way enacted 500 sq. miles, with an installed cap~city of nearly
the Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948 which makes 450 MW and consumers numbering about 300,000.
it possible for any State to establish such a Board. TJ:e firs~ hydro .station (of 4,500 KW) was esta-
bhshed In 1902 1TI Mysore State, the generation
State Electricity Boards have been established being at 2,200 volts, 25 cis, 3-phase and stepped
in all the constituent States of the Indian Union. ~p to 7~,OOO volts for developing the mining
In addition, the Damodar Valley Corporation, llldustry In the Kolar Gold Fields. Electricity
an autonomous body established in terms of supply was ~onfine~ to remunerative metropolitan.
a special legislation for the purpose, is responsi- urban and llldustnal areas till the middle forties
ble for undertaking -the co-ordinatcd and unified of .the present century. Th~ supply was charac-
development of the Damodar river valley which tensed by extremely small demands for power
lies in the States of Bihar and West Bengal. The and an almost imperceptible rate of growth.
Corporation has, among other things, built hydro The aggregate plant installed capacity by 1939 was
llnd thermal power stations, high voltage trans- only 1136 ¥~ with an agwegate, annual output
mission lines, etc. and is supplying power ill of 2,533 mdhon kwh. Flg. 1 summarises the
bulk to Bihar State Electricity Board, West Bengal progress.
State Electricity Board, the Calcutta Electric
Supply Corporation and several large industrial
underta.kings. . T~e early success of the supply industry
I~ India was due to private enterprise. Imme-
diately . after Independence, the industry was
Immediately after the last census in 1951, fe?rgamsed on a more rational basis, better
a co-ordina".ted programme of power development SUIted to the new conditions of the country.
on a national basis was undertaken in India The new Government enacted the Electricity
under the First Five Year Plan which commenced (Supply) Act, 1948 to stimulate development of
in April, 1951. More stress waS given on power all power resources of the country as national
development under the Second Five Year Plan. asse~s. Autonomous bodies were set up to form
statutory Boards in the different States for the
conservation, d~elopment and proper working
Electrical Energy in India of these sou~ces and to operate Public Utilities.
In spite of vast concentration around cItIes Thanks to thls new structure, it has been possible
like Calcutta, Bombay and Delhi, the Indian to meet a~ ever-increasi~g demand and to provide
economy is pre-eminently agricultural with 70 for contmuous extenSIOns of the nationwide
per cent of its population engaged in the produc- distribution net-work.
tion of food grains and cash crops.
Table [ gives the distribution of towns and Table II .sh.ows enef!~y consumption and re-
villages and the number of localities electrified source~ ofIndIa III companson with some advanced
countr~es of the World. This Will show that we
upto March, 1961.
are stIll dependent on a mediaeval economy
where the .output of work is derived from huma~
The agricultural population is widely scat- labour, ammal power and non-commercial Sources
tered in communities of less than 250 to 5,000 of energy such as wood, cattledung, charcoal,
people in over half a million villages. Few villages etc. ~11 the U.S.~., t~e 3ln~u!il consumption per
with population below 5,000 have so far been ~e~d IS 4 MWh; In Bntalll It IS 2 MWh; in India
provided with electricity_ It IS only 0.04 MWh-the average annual con-
sumption of electric~ty per head of. l?opulation
Emphasis has been placed by the Government for. the whole World IS 0.6 MWh. ThlS IS an indi-
on industrial development during the Second catIon of the leeway the country has to make
and successive Five-Year Plan periods. To provide up.
electricity at the lowest co~t to the largest number
of consumers, to promote small-scale industries,
irrigation, pumping, etc. is a great challenge to The. load gr~wth in different parts of our
the task of transforming a backward econ9my country IS not umfor~ as it has depended u on
to a modern technological one. the resources of the regIon and the extent to wliich
they are developed. The energy consumption
for the years 1950/51, 1955/56 and for the year
The history of electricity supply in India 1960/61 of the five different zones into which the
dates back to the late nineties of the last century. the St.ates have been grouped for facilitating
The first thermal power station in India, con- co-ordlllated zonal development, is indicated in
structed in 1899 in Calcutta, has steadily grown the map ofIndia (Fig. 2).
I
rr=----------------------------------~
,

GROWTH OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION

1 lWt1=10' KWH.

10 1'00

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950

VEAR

Fig. 1
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TRENDS IN ELECTRICITY CO
IN VARIOUS NSUMPTION
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Plans other industries, which they hold out the demand
The task of drawing up an overall programme for po,,"er during the Third Plan ~ill increase
of power development on a national basis under substantially. This momentum will have to be
the different Five-Year Pilms, the first of which maintained ~f India is to achieve a self-generating
commenced in April, 1951 was vested in a Planlllng ?conomy WIth t~e choice of realising her truly
Commission. By and large, generation. transmis- Immense potentIal.
sion and distribution of electric power'in India is
the responsibility of the various State Electricity It is expected to increase the total instailed
Boards who draw up their own programme of generating capacity from 5.580 MW at the end
development. These plans are co-ordinated by of the Second .Pan (1961) to lI,210 MW at the
Ministry of Irrigation and Power through the end of the ThIrd Plan (1966). It is expected that
Central Water and Power Commission to deter- m.ore than ~O,OOO ad.ditional to~ns and villages
mine overall priorities for the allocation of foreign wl~1 b.e electnfied dUrIng the Tlurd Plan period,
exchange. The Commission is also responsible brInging the total to about 44,000.
for co-ordinating the programme with those of
other sectors of economy such as industry, min- The growth of installed capacity is set out
ing and transport. in Table III and is graphically represented in
Fig. 3.
Two Five Year Plans have already been c6m-
pleted. During the two Plans, generation and It will be seen that the rate of growth has
consumption have more than doubled as com- been conside-rably higher than in the First Plan.
pared with an increase in agricultural production Also the installed generating capacity in hydro
of more than 33 % and industrial production of po~er stations has increased by 156 per cent
70%. dunng the Second Plan as compared with 50 per
cent in the other types.
At the beginning of the First Plan in 1951,
the total installed capacity was 2,300 MW-being
comprised of 600 MW in the public s ector and TABLE TIl
1,700 MW in the private sector, including indus- Growth of insfallrd capacity
trial installations with private generating plant.
The aggregate installed capacity added during
the First Plan period was 1,118 MW bringing the Millions of kW
total installed capacity to 3,418 MW at the end of
the First Plan period. The aggregate plant added 1951 1956 1961 ,1966
was no doubt meagre; but it is worth mentioning (esti-
that some large water power sites developed mated)
during the First Plan, have yielded benefit during
the Second and will be yielding fufther benefit
during the Third Plan period. 1. Hydro Plant . 0·56 0·94 1 ·84 4·51
,. I£I!
2. Steam Plant 1·60 2·27 3·41 6·3
The Second Five-Year Plan (1956-61) provi-
ded for a target addition of 3,500 MW in the 3. Oil Plant o 15 0·21 0·33 0·4
installed generating capacity of the po,,"er plant
in the country, comprising 2,900 MW in the pub- 4. Nuclear Plant
lic sector, 300 MW in the private sector and 300
MW in privately owned industrial establishments.
The target of 3,500 MW ,,"as made up of about 2·31 3·42 5·58 11·21
2,100 MW of hydro and 1,400 MW of thermal
power plant. The actual achievement has fallen
short of the target by over 1,300 MW. but the The Hoffman Mission Report drew parti-
number of towns and villages electrified has cular attention to the power difficulties experien-
increased from 4,041 in 1950-51 to 23,969 in ced in every part of India and the impressive pro-
1960-61. gramme drawn up for industrialisation, railway
traction and rural electrification under the Third
During the Third plan. emphasis is laid on Plan.
the trstablishment of capital industries which will
make the country's economy self-sustaining and
self-developing. namely, steel, heavy machine The Second Plan targets also envisaged the
building plant. foundry forge, coal mining ma- construction of adequate transmission lines aggre-
chinery plant, heavy structural plant; heavy plate gating to 35,000 circuit miles and the necessary
and vessel works and heavy machine tool factories. transformer stations and also electrification of
In view of the prospect for the development of about 10,000 additional villages.
 __
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 o
36

HYDRO AND COAL RESOURCES

OF INDIA o
32
o
32
LOCATION OF POWER STATIONS

f>. ... ~
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0
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• I

JODHPUR
KOTA @ 0
24
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B AV 20

OF

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.- 'V
b(' 1l
LEGEND
~ 'V
'1.
~ tp C COAL RESOURSES OF INDIA IN MILLION TONS! ;

~
. ~
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-; .... / / / / AREAS WHERE HYDRO POWER IS AVAILABL ~'

0
CO;.c, 'V
o THERMAL STATION II Z, 12
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Fig. 4
 5
The target set for the Second Plan compared TABLE V
with the actual achievements as indicated in
Table IV. Hydro-Electric Potential
TABLE IV
Per cent
Target for Achieve- developed
additions ments in on comple-
in the the Second Million kW tion of pro-
Second Plan Plan at the rate jects taken
of 60 % up in Third
River System L.F. Plan
Installed generating" capacity in 3'50 2'18
million kW
West-flowing rivers ot South India 4·35 45·0
No. of towns and villages electrified 10,000 16,988
East-flowing rivers of South India 8'63 27·0
In an under-developed economy, the take- Rivers of Central India 4'29 16·0
off, to a large extent, is determined by the quan- Ganga Basin 4'83 17'5
tum of power availability. Power shortage in Indus Basin 6'58 36·0
almost all regions continues to affect the economy
and there can be no two opinions about the need Brahmaputra and other rivers of 12·49 0·4
for power availability to be ahead of demand. Assam, Manipur and Tripura

Sources of Energy Total 41·17 20·0

Sources of energy are plentiful, both non-
replenishable (Capital) and replenishable (Current)
Table [1 shows India's estimated energy resources In addition, there are resources of the same
in c,omparison with some advanced countries of order of magnitude, located in the Himalayan
the World. The pre-eminent current resource is foot-hill regions-Nepal, Sikkim and Tibet-which
hydro power. can conceivably be utilised to the mutual benefit
of these countries and India. The most noteworthy
Hydro : Rivers in India come under two factor is the power· potential of the great U-bend
broad categories, viz., those exclusively rain-fed, of the Brahmaputra just before it enters India
and those both rain and snow-fed. The snow line from Tibet. The river with a minimum unregula-
in India ranges between 14,000 and 16,000 feet. ted flow of the order of 30,000 cusecs, drops
Due to seasonal rainfall (June to September) over 8,000 ft. in a sharp 125 mile U-bend. A re-
the former groups of rivers are characterised by latively short, ll-mile headrace tunnel would
heavy discharge during the monsoon months, but permit the utilisation of a head drop of 7,500 ft.
this dwindles to a mere trickle during the summer. thus constituting, wit~out reservoir regulation;
Even in the latter group of rivers, which are of the greatest concentratIOn 01 hydro power (about
Himalayan origin, the perennial snow-feed re- 130,000 million units per year) anywhere in the
duces the variation of the river but slightly. Hydro World.
power schemes in India: therefore, depend for
their technical and economic feasibility on reser- With tl~e ~ech1!ical developments in high vol-
voirs, placed wherever there are favourable sites. tage transmISSIOn It may not be uneconomical to
A further limitation is set by irrigation, which tap these resources and transmit the power over
overrides all other comiderations. Taking all their long distances for mutual benefit of the bordering
limitations into account, the Central Water and countries as well as of India.
Power Commission has assessed the water power
potential to be 40,000 MW at 60 % load factor, Coal : The known resources of coal in India
or about 210,000 million kWh annually, equivalent assessed at 130,000 million tons, are localised i~
to ISO million tons oreoa!. Assam, West Bengal, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh
and Andhra. Much of the coal is of inferior
From the map (Fig.4) it will appear that quality.
India's hydro power resources are fairly evenly
distributed, with Slightly more concentration in
the Himalayan region. Semi.bituminous and anthracite coal best
meet the requirements of power generation al-
This is distributed in the. different basins as though quite low grade coal can be effectively
shown in Table V The proportion of this poten- burnt. But transport of such coal to generating
tial which will get developed on completion of the stations would not be easy. Pit-head power sta-
schemes included in the Third Plan is also shown tions are eminently suitable for the loads of
in this table. Bengal-Bihar coalfield areas. With the establishme.p,t
~-3 ~. G.lndia/G6
 6
of large washeries providing coking coal for ste-el India's nuclear power programme is based
plants, huge quantities of middlings and reje.;t on thorium and this programme: will, therefore,
coals will be available. They could be utilised for have to be developed in three st3ges-
generation of power.
(i) The first will utilise reactors fuelled by
Lignite reserves are estimated at 2,000 million nar-ural uranium. producirg electricity
tons occurring in parts of Madras, Rajasthan, and plutonium (Pu 239) as by-product.
Gujarat and Jammu & Kashmir States. (ii) The second will use plutonium (Pu 239)
Oil and Ga, : The known resourceS of na- with natural uranium in fast breeder
tural gas and oil are at present limited. Results reactors or with thorium to produce
uranium 233. •
of recent explorationfor oil and gas have, however,
raised hopes, but it has to be rea Used that these (iii) The third stage reactors will, however, run
would be primarily required for road, rail and air on thorium with CPu 239) or thorium-
transport and to a very limited extent for genera- uranium 233 cycles, This is the stage
tion of power mostly in isolated places. when probably cheap and abundant
power can be obtained.
Oil prospecting has established ~ommercial
reserves of oil and natural gas at Nahorkatiya in The Atomic Energy Commission has initiated
Assam. Oil has been discovered in Cam bay and the first two stages, so that the country can soon
Ankleshwar in Gujarat. Fxploratory drilling is con- get nuclear power from its abundant resourCes of
tinuing in a number of other regions. Oil refineries thorium. As economic operation of nuclear
are b3ing located at Gauhati in Assam. Barauni po\\-er stations necessitates a high load factor,
in Bihar and Cambay in Gujarat in addition to three regIon" WhlCh have fairly large electrical
those existing in Digboi, Visakhapatnam and grids and heavy industrial potentialities but are
Bombay. AIT these developments are of significance far from coalfieldS, have been chosen in Western,
in planning for power development, as coal based Northern and Southern India for nuclear stations.
power stations should as far as possible be sited
near collieries, 'Washeries and refil1eries. Table Vl illustrates the economics of diffe-
erer. t sources of po,,"er.
Nllclear Power " Our hydro and coal re-
serves are concentrated in the eastern part of the Factors affecting choice of schemES for power
country, whereas its west coast is famous for its gEneration inclUdes finances from foreign Sources.
deposits of monazite sand. India has, therefore, to Tlw foreign exchange component of coal-fired
install some nuclear power stations in placLs far power stations b t\\-o or three times that of hydro-
remote from coal reserves and water power sites. stations, \\-hile nuclear stations require still more.
While adequate reserve ot uranium ore has been It is thus expected that hydro power backed by
assured from Bihar and Rajasthan, India is parti. coal·fired po\\-er stations \\-ill continue to be pre-
cularly rich in its thorium reServe (500,000 tons) dominant in India's programme for many years
which is aYflilable in abundance, to Come.
 7

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 8
Pa.ttern of Utilisation tiation of Fi,-,:c-Year Plan programmes, the im-
portance of electric power for a balanced eco-
Prior to Independence, electric power gene- nomic development of the country has been duly
ration was confined to remunerative urban and recognised. The impact of economic and other
industrial areas like Calcutta and Bombay. Rural forces on tho pattern of power usage at the end
areas were neglected altogether because of the of First Five-Year Plan in 1956 and those of the
meagre return on the investment. With the ini- succeeding years is given in Table VII below :

TABLE VII
Relative share of power usedfor different categories of service

Year
1956 1957-58 1958-59 . 1959-60 1960-61

Domestic 11·7
6'8
11,6
6'5
11'5
6·3
11'1
6'2
.
10·7
Commercial • 6'1
Ai~icu1tural (Mainly irriiation) 4·0 6'0 5'5 6'1 6'0
Industrial (Small &; Large) . 66·9 66·0 67'5 68'2 69'4
Other purposes . 10'6 9·9 9·2 8·4 7·8

100·0 100·0 100'0 100·0 100'0

The growth of power consumption and its important category followed by domestic and
pattern are largely determined by the !empo ~nd commercial load, and then irrigation. This
pace of industrialisation. From the pomt of VIew pattern is not likely to change significantly.
of energy consumption, industrial load is the most
Table VIII below presents data relating to the production of energy by State and Private
ownership.

TABLE VIn
Energy generated during the year (kWh in Millions) by State and Private ownership

Percentaae Percentage
1950 1955 of Increase 1960-61 of Increase
over 1950 over 1955

Public Utility Undertakings

(a) State-owned 2,104 4,573 117 -11,016 141
(b) Company-owned 3,003 4,019 34 5,921 47
Self-ienerating Industrial Establishments 1,468 2,185 49 3,186 69

6,575 10,777 64 20,123 87

Private enterprise which had in the earlier now, although in recent years, State Governments
years dominated the field ?f power development are actively participating an the Power Supply
in India continues to play 10 important part even Industry.
 The consumption of electricity in certain· selected industries in 1960-61 is given in the· Table
IX below along with the indices of the usage for~eaeh.

TABLE IX

Installed capacity and electricity consumption in various industries on 31·3-1960 and consolidated
figures for other years

Total Installed Power pur· Used in Index of

number generating chased from the indus- usage
Industry of plant capa· public uti- try inc1u· (1959·60)
factories city as on lityelect- sive of Base year
31-3·1960 deity un· private 1949
(kW) dertakings generation
(Million (Million
kWh) kWh)

----
1. Aluminium (Primary) 6 12,834 336,342 409,884 418

2. Cement 27 121,759 320,524 834,010 363

3. Chemicals 35 39,744 204,026 324,469 601

4. Collieries 148 63,571 256,027 401,368 178

5. Cotton Textiles 337 124,032 1,760,675 2,058,718 182

6. Fertilisers 4 80,560 53,719 404,459 1,348

7. Gold 4,700 116,273 116,386

8. Tron & Steel (PrimarY) 6 298,118 700,129 1,288,621

9. Jute 86 25,910 512,721 572,457 202

10. Paper 24 77,028 147,314 380,992 228

11. Sugar 105 72,456 21,917 136,334 333

12. Other Industries 117 14,657 459,881 503,602

896 935,369 4,889,548 7,431,300

ANNUAL TOTAL FOR OTHER YEARS

1958·59 872 812,419 4,015 A8 6,239'58

1957·58 857 769,439 3,606' 36 5,715-66

1956 890 759,650 3,299 ·07 5,414 36

--~.---
 10
Some industries are discussed bclow : will provide a most important base load for hydro-
electric sources and in view of the need for the con-
Iron & Steel : The reserves of iron ore servation of high grade coal, there is tremendous
in India are reckoned at 10,272 million tons- scope for railway track electriHcation in India.
amongst the richest available in the World.
The Government has established three mills in irrigation & 7Jewaterillg : To increase agricul-
the public sector one each at Durgapur, Bhilai tural production waters raised by tube-wells
and Rourkela in collaboration with British, would be utilised for irrigating areas which cannot
U.S.S.R. and the German combines for production be economically irrigated by canals, or in the
of one million ton each per annum initially and areas where the soil is better irrigated in this
2.5 million tons ultimately. There will be addi- fashion. Besides, there will be a sizeable power
tional steel plants constructed during the succee- demand for lift irrigation pumps for lifting water
ding Plan period. from tanks, rivers, canals etc. as well as for re-
claiming land for cultivation and habitation.
Ferro Manganese : India has large deposits "-
of manganese ore, the primary raw material for Tea : Tea is one of the few major items that
ferro-manganese which is exported' as such. earn foreign currency. The tea industrialists
Processing of manganese ore into ferro-manga- are eager to change over to electricity not only
nese, in addition to meeting the requirements for processing but also for electric drying. The
of the countrr, would boost foreign exchange estimated power demand of the tea industries
earnings. in the State of West Bengal alone is about 60
MW at 30% load factor The unique featyre
Aluminium : Aluminium is a metal of basic of this industry is that the extra water during mon-
importance to the economy of the country. Its soons synchronizes with the demand from the
consumption will increase because of the increa- tea plantation. Hydro-projects in North of West
sed demand for A.C.S.R. conductors for electric Bengal and the State of Kerala are fortunate in
power transmission and other industrial appli- having in the tea industry a ready market for
cations v-tz., construction of boats, barges, alu- seasonal power.
miniurr{ structurals, bodies of buses, rail coaches,
aircraft manufacture, etc. Known bauxite deposits Power Generation
in India are estimated at 250,000,000 tons.
(a) HypRO-ELECTRIC POWER
Fertilizer (Nitrogenous & Phosphatic) : The Water power stations are very attractive from
production of fertilizer will continue to increase the national standpoint, but droughts and dry
at a rapid rate. spells can seriously reduce their output and besi-
des, the rivers of our country often lie in more than
Cement : Cement is a basic material for one State, with consequent haggling over the
construction. The Second Five-Year Plan envisa- sharing of benefits. Where economic hydro sites
ges production target of about 11 million tons are available, the first choice is on them.
per year.
Hydro-electric development may be roughly
Colliery Electrification : Three foreign coun- divided into six well mark.ed regions viz., Bombay,
tries-the U.S.A., the U.K. and Poland will work Madras, Uttar PradeSh, the· Punjab and West
public sector !Uines in .Ramgarh, Bokaf(~ and at Bengal-Bihar-Orissa. Some hydro installations
Jharia respectively to Impart new techmques of have no relation to irrigation or to thermal gene-
coal production to the lndian Industry. One rating stations. In others, power is an adjunct
pre-requisite of realising the target of 90 million. of gravity irrigation and the hydro-electric instal-
tons of production per annum under Third Five<' lation is, or-will be, a constituent of an extensive
Year Plan is efectrification of collieries and supply grid system including one or more thermal stations.
of power to meet the expansion plan.
Bombay : The early sizeable hydro schemes
Railway Electrification: Electrification of rail- implemented were the three stations built by Tatas
ways will conserve metallurgical coal by using in the Western Ghats-the Khopoli, Bhira and
power from pit-head low grade coal-fired power Bhivpuri with a total installed capacity of 235 MW.
stations. Total route and track lengths of the
electrified sectiollS 1U the Indian Railways were The Government has recently undertaken
about 250 and SSO miles respectively at the end the Koyna Hydro Electric-cum-irrigation Pro-
of the First Plan period. Under the Second ject. This comprises the construction of a
Five- Year Plan there was a programme of track 1.07 fL high dam aeross the river Koyna-a major
electrification of 826 miles on the 25 kV a.c. tributary of the river Krishna, to impound 36,000
single phase, 50 cycles system, giving priority million cu. ft of water above dead storage; water
to those sections dealing with the heavy steel is carried through a 12,000 ft. head-race tunnel
mills traffic. Widespread railway electrification terminating on a 300 ft. high surge tank, from
 11
which pressu.re shafts take off to conduct water The largest multipurpose project in India,
to the power house. The tail race water will be the Bhakra-Nangal Project, now nearing comple-
discharged into the Arabian Sea. Initially the tion, is ajoint enterprise of the States of the Punjab
installation comprises four pelton wheel driven and Rajasthan. The Bhakra dam is located
aiternators each of 60 MW capacity working at across the Sutlej river in the ] nd us basin in a
a head of 1,570 ft. natural gorge before the river enters the plains.
The dam, which is now nearing completion will be
Mysore: The early Inception of hydro-electric 760 ft. high and will have a storage capacity of
Dower in India in 1902 was in the State of Mysore 6.8 million acre feet. The left bank power house
when the Sivasamudram Station (4500 kW) was already in partial operation will have five 90MW
commissioned. water wheel gellerators. The right bank power
house will have five more units of 120 MW rating
The most important project is at Jog Falls in future. An irrigation-cum-power channel
on the river Sharavathi-named after Mahatma takes off from the Nanga1 barrage, five miles
Gandhi-with an installed capacity of 120 MW. downstream of the main Bhakra dam. The 1 wo low
Further extension, the Sharavathi Valley Project, head power stations each with two 24 MW units
has recently been undertaken. This project now have been constructed on the channel at Gangwal
under construction comprises a main storage and Kotla. One set of 29 MW each have now
dam across the river (194 ft. high with 3.59 been added both at Gangwal and Kotla.
acre-feet of storage capacity), the diversion of Ultar Pradesh: In the U.P., the course of
the stored water at controlled rate according to the Ganges canal, as it flows towards the south,
the load demand through a 6,200 cusecs capacity passes over a series of 13 falls varying in height
water cond llctor system consisting of 13,860 from 7 it. to 10ft. 1n 1926, the Government
feet of open channel and 1,970 feet of tunnel took up the development of the canal as a source
bifurcating into twin pre,sure tunnels terminating of electrical energy and developed eight canal
into surge tank" from where 8' dia. 4,628 ft. long power stations totalling (17,400 kW). The Sarda
penstock pipes take off to feed the individual canal power station has recently been built at
units in the power house. The power house Katima with an installed capacity of 41,400 kW.
will ultimately accommodate 10 sets of 129,000
B.H.P. impulse turbines working under a head The Rihand Dam Project nearing completion
of 1,525 ft. Each turbine willi be coupled to a 89 comprises of a dam 304 feet high and 3,000 feet
MW synchronous generator with a projected long located across the Rihand river near Pipri
ultimate installation of 890 MW. village. The power house will have six genera-
ting sets of 50 MW each. The project Vvill further
Madras: In 1924, the Government of Madras provide irrigation benefits to about 1.4 million
embarked on an electrification programme and acres of land in Uttar Pradesh and about half a
developed five major hydro schemes, the Pykara c:illiop acres in Bihar.
(the highest head plant 3,000 ft. in the British An inter-State link between M.adhya Pradesh
Commonwealth), Mettur, Papanasam, Moyar and and Uttar Pradesh interconnecting the Rihand
Periyar. hydro station with the thermal station in Madhya
Pradesh may materialise in the near future.
The Periyar scheme utilizes the waters of
Periyar Lake in Kerala State. It is now in opera- West Bengal-Bihar-Orissa : This important
tion with a capacity of 8 x 35 MW (first stage). region with a vast industrial potential compri!>es
The second stage will bring the total installed West Bengal, Bihar and the major part of Orissa
capacity to 140 MW. In addition to these single above the Mahanadi river. The central and sou-
and multipurpose schemes, the Multi-reservoir thern parts of this region are rich in coal, iron,
Kundah Project (I80 MW) under Phase I has been mica, copper and bauxite.
completed. Progressive growth of thermal plant installa-
tions at Calcutta (441 MW) constituted the major
The large hydro power potential in the power development in this region till the post-
Southern portion of the Western Ghats in this war period, when the Damodar Valley Project
region can be harnessed by mutual collaboration covering the southern portion of West Bengal
of these different States thus offering the possi- and Bihar and Hirakud Project in Orissa were
bility of the development of a regional grid, with taken up. At present the Damodar Valley Cor-
the pro~pect of interconnection between Andhra, poration have 524 MW of installed capacity in
Madras, Mysore and Kerala States which is in the operation of which 420 MW accounts for the insta-
offing. lled capacity in the thermal power stations at
Bokaro and Durgapur and 104 MW is obtained
Punjab : The hydro development project of from the hydro installations in Maithon (3 x 20
the State Government began in 1933 when the MW), Panchet (I, X 40 MW) and Tilaya (2 X 2
Jogindernagar Station (48 MW) started operation. MW).
 12
A hydro power station in the foot-hills of the two in the new Durgapur Slation were placed in
Himalayas on the laldhaka river is now under service. By 1965 two 140 MW units will be placed
construction. The river has its origin in the in service at the new Chandrapura Station. The
snoV{-bound altitudes and makes its course through 75 MW and the 140 MW units will follow the
Bhutan. Thereafter it constitutes the 12 miles single-boiler single turbine generator block con-
boundary between Bhutan and Bengal. The cept. Increases in the initial steam pressure and
river drains a total area of 172 sq. miles of which temperature have kept pace with the increases in
about 150 sq. miles falls within Bhutan. An sizes. The steam conditions at the stop valves of
agreement has b:::en reached with the Bhutan the original Bokaro units:are 850 psig and 9000F.
Government for utilisation of its water resources. Those for the 75 MW units are 1450 psig and
It is proposed to harness the river in two steps to 1000°F, and for the 140 MW reheat units, the
generate 36 MW at 50 % load factor. copditions wi 11 be 1800 psig and 1000°F: The
CJiandrapura units will be the largest in India.
The Himalayan foot-hill region in West
BE'ngal abounds in hydro power potential. [n All these power stations sited in the coalfields
the future. larger resources in this sub-Himalayan of Bengal and Bihar are designed to burn low-
region may be developed and large blocks of power grade run-of mine, slack, washery rejects and
may be transmitted to the southern part of West middling coals.
Bengal and Bihar This will call for transmission
voltages of 220 kV. Under the Third Five-year Plan a thermal
power station nOW under construction near Cal-
In Orissa, the multipurpose Hirakud Project cutta will have 4 units of 82·5 M W with steam
with an installed capacity of 123 MW at the main condition at turbine stop valve of 1450 psig and
dam with 2 sets of 24 MW and 2 sets of 37. 5M W lOOO~F with single-state reheat to 1000cP.
has already been completed. The dam has been
constructed to control and regulate the flow of the In South India, which is predominantly a
river, Mahanadi. (an east-flowing river originating hydro-electric generating area, the Neyvelli Ther-
in Central India) for irrigation and power. mal Station with (6x50+1x100) MW sets
This is the longest dam In the world, 15,748 feet is under construction. This is the first run-of mine
long with a storage capacity of 6.6 million acre- lignite-fired power station in India, with fuel of
feet. The power station houses two 37 5 MW sets average calorific value 5,200 Bthu/lb., fixed car-
driven by vertical 'shaft Kaplan turbines and two bon 19·1 %, ash 3' 3 %, moisture 55· 3 %. volatiles
24 MW units. Two more sets of 37.5 MW t'ach are 24 . 3 %, grindability 108-127, ash fusion tempera-
being added sixteen miles downstream of the dam, ture 2,440 F. to 1,660°F. The turbine stopvalve
on the tailrace tunnel, another power station is steam condition is 1,300 psig and 950°F.
under construction which will have three 24MW
units. For co-ordinated development, a thermal For most of these thermal power stations
station of 250 MW capacity has been accepted commissioned during the last ten years and those
for location near exten~ive low-grade coal deposits now under construction, foreign credit was obtai-
in the central part of Orissa. ned. Naturally, the norms and standards of the
countries of origin are seen in the corresponding
The trend in the various States has been tow- thermal stations.
ards the interconnection of their important hydro-
electric and thermal grnerating stations, but there The task is at present chiefly to devise ways
has been no significant expansion of regional and means for utilisation of inferior fuels- coking,
grids across State Boundaries-except in the cases non-coking as well as lignitic-to conserve this pri-
of _the Damodar Valley, the Bhakra-Nangal and celess resource. Stations built since 1945 generally
the Chambal areas where there are inter-State burn inferior fuels.
developments of multi-purpose schemes.
Pulverised fuel firing in dry-bottom boilers
(b) COAL-FfRED STEAM GENERATION is employed exclusively for all units of the Damodar
The interconnecti~n of power stations and Valley Corporation. This is by no me'ans a trouble-
the formation of regional grids during the post- free operation. Erosion by abrasive flyash of eva-
independence period have led natura'lly to the porating and secondary superheater tubes is one
adoption of higher unit sizes to reduce capital of the problems while flyash disposal is just as
and operating expenditures. The rate of growth -great in India as in any other country. Cement
of unit sizes ts exemplified by the system of thc manufacturers can take some ash for low grade
D.lmodar Valley Corporation. cement, provided it is sharp and possesses good
pozzolonic properties. However, the lack of rail
Latc in 1953, the Corporation placed in ser- and road facilities precludes, for the foreseable
vice three 57·5 MW units at its Bokaro Station, future, any considerable commercial.market for
each turbine receiving steam from two boileTs. ash. Coals of Damodar Valley contam ash hIgh
In 1990-61 three_82'S MW units one at Bokaro and in refractory composition and low in halogen
 THERMOGRAPH RECORD OF TEMPERATURE
110 FALL AT THUNDERSTORM OBSERVATORY

100

...
ci
w
o
W
Ill::
....::J
-<
THUNDERSTORM
Ill::
w
a..
:r
....w /
90

~~ ________________ ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _- L_ _ ~ ______________ ~

12 16 20 24
TIME, HOURS

Fig. 5
 36

INDIA
o
32.

24

o 20
20 -

o
16

12 12 "
.
" , )
,
LACCADIYE, MINICOY
AND'
AMINDIVI ISLANDS
(INDIA)

Fig. 6
 13
properties not conducive to fluidity at low com- As our rivers in the mine fields contain so
bustion temperature. Laboratory experiments sug- little watel' in the long dry season, it will be neces-
gest that lower fusion temperatures are possible sary to resort to cooling towers. The massive
if dolomite is introduced into the coal stream. hyperbolic natural draft tower so popular in cool
and humid England is not suited to the hot, dry
The responsibility for successfully burning Ind'i1tn Climate. The multicell mcchanical indu-
the high-ash coals will rest principally with the ced draft tower having a concrete shell and till
generating authorities and, in the future, for~ign better meets the Indian condition.
b:>i1er builders will be asked to share the risks
of developing successful designs. The Central As at present, essential development in India
Fuel Research Institute will be 'encouraged 'to will still be one of inter-connected hydro-electric
carryon researq_h at laboratory, pilot plants and and thermal power stations in various regions.
full scale station levels. It is conceivable that the regional systems will,
The new boilers for our pit-head power sta- in due course, be inter-connected so as to form
tions are designed to utilise pulverised fuel, coke and All India Grid alongside the development
oven gas and heavy residual fuel as most of them of some of the larger power resources which are
are' located near steel plant or coke oven plant capable of providing adequate capacities to meet
sites. The boiler control is designed to enable the the needs of s"UPplying areas.
units to operate under automatic control with gas
or pulverised coal. The heavy oil fuel burning Transmission
facility is provided for stabilizing the fire at light
loads and for bringing the boilers upto partial The highest transmission voltage in In~ia at
pressure after protracted shut-down. present is 230 kV. Such lines inter-connect large
hydro power stations or pit-head thermal power
The collection of flyash in combination with stations with remote load centres.
mechanical-electrostatic dust collection is no
longer avoidable for large boilers burning pulveri- Overhead Lines: The transmission voltages
sed coal in dry bottoms. Gone are the days when in common use in India are 230 kV, 132 kV, 110
civilized communities submit to ash baths. kY and 66 kY and the sub-transmission voltages
are 11 and 33 kY. At and above 66 kV, galva-
All of our large new-boilers must be equipped nised or black lattice-steel towers are common,
with completely automatic combustion control 11 and 33 kY, lines are borne on wood poles, rail
as it is beyond the ability of operators continuously poles and, very rarely, on re-inforced concrete
to maintain the required vigilance. The control poles.
room is provided with picture type conirol panels.
Boilers are provided with closed circuit television India is a vast country. The design conditions
equipment. for transmission towers vary through a'wide range
from one region to another. The wind loading
We are following modern practice of centra- condition varies from 15 Ib./ft2 for Central
lizing the major station control elements in a sing- India to 30 Ib./ft. 2 for coastal and hilly regions.
le air conditioned and pressurized space, with no It is to be noted that the worst wind load does
more than three operators in the control room of a not occur at times of minimum temperature when
2-unit station. The function of the third operator the conductor stress is high, but in summer, when
is to help the others and to take over the tele- there are sudden squalls of short duration with a
phone during emergencies. In fact, it is this saving sudden drop in temperature (Fig. 5). During
in costly manpower that stimulated the develop- the low temperature period, the wind load is
ment of centralized control in the United States. relatively small.
While this aspect is of less importance to us, the
advantages of a co-ordinated centralized control
are great. Considerable economy can be effected by
dividing the country into zones of wind pressure
The use of reheat for units of less than 62.5 a.s shown in Fig. 6. The worst load conditions
or 75 MW in localities of low fuel cost is not prac- for each zone must have specific reference to
ticable. The capacity over 75 MW at which re- the regional climatic condition, the worst wind
heat shows an advantage depends on capacity load bemg taken to occur at the actual tempera-
factor, fuel cost, availability of skilled operating ture of each zone. Considerably increased tension
personnel and costs of turbine and boiler. Strai- in the line construction can thus be allowed so that
ght-through turbine generators of 100 MW the lines may be stressed to a much reduced sag,
and greater, become uneconomical from points with consequent economics in support heights.
of overall length and difficulty of fitting turbine
parts and condenser shells on rail wagons. When the maximum wind occurs at a tem-
Reheat turbines are in operation at the Chandra- perature higher than minimum temperature the
pura thermal station of the DVC, conductor length under stringing conditioll is ;
~-3 R. G. Indil\/66
 14
L 2=L1 -(T1 - T2)lraE -('I.el Cables : The Solid-type cable is used upto
where Lv L 2 =Conductor lengths. 33 kV, but at or above this voltage the cablcs used
T 1 , T2 =Tension. in India are either gas-filled or oil-filled. A 132
kV single core, gas-filled cable has recently been
I = Half-span. laid across the river Hooghly (Calcutta) through
a = Cross-section. the existing 6 ft. diameter tunnel.
e=Temperature.
('I. = Coefficient of linear expansion. Transformers: In India transmission trans-
E=Young's modulus. formers do not normally operate on continuous
full load and substantial economy can be derived
For British conditions, where maximum in capital outlay by utilising fully the thermal ca-
loading is at minimum temperature, the sign of pacity of transformers to meet the daily peak
the last term on the l·jght-hand side is positive, load.
and this makes a m::trked difference to the string-
ing condition. ' To control distribution between paralled
circuits coupled by transfl,r.llers the quadrature
The temperature conditions vary from 20 of booster is proposed for 132 k V grids in the eastern
to 120 of in hilly areas and 40°F to 140 'F in the n.gion. There appears to be a. certain amount of
interior. Thermal ratings of transformer and feeder technical shyness about the use of the quadrature
equipments need' to be reduced considerably in boosters in our courttry.
view of such high ambient temperatures (Fig.7).
Switchgear: In some of the 132 kV and 33
Indigenous production of towers started kV systems, air blast and low oil-volume circuit
about ten years ago and India has attained breakers are being used. Bulk-oil breakers are
self-suffickncy in this respect except chose for river still in use in large numbers in the country. with
crossings where the use of high Lensile steel for very good service records but low-oil-volume
towers can reduce the weight by about 30 % eom- breakers are becoming more popular. Most of
pared with mild steel. the 66 or 132 kV circuit breakers are provided
with an automatic rec1osing, in spite of the fact
Atmospheric lighting constitutes the most that there is always &. risk of persistent faults.
frequent cause of interruption on overhead power
lines. The lines and suuctures are generally pro- System Operations: The design of long
tected by elevated earth wires either over the entire distance transmission systems is greatly influen-
length, or at least over the sub-stations and part ced by voltage drop and synchronous stability.
of the adjoining linp.s. The chanc~ of a direct
stroke to one of the conductors is thus reduced,
and the principal danger is [l'om back flash-overs Reactance compensation with synchronous
of line insulators by a lightning stroke to the to- condensers or shunt capacitor is now frequently
wer or overhead earth wire. The insulation level adopted in our country as the transmission of
selected is governed by the sparkover voltage of vars adversely affects the load carrying capa-
the terminal lightning arrestors. Good results city. Reactance compensation with series capa-
have been obtained by pro' riding an ill.tetmediate citors seems to be a very useful means ofimprov-
level represented by arc g'aps on the insulators of ing system stability, although it is stilI difficult
the terminal plant (Fig. 8). to provide adequate protection for such a capaci-
tor against fault voltages.
The use of continuous earth wires over power
conductors for sub-transmission lines at and To match circuit breakers having a total
below 33 kV is not generally favoured. break time of 3 to 5 cycles, protective gear is
limited to carrier current equipment using (a)
either phase comparison or impedance measure-
The use of unearthed and unbonded over- ment principle (b) balanced protective devices
head sub-transmission lines (11/33 kV) on wood for paralleled fceders.
poles with wood cross arms provides not only
the best performances under lightning conditions
but also practically eliminates the risk of shock Where carrier protection is not economically
due to leakage of current. Earlier a-_tempts justified, 3-zone distance protection with various
at popularising wooden supports for H.V. Line~ refinements to maintain stability during phase
have led to severe setbacks owing lO wood- swinging is in common use in conjunction with
preserving technique not being dl:veloped and low speed protective devices like induction relays
enforced. for back-up or directional purposes.
N~E__~____~MG#72t.°~~_=__~7?~________~8'0~O________~84r~________~6~jL_____~_n~O--------~96[O----~E~
o
I ANI;f~.... \ 1 I I 1~
6 t'

';)~~')""'''~~~.> INDIA
o
32 ~~.~ ___ C'
TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS
(FOR OVERHEAD LINE DESIGNS)
32
o

-----<.". ...... .. INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY

,. '
~)..,..-.,
.' ....J.t ,...... _.
A ./"\.)

.... .i .'
, I,,'
'"r.,' I
M (.... l.".,. 28
0
o
18
.",. 'Y .... , " ,t ."·l .I
'. \., E I> '-.-.I'.'~.:_
_ .,;; / ''', ''''.-' ,..~
. , • ...,•• L,: -4 ~ BHUTAN,) ri
"'I. l ·... '-._ r-·-· I.'
..... 1:'\.""" •..,_. • ..,'. :\
..._ ; 'J\ .'
:.... l ~
;.:.. EAST'" ._) i o
- - ' ...PAKISTAN .,..' \~ ../ 24

...~
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.
~.\
M A

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o 20
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BENGAL
SEA
16 I. THIS MAP IS uASED ON THE ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM
AND MINIMUM TEMPERATURE OBSER.VATIONS AS
0
eo F R.ECORDED BY· THE I. M. D. UP TO 1940 30' F HAS BEEN •

0 (136.50°) ADDED TO THE MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE VALUES TO

~
loo"F
( I 40°. 40)
ALLOW FOR THE SUN'S RADIATION, HEATING
EFFECT OF CURRENT, ETC. ~ i
m
0

0
12
120 F
0 0
( ISO· 30)
2. THIS CHART DOES NOT HOLD GOOD FOP. AREAS ~ ~. o
12
AT ALTITUDES GREATER THAN 3000 FEET. ,\,!($ >-
o. z
.. o
a 1.,'0.
L~,cCADIVE. MINICOY
AND·
r

....'1INDIVIISLANDS
.. r
0%
7
~

~
Tp

0 I ;N.o'A)
-"ac.,1<
o
8 • 0 B
" ~
N
N
E 7f 7t af E

Fi~. 7
 INDIA
o
AVERAGE NUMBER OF THUNDERSTORM l~
2
DAYS IN THE YEAR
( 8ASED ON DATA 1935· t949)
INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY _._._

o
8

o
H
 15
Distribution of 60 MW and above and synchronous condensers
up to 1,500 kVA. Two more heavy electrical
In the field of distribution, the necessity of works in -he ?ublir. s~ctor are being established
greater economy and efficiency is given. due under T',ird Fi VI,;- Year Plan. There are ample
consideration. The main back-bone of higher opportunitil.is for Brifish and other foreign electri-
voltage rural distribution is 11 kV., 3-pha5~ but cal firms who can take up manufacture in India.
most spur lines therefrom, except for relatIvely
heavy loads are single phase. The conductors Programme for the tbird Plan
used are A.C.S.R. and all aluminium although in The Thinj, Five-Year Plan envisages an out-
a very few cases where the load is small, galvani- lay of Rs. 1,089 crores, of which Rs. I ,039 crores
sed steel conductors have also been used. There will be in the public sector and Rs. 50 crores in the.
are few experimental lines with single con- private sector. With the increasing tl;)mpo of indus-
ductor and ground return. trial progress, the demand for power is increasing
at a rapid pace. The above outlay provides Rs.
Considerable economy is being exercised on
661 crores for hyd~o and thermal generating sche-
the design and constuction of r.ural d.istrib?tion mes, Rs. 51 crnres for atomic power and Rs. 24
lines by use ofindi~enous matenal, ulll.forooty of
crOfes for uranium mining fabrication and plu-
construction practIce, and the relaxatIOn of re-
tonium extraction plant and Rs. 222 crorcs for
gulations, with due regard to safety. transmission and distribution and Rs. 105 crores
The major relaxations of the Indian Electri. for rural elcctrification schemes. Salicnt figures are
city Rules, 1956 are the reduction of the fa~tor of given below :
safety on metal and wood supports, lowerIng of
TABLE X
ground clearance in built-up rural areas, omission
of guards between high and low voltag~ lines, ~nd Outlay and Benefits
restricted usc of safety and protectwe devlces Outlay Benefits Benefits
such as caution boards and anti-climbing de- in the during in
vices. Grants Third Plan the Third Fourth or
Rs. crores Plan in MW Late Plans
The application of wood poles goes with in MW
planned afforestation. Experiments on jointed
wood poles are also being carried on. Com- I. Schemes carried over 260 2,400 1,187
bined use of lligh or low-voltage rural distribu- from the Second to the
tion lines and open wire P. & T. communication Third Plan
circuits is being made to minimise the capital 2. New Schemes yielding 829 3,233 7,589
cost of rural distribution. benefits in Third Plan
and subsequent plan
In rural areas a co-ordinated use of auto-
1,089 5,633 8,77()
reelosers with fuses has been satisfactory. Good
results' have been obtained by connecting trans-
formers solidly on lines in groups protected by During the five ycar~, between March~ 1956
fuses or autoreclosers. and March, 1961, the demand has practically
doubled and the generation has increased at the
rate of 0·45 million kilowatts per annum. The
Industry rate of rise of genera ing capacity has been pro-
posed to be stcpp;:d up to 1·5 million kW per
Tmmediately after the Second World War, ycar as an average. This rise in power generation
the scarcity of power plant and equipment all wilJ go a long way towards relieving the shortage.
oyer the . country made clear that India's power
The transmission net work would be further
development programme might be seriously
strengthened and extended during the Third
retarded, if not completely stopped without some-
Plan as shown below:
home manufacture of plant and equipment. Se-
veral British organisations have been manufactur- TABLb Xl
inglight and medium electrical plant through their
respective subsidiaries in India, or in collaboration Transmission lines
with Indian companies. Transmission lines
At the end of 11 kV and aoove
A heavy electrical plant factory has been star-
ted at Bhopal in collaboration with a British com- Circuit Circuit
pany. It is already in partial operation. When miles km.
completed it will make transformers up to 400
1955 . 36,500 58,400
MYA and 220 kY, circuit breakers up to .220 kV
1960- -61 84,2l6 l39,500
and 7,500 MYA, hydraulic turbines and genera-
tors upto 150 MVA, steam turbines and generators 1965-66 150,000 240,000
 16
In size, the power programme of -the Third The figures include State's share of benefits
Plan is more than three times the actual achieve- from joint schemes such as Bhakra-Nangal, Cham-
ment during the Second Plan. The total foreign bal, Tungabhadra, Machkund and projects of
exchange component of the investments on Power Damodar Valley Corporation.
in the Third Plan is of the order of Rs. 400 crores.
TABLE XIII
By the end of the Third Plan, the installed
generating capacity in the Statc~owned electricity Installed Anticipated Installed
supply undertakings is expected to constitute 76·5 capacity to Additions Genera-
per cent of the aggregate capacity in India with a State end of during ting capa-
share in investment of nearly 90 per cent of the Sec6nd Third Plan city by end
Plan in MW in MW of Third
total. PlaninMW
Table XII sets out the anticipated growth of
installed capacity and generation by ownership Andhra Pradesh . 228'2 138'8 367'0
and type of plant during the Third Plan. Assam 19'4 143'1 162,5
Bihar 350,9 435'0 785,9
TABLE XII Gujarat 333'3 343'0 676,3
Installed capacity by the end of the year Jammu & Kashmir 13·0 33'0 46'0
(kW in millions) Kerala 137·3 214'0 3~1·3
Madhya Pradesh 233'0 244'0 477'0
1960-61 1965-66 Percen~ Madras 517'5 850'0 1,367'5
(estima- (estima- tage Maharashtra 759'5 732'5 1,492'0
ted) ted) Increase
over Mysore 198·3 450'6 648'0
1960 Orissa 170·7 272'0 442'7
Punjab 246·4 266'4 512,8
Rajasthan 135'8 77,6 213,4
Public utility undertakings Uttar Pradesb 397-4 637·5 1,034'9
West Bengal 753·6 619'0 1,372·6
(a) State-owned 3'22 8·48 170 Delhi. 51 '0 127,3
76'3
(b) Company-owned 1·36 1·63 24 Union Territories other 8·4 11'0 19,4
than -Delhi
(c) Self-generating industrial 1'01 1·09 18
establishments
Total 4,579'0 5,518 '5 10,496·6
-----
Total 5'59 11'2 134
Inter-state and all-India grids
-------
Hydro plant 1'84 4·51 1~5
For securing the optimum utilisation of power
resources the coordinated operation of hydro
Steam Plant 3·41 6·3 85 and thermal power stations is necessary. The trend
Oil plant 0'33 0·4 21 in the various States has been towards the inter-
connection of their important generating stations
Nuclear plant 0·33 within the State, but there has been no significant
Energy generated during the year (kWh in millions) expansion of regional grids across the State boun-
daries-except in the case of Damodar Valley
Public utility undertakings Corporation area, Chambal and Bhakra-Nangal
(a) State-owned 11,016 34,500 207 area where more than one State are involved in
the development of the multipurpose schemes.
(b) Company-owned 5,921 6,500 13 With the growth of power systems in the individual
States, the necessity of inter-state transmission
(c) Self-generating industrial 3,186 4,000 40 links is being increasingly realised. A start will be
establishments
made in the Third Five-year Plan by constructing
a few 220 kV transmission links between Andhra,
Total 20,123 45,000 126 Madras, Mysore, and Kerala States to overcome
power shortage and help economic coordinated
operation of the power systems in the four States.
The State-wise additions to installed genera.. Also, Gujarat and Maharashtra States will be ser-
dng capacity in public and private utilities anti- ved by a 220 kV inter-State link to utilise the
cipated in the Third Plan are shown in Table nuclear power to be generated in Maharashtra.
XIII below. The inter-state link between Madhya Pradesh
 17
and Uttar Pradesh interconnecting Rihand hydel Electricity Boanls-Rs. 363·33 crores. Capital
station and the proposed Singrauli thermal station outlay und.er private sector during the said period
in U. P. with Korba thermal station in M. P. was, however, limited only to Rs. 45·80 crores.
may materialise in the Third Five Year Plan The progressive capital outlay under public and
period. The n. B. C., Bihar, West Bengal grids private sectors at the end of 1960-61 were Rs.
may be further reinforced and inter-connected 598'75 crores and Rs. 160·08 crores respectively.
with the Hirakud-Talcher grid in Orissa. Follow- Vide Appendix A-Ext. 1.
ing the establishment of a number of these
regional grid systems, an all-India grid would be At the beginning of the Plan the progressive
developed in stages side by side with the establish- capital outlay vide Appendix A-Ext. 2 in a parti-
ment of large generating stations, both hydro cular State was highest in Bombay being Rs.
and thermal. The necessary studies and collection 36.36 crores. West Bengal had the second highest
of data for formulation of schemes for inter-state capital outlay of Rs. 34.57 crores and Madras
transmission links and operation of zonal grids was third in the score with Rs. 19.10 crores. At
are in hand. the end of the First Plan, Bombay, West Bengal
and Madras retained their respective positions'
Modern developments in advanced countries with Rs. 73.34, Rs. 45.42 and Rs. 38.42 crores
in th~ commercial applicati<.>n of nuclear energy respectively. At the end of the Second Plan period
and lUter-connected operatIOn of transmission the position changed and the progressive capital
system to ensure continuity of power supply are outlay in the leading States were as follows:
being followed with keen interest. The Atomic
Energy Commission is committed during the 0) Madras Rs. 108.21 crores
Third Five-Year Plan period to embark upon the (2) Maharashtra Rs.106.59
construction of a nuclear Power Station with a "
(3) Uttar Pradesh Rs. 87.78
capacity of 380 MW at Tarapore in Maharashtra. "
The construction of two more nuclear Power Sta- (4) Punjab Rs. 74.86
"
tions, one in Rajasthan area and the other in (5) West Bengal Rs. 62.99
Madras have also been authorised. At the present (6) n.v.c. (covering Rs. 53.68
stage of the country's power shortage specially in Bihar & West "
West Bengal, n.v.c. area, U. P., Delhi GUJ'arat Bengal)
. "
Mysore and. PunJCl:b, etc., th~re is a need for grea-
ter emphasIs on Implementlllg schemes which (b) POWER PROJECTS
yield quicker results, and in this context it is Quite a number of power projects, both hydro
essential that adequate priority is continued to and thermal, were undertaken under the First
be given to bring into fruition quickly conventional and Second Plans. A few projects were com-
power facilities. pleted during the First Plan and works of a quite
a number of them were carried over and completed
Review of the Progress during the Second Plan' period. Some large
An analysis of the outstanding features of the power projects taken up during the Second Plan
electricity supply industry during the last ten years will start yielding benefit during the Third Five-
ended in 1960-61 shows constant and steady pro- Year Plan period. The following power projects
gress in all aspects as will be evident from the which have been either completed or under execu-
following observations and the Statistical Tables tion during the First and Second Plans are of
annexed hereto. worth mentioning.
(a) CAPITAL OUTLAY (1) Andhra Pradesh' Machkund, Tungabhadra
and Upper Sileru Hydro
The total capital expenditure at the beginning Projects, Nellore Ther-
of the plan was Rs. 147·70 crores out of which Rs. mal Project
78 ·13 crores were under private scctor and the
rest under public sector, covering municipalities (2) Bihar Bokaro and Barauni Ther-
and Government organisations. During the First mal Projects and Pachet
Plan period.a further capital of Rs. 178· 51 crores Hydro Project
was invested. The investment was mostly under (3) Gujarat Ahmedabad Thermal Pro-
the pub~ic sector being Rs. 142.36 crores ject
and the Investment under the private sector also
increased by 46·2 per cent. Investment under the (4) Kerala Sengulam, Poringalthu
public sector was much more intensified under and Neriamangalam
the Second Plan. from 1956-57 to 1960-61 and Sabrajm Hydro Projects
additional capital outlay under public sector were (5) Madhya Pradesh Korba and Amarkantak
(1) Municil?ali~jes Rs. :23·49 crores, (2) Govern- Thermal Projects and
ment orgamsabons, Power Corporations and State Chamba1 Hydro Project
 1-8
(6) Madras Basin Bridge and Madras At the beginning of the First Plan the installed
City Thermal Projects capacity under private sector was 1,085 MW which
and Moyar, Periyar and constituted 63 per cent of the total plant capacity
Kundah Hydro Pro- of the country. During the First Plan period it
jects increased slightly to 1,177 MW. The increase
continued during the Second Plan period and the
(7) Maharashtra Chola, Trombay and installed capacity under private sector at the end of
Kha par Kheda Thermal Second Plan stood at 1,356 MW thereby showing
Projects and Bhira and an increase of 25 per cent during the last ten
Koyna Hydro Projects years. But its percentage to the total capacity of
(8) Mysore Sharavati, Bhadra and the country came down to 29.6 per cent which
Tungabhadra left & reveals the rapid rate of progress under the public
right bank Hydro Pro- sector. Under the public sector .power is gen-
jects erated by the State and Central Government under-
takings, State Electricity Boards, Power Corpora-
(9) Orissa Hirakud Hydro Project tion (D.V.C.) and Municipalitics. Installed
Bhakra Nangal Hydro capacity under public sector increased from
(10) Punjab 627 MW to 1,517 MW during the First Plan period.
Project The rate of increase, however, slowed down slightly
(11) Uttar Pradesh Sarda and Rihand Hydro during the Second Plan period but the total increase
Project & Xanpur and in capacity was considerable. The installed capa-
Harduaganj Thermal city under the public sector at the end of Second
Project Plan is 3,223 MW which constitutes 70.4 per cent
of the total plant capacity of the country.
(2) West Bengal Thermal Stations of the
Calcutta Electric Supply Three conventional methods of electricity
Corporation Ltd., Dur- generation were in vogue in India, viz., Steam
gapur Thermal and Mai- power plants, Hydro Electric Power Plants and
thon Hydro Project of Diesel Power Plants. (Appendix A-Ext. 4). But
D.V.C., Thermal pro- steam power plant capacity had been predominant
ject of Government of for the last ten years. The break up of plant
West Bengal at Durga- capacity at the beginning of the Plan was, steam-
pur and Jaldhaka Hydro 1,004 MW, Hydro 559 MW and Oil 149 MW.
Electric Project & Bandel Capacities under all the three categories increased
Thermal Project of West during the First Plan period but the proportion of
Bengal State Electricity steam and oil plant capacity decreased slightly
Board with a corresponding percentage increase in hydro
Thermal Project at 'Delhi plant capacity. At the end of First Plan the break
(13) Delhi up was-steam-l ,547 MW, Hydro-939 MW and
Oil-209 MW, The rate of inter-change of
(c) INSTALLED PLANT CAPACITY percentage between steam and hydro plant was
more pronounced during the Second Plan period
At the beginning of the First Plan the total while the percentage of oil plant capacity showed
installed plant capacity in India in utilities (Ap- a steady decline. This is due to the rapid utilisa-
pendix A-Ext.3) was 1,712 MW which increased to tion of hydro potentialities of the country" on a
2,694 MW at the end of First Plan. The aggre- wide scale. The installed capacity of steam, hydro
gate plant capacity during the First Plan was not and oil plant at the end of Second Plan are 2,436
adequate to meet the demand and hence the target MW, 1,843 MW and 300 MW respectively.
of the Second Plan was to double the installed
capacity in five years. The actual achievement has, Among the major steam plant installations in
however, fallen short of the targ~t by about 30 % India during the last ten years, the capacity of the
owing to various difficulties of which shortage of D.urgapur Steam Plant of D.V.C. was the highest.
foreign exchange was the most important. The (Appendix A-Ext. 5) Two sets, each having a
aggregate capacity at the end of the Second Plan capacity of 82.5 MW were commissioned in
(1960-61) stood at 4,579 M~ which is 166 per cent 1960-61. Another set of same capacity was installed
higher than the correspondlUg figure of pre-Plan by D.V.C. at Bokaro in the same year. Three sets
period. These figures 'pertain~d on~y t.o the Elec- of 62 . 5 MW capacity were commissioned at Trom-
tricity Supply undertakmgs faIlIng wIthIn the cate- bay (two in 1957-58 and the other in 1960-61).
gory of public utilities. Installed capacity of power The next lower rated capacity of 57.5 MW sets
plants owned and operated by industrial establish- were installed by D.V.C. at Bokaro (three units in
ments for their own use was 588 MW at the 1953). Similar sets were also commissioned at
beginning of the First Plan and the same increased Trombay (one unit in 1951), a few 30 MW sets
to 1,001 MW at the epd of 1960-61. were also installed at Calcutta (one unit in 1951),
 19
Ko];ba (one unit in 1958-59 and two units in 1959-60) Maharashtra together) has also secured the highest
Paras (one unit in 1960-61), Khaparkheda (one unit position in increasing plant capacity by 652 MW
in 1960-61) and at Madras (one unit in 1958-59). during the last ten years. The highest percentage
Besides, a number of plants with a capacity ranging increase in a particular State was, however, in
upto 18 MW were commissioned in different States. Orissa where pla'lt capacity increased [rom 4.6
MW to 170.7 MW in ten years.
A number of major hydro plants were com-
missioned throughout the country. (Appendix Although steam plant capacity increased by
A-Ext. 6). The hydro electric plant having the 237 % during the la<;1 ten years under review, the
highest capacity of a single unit were installed at number of steam ge'1erating stations increased only
Bhakra. The capacity of 3 single unit is 90 MW. from 88 to 93 (Appendix A-Ext. 9). This was due
Two such sets were commissi6ned in 1960-61. to the fact that the existing generating stations were
A 40 MW set was installed by D. V.C. at Panchet augmented to a great extent. While a few new
in 1959-60. The next lower rated sets of 37.5 generating '>tations with large capacity plants were
MW capacity werc installed at Hirakud (one set put into service, almost an equal number of small
in 1957-58 and the other set in the next year). capacity stations were closed down. Hydro
A number of 35 MW sets Were installed at Periyar electric generating stations however increased
(two sets in 1958-59 and one set in 1959-60) and from 37 to 63 and the tendency was to instal plants
Kundah (three sets in 1960-61). A few 24 MW of larger capacity. The number of Diesel Genera-
sets were installed at Ganguwal (two units in ting Stations increa'>ed to a great extent. At the
1955), Kotla (two units in 1956) and Hirakud beginning of the First Plan the number of such
(one unit in 1956 and another unit in 1957-58). generating stations were only 353 which increased
In 1952, a 22 MW set was put into service at Bhira. to 627 at the end of the Second Plan. This mush-
While D.V.C. installed three units of 20 MW room growth was due to the opening of new diesel
sets at Maithon in 1957-58 and the following year, statio'1s in isolated rural places where the high
similar sets were installed at Kundah in 1959-60 voltage lines could not be extended.
and 1960-61. Quite a number of hydro plants
with a capacity ranging upto 18 MW were com- (\1) GENERATION
missioned mostly in Andhra, Madras, Kerala and The aggregate maximum demand of steam
Mysore States. plants increased from 538 MW (49 %) to 953 MW
Installation of major die'>el plants (Appendix (51 .5 %), while the demand of Hydro Plants increa-
A-Ext. 7) were mostly confined in Bombay region sed from 494 MW (45 %) to 805 (43.5 %) during
(Gujarat & Maharashtra States). A few large the First Plan period. The demand on Diesel
capacity plants were, however, installed in Madhya Stations incffa<;ed correspondingly from 67
Pradesh and at Delhi. Diesel sets each having a MW (6%) to 91 MW (5%). The figures within
capacity of 2,140 kW have been installed at Delhi the bracket ~how the percentage of sharing of load
(2 units in 1960-61). Three units having a capacity which would reveal that the sharing on different
of 1,064 kW each were installed at Rajkot in types of plants changed slightly during the First
1957-58. Sets each having Capacity of 1,012 kW Plan period, although the total demand increased
were commissioned at Delhi (6 sets in 1958-59 and from 1,098 MW to 1,850 \IlW showing an increase
3 sets in 1959-60). Diesel sets of 1,005 kW capacity of 68.5 %(Appendix A Ext. 10). At the end of the
were commissioned at Jamnagar (one set in 1957- Second Plan the total aggregated maximum
58), Porbandar (one set in 1959-60) and Rajkot demand was 3,546 MW being comprised of, (a)
(one set in 1960-61). A large number of diesel steam plant-l ,812, (b) hydro plant 1,624
plants having, lesser capacity were put into service MW and (c) oil plant 110 MW. The total demand
throughout the country. shows a further increase of 92 %during the Second
Installed power plant capacity is not however Plan.
evenly distributed in India. It is mostly concen- Appendix A- -Ext. II and also ~ro~ the fol-
trated in Maharashtra, Madras and West Bengal. lowing table based on the correspondll1g lllstalled
(Appendix A-Ext. 8) Considerable increase in capacity, it would be ev~dellt ~~at .the Hydro
plant capacity: is evident in almost all the States Electric Plant has a very high uhhsatlOll factor as
during the two Five-Year Plan periods but save compared to steam and diesel plants.
and except the three States mentioned above the TABLE XIV
plant capacity of no other Statb exceeds 10% of Utilisation FaCTor (%)
the total plant capacity of the country. At the
beginning of the First Plan West Bengal had the At the
largest installed capacity of 522 MW but the position beginning At the At the
changed at the end of' First Plan. With the of the end of the end of the
First Plan First Plan Second Plan
steady increase in the plant capacity, Bombay
became the foremost. Due to disintegration of Steam 53'5 61·6 74·6
Bombay in 1960-61, Maharashtra took the first Oil 44'8 43'5 36'6
po~ition at the end of the Second Plan with 88 2 85·8 88'1
Hydro.
a capacity of 760 MW. Bombay (Gujarat and
 20
The utilisation factor of steam plant shows a million units annually and its percentage to the
sharp increase, hydro plant shows slight dimini- total generation increased from 46· 8 to 53' 8
shing trend and oil plant shows steady decline during the First Plan period. During the same
during the last ten years. This shows t~t power period, generation by Hydro Plant increased
demand on the steam plant is increasing in pro- from 2,520 to 3,742 million units annually but i.ts
portion to its capacity and its reverse is true in the percentage, unlike steam plant, decreased from
case of hydro and oil plants. 49'3% to 43· 5%. Generation by oil plant increased
from 200 to 231 million units annually although
As the installed capacity under public sector the percentage of sharing to total generation shows
increased, the demand on the installation under decrement from 3' 9 to 2' 7 %. At the end of
public sector increased correspondingly from 442 a Second Plan (1960-61), annual generation was
MW to 1,015 MW d_uring the First Plan period (1) Steam 8,732 (2) Hydro 7,836 and (3) Oil
(Appendix A-Ext. 12) and sharing ofload changed 368 million units annually and corresponding
from 40' 3 % to 54.9 %of the total power demand. sharing to total generation were 51· 6 %, 46· 2 %
The sharing of load increased sharply and stood and 2· 2% respectively.
at 69' 0 %while demand was 2,473 MW at the end
of the Second Plan. The percentage under private Based on the working of the plants 24 hours
sector shows a steady decline although the demand a day and all throughout the year the average
increased from 655 MW to 834 MW at the end of load factors have been worked,out as under:
the First Plan and 1,073 MW at the end of the Se-
cond Plan. TABLE XVI
Load Factor (%)
The trend of variation of utilisation factor
under both public and private sectors is shown
in the following table : At the At the At the
beginning end of end of
(fABLE XV of the First the First the Second
Plan Plan Plan
Utilisation Factor (%)
Steam 50'7 55'3 54'9
At the , At the At the
beginning end of end of Oil 34·3 29·0 38·2
of the First the First the Second
Plan Plan Plan Hydro 58·3 53·0 55 ·1
------ ----

Pliblic Sectoc 70·5 66·8 75·0

It would be evident from the above table
Private Sector 60·5 70·8 78·4 that the load factor of the steam plant increased
------- with a corresponding decrease in the load factor
Tot,al 64·0 68·6 . 76·5 of hydro and oit plants during the First Plan
period. Although more and more hydro plants
were commissioned, the availability of water
With more and more installation of plants power of most of the projects were seasonal and
under public sector the reserve capacity as compar- hence the load factor of hydro plants went down.
ed to the power demand on the system increased The decrement of load factor of oil plants was due
during the First Plan.~eri?d and hence the dowI?-- to the fact that a large number of diesel plants
ward trend in the utlhsatlOn factor under pubhc had been set up in the rural areas where the
sector. On the other hand installation under consumption was low. During the Second Plan
private sector was not adequate. and usual g:~wt~ of period, however, load factor under all categories
power demand on the system Increased utlllsatlOn improved.
factor. The utilisation factor of all th~ plants
taken together, however, shows a steady mcrease. With the increase in installed capacity and
Just before the Plan period, about. 5,107 maximum demand, units generated annually
million units were generated annually. :rhiS had under public and private sectors showed a cor-
increac;ed to 8,592 at the en~ of the FIrSt Plan responding increase from 2,104 to 4,574 and 3,002
(Appendix A-Ext. 13) and lllcreased further to to 4,019 million units respectively during the
16,937 million units a r ll1ually at. the. end of the
First Plan period. (Appendix A-Ext. 13) Corres-
second Plan. While the generatIon mcreased.b y ponding percentages of sharing were 41'1 % and
67.5 during the First Plan period the correspondlllg 58' 9% at the beginning of the Plan and the same
increase during the Second Plan was 97' 7%. changed to 53'2% and 46'8% "at the end of the First
Plan. Units generated annually at the end of
Segregation of _ft.;enerated units according. to Second Plan under public and private sectors were
the types of plant WIll show that the generatIOn 11,016 and 5,921 million and sharing of load WI.lS
by steam. plant incre~sed from 2,387 to 4,619 65' 0% and 35 0% respectively.
 21
Variation of load factor under the public Generations in other States show a percentage
and private sector is shown in the table below below 5 % and therefore have not been mentioned
here. It would appear that the percentage of
TABLE XVII generation in Bombay (Maharashtra and Gujarat),
Load Factor (%) West Bengal, Madras, Uttar Pradesh and Mysore
has a diminishing trend while in other unde.r-
developed States show gradual increase as would
At the At the At the be evident in the cases of Bihar, Punjab, Andhra,
beginning end of the end of
of the First First the Second etc.
Plan Plan Plan
Annual Coal and Oil consumptions (Appen-
dix A-Ext. 15) at the beginning of the Plan were
Public Sector 54·3 51·4 52·4 2.25 and 0.07 million tons respectively. Consump-
52'3 54·9 62·8 tion increased during the First Plan period and
Private Sector the same for coal was 3.74 and oil 0.08 million
tons annually at the end of the First Plan. This,
Total 53·1 53·1 55'5 however, increased at a faster rate during the
Second Plan period and the cosumption figures
at the end of the Second Plan (1960-61) were,
The average load factor of the whole system coal 6.70 and oil 0.11 million tons. It would be
remained unchanged while the load factor un~er evident that the average coal con')umption in
public sector d~creased with . a corre~pondlllg India was 2.00 lbs. per unit generated at the
increase ~?der pnvate sector.dunng the FITst Plan. beginning of !he Plan. This decreased to 1.75
The posItIOn changed dun.ng the Second Plan. '- lbs. at the end of the First Plan and 1.67 lbs.
The average load factor lllcreased upo~ the at the end of the Second Plan. With the installa-
increase in load factor under both pubhc. and tion of more efficient boilers, low grade coal
private sectors. The load factor under pnvate finds its use and the thermal efficiency increases.
sector, however, increased to a great extent. WIth the use of low grade coal, however, coal
As the installed capacity is not evenly distri- con~umption per unit. generated incrases wh~ch is
buted in India so are the units generated. It is agalll o~set by the lI;creased t~ermal e~clency
more concentrated in three States, e.g., Maha- ?f the boIlers. I.n th~s connectlO~ the Increase
rashtra, West Bengal and Madras. Maharashtra lll. thermal e!liclency IS ~o be particularly noted.
shows the highest generation at the end of Second ~l\ consumptIOn. p~r umt generated also .shows
Plan, West Bengal comes next and Madras is Improvement. ThIS l~ pro.ba'b1y due to the 111stal-
the third in the score. The percentage increase latlOn of large machmes III recent years.
of the individual State was highest in Orissa. It
increased from 6 to 490 million units annually (e) TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION
during the ten years under review. (Appendix There has been a tremendous development
A-Ext. 14) in Transmission and Distribution system
in the country during the two Plan periods.
Percentage of units generated in the States (Appendix A-Ext. 16) During the First Plan
..
to total generation in the country is shown below: period about 2,140 miles of 132 kV, 776 miles of
110/90 kV and 1,397 miles of 78/66 kV
TABLE XVIII transmission lines were commissioned against a
Units Generated (%) background of 363 miles of 132 kV, 1,330 miles
of 110/90 kV and 3,477 miles of 78/66 kV lines
at the beginning of the Plan. During the Second
At the At the At the Plan period the growth was still faster and
State beginning end of end of
ofthr First the First the Second additional 680 miles of 220 kV and 1,678 miles
Plan Plan Plan of 132 kV and 1,714 miles of 110/90 kV and
3,130 miles of 78/66 kV transmission lines came
Bombay • 31 ·6 29'8 into being upto the end of 1960-61. .
Maharashtra 19'3
West Bengal
On the sub-transmission and distribution
20'5 19'1 13·7 side about 2,663 miles of 33 kV, 740 miles of 22
Andhra Pradesh 1'5 5·3 kV,15,684 miles of 11 kV and 739 miles of 6.6 kV
Madras 12'6 11·9 13 '1 and below were put into service during the First
Uttar Pradesh 10·0 7·6 7·3 Plan period. Existing installations before the Plan
Punjab 3'5 3·8 5'8 period were 1,057, 2,082, 8,819 and 4,258 miles
Mysore 8·7 8·4 6'1 respectively. Additions during the Second Plan
Gujarat 7·4 period were 7,167 miles of 33 kV-3,236 miles of
Bihar. 2'S S'2 9·3
22 kV, 33,879 miles of 11 kV and 5,288 miles of
6.6 kV and below lines upto the end of 1960-61.
4-3 R. G. India/66
 22
It is to be mentioned that transmission, sub" places were further electrified. There was a great
transmission and distribution lines of various increase in the number of places electrified during
voltages exists in different States of the country. the Second Plan period. The total number of
As far as length of lines is concerned Punjab leads places electrified upto 1960-61 is 23,969 which is
in 220 kV system installation Bihar has the only 4·26 % of the total number of towns and
longest 132 kV system and Madras has the villages in the country. It is to be mentioned that
longest 110/90 kV system. The longest 78/66 all places having population of over 50,000
kV line exists in Madras and U. P. has the largest have been electrified. About 85·4 % of the
installation of 44/37.5 kV system. West Bengal places with a population range of 20 to 50
leads in the installation of 33 kV underground' thousands have also been electrifi d. The pro-
system but as far as overhead 33 kV system is gress of electrification in places with population
concerned Gujarat is foremost. Maharashtra has of 20,000 and below is considerable but the per-
the longest 22 kV underground system while centage of the places electrified to the total number
Madras leads in 22 kV overhead system. Again of places is still very small.
Gujarat h leading in 11 kV underground system,
but Madras has the longest 11 kV overhead lines (h) CONSUMER AND CONNECTED
West Bengal has the longest underground 6.6 kV LOAD
installation while' Mysore is foremost in overhead
lines of the same voltage. The total number of consumers in the country
had increased from 1·50 to 2· 51 millions during
(f) TRANSFORMERS the First Plan period. (Appendix A-Ext. 19).
At the beginning of the Plan, 332 numbers This again increased to 4· 73 million at the
of step up and 669 numbers of step down power end of 1960-61. The domestic and residential
transformers were in commission with an aggre .. consumers constituted the highest percentage of
gate capacity of 973 MVA and 1,367 MVA the total consumers all along the period under
respectively. (Appendix A-Ext. 17). There had review. Number of consumers increased also
been an addition of 289 number of step up and in all other categories but the pattern of distri-
438 number of step down power transformers bution remained almost steady during the last
during the First Plan period with an aggregate ten years as would be evident from the following
capacity of 709 and 1,362 MVA respectively. The table.
progress was still higher during the Second Plan
period. Some 203 number of step up and 999 TABLE XIX
number of step down transformers with an ag-
gregate capacity of 2,962 and 4,671 MVA res- Number of Consumers (%)
pectively were commissioned since beginning of
1956 upto the end of March, 1961. At the At the At the
beginning end of end of
On the distribution side the number of trans- of the First the First the Second
formers has increased from 10,767 to 19,740, Plan Plan Plan
during the First Plan period and the correspond-
ing capacity has been raised from 834 MVA to (a) Domestic & residen- 77·0 76·8
1,654 MVA. During the Second Plan period the 77·6
tial light and small
number of transformers has further increased to power
57,314 and the capacity increased to 3,727 MVA. (h) Commerdallight and 17 ·3 17·2 14'3
small power
With regard to installation of transformers
in States, Bombay has the largest number of (c) Indurtrial power in- 4'2 4·0 3'7
eluding electrification
step up power transformers and the highest & Public Water Works
correspond.ing aggregate capacity. As far as
step down power transformers is concerned, (0) Public lighting 0'2 1·0 0·3
Madras is leading in the number of transformer (c) Irrigation 1·3 1·1) 4·7
installations as well as in the corresponding
aggregate capacity. On the distribution side, the
largest number of transformers have been ins- Total 100·0 100'0 100'0
talled in Mysore but Madras has the highest
aggregate capacity. Bombay has the largest number of consumers
followed by Madras and Punjab. (Appendix A-
(g) PLACES ELECTRIFIED Ext. 20). Bombay and Madras maintained their
India has 561,108 number of towns and vil- respective positions all-throughout the ten year
lages out of which 3,687 were electrified during period. West Bengal was third in the score up to
the pre-Plan period. (Appendix A-Ext. 18): the end of First Plan but Punjab took this
During the First Plan period 3,294 number of position during the Second Plan period. Bomay,
 23
Madras Punjab and West Bengal constiuted TABLE XXI
23'0%,' 16·1 %, lQ'6% and 9'4% restectiv~ly
of the total all-India figure at the end of 1960-61. At the At the At the
beginning end of end of the
of the First the First Second
The connected load had increased from Plan Plan Plan
2 835 MW to 4,323 MW during the First Plan
(Appendix A-Ext. 21) and further increased to 12·0 10'7
(a) Domestic & residen- 12·6
8225 MW at the end of 1960-61. Unlike the tial light and smal1
n~mber of consumers the highest connected power
load has been in the category of industrial power 7·4 7'2 6'1
(b) Commercial light
including traction and water works. The follow- and small power
ing table will show the percentage of connected
load under different categories of consumer. Cc) Inoustrial Power . 62'6 66'0 69 '4
(d) Traction 7·4 5'7 3·3
TABLE XX (e) Public Lighting l'S 1·5 1·4
(I) Irrigation 3'9 3'b 6 0
Connected Load (%)
(g) Water Works 4'6 4'() 3·1

At the At the At the Total 100'0 100'0 100·0

beginning end of end of
of the First the First the Second
Plan Plan Plan It would appear fro~ the above tab!e t~at
during the two ·Plan penods the percentage 111-
(aJ Dome~tic & re~iden- 25'9 28'3
creased under 'Industrial Power' and 'Irrigation'
27'2
tial light and small with a corresponding percentage decrease in all
power other categories.
(b) Commercial light and 14.'2 8·5 6·4 From a study of electricity consumption of
small power selected major industries it will appear that at
(c) InustriaJ po~er .in- 55'1 56'8 55'3 the beginning of the First Plan, Cotton "Textile
eluding electnficatlOn consumed the maximum energy which consti-
& Public Water Works tuted 34· 0 % of the total consumption of major
industries. (Appendix A-Ext. 24). Iron and
(d) Public Lighting 0·7 0·8 0·9 Steel (primary) occupied the next position with
(e) Irrigation 4'1 5'6 10'2 14'4% followed by jute with 10·1 %. q:Oher
industries ranged below 10 %. At the end of the
First.Plan, Cotton Textiles consti~ut~d 32 '6.%
Total 100'0 100'0 100'0 and Iron and Steel (primary)-13'6 %. Cement
surpassed jute in cons?mption and. const~tuted
9· 5 %. This decrease 111 perc~ntag~ IS ObVIOusly
The connected load aggregated statewise due to the increased consumptIon In other types
shows that Bombay secures the foremost posi- of industries. Consumption of cotton textiles
tion and West Bengal the second and Madras and Iron and steel (primary) industries, however,
the third, all along the period under review. increased by 60% and 50% of their respective
(Appendix A-Ext. 22). consumption at the beginning of the Plan period,
although they show decrement in percentage. when
compared to the total consumpti~n of ~elected
(i) ENERGY SALE major industries. These three mdustnes re-
tained their respective positions at the end of
Annual energy sale at the beginning of the 1960-61 and constituted 25'2%, 19'5% and
First Plali was about 4,157 million units. This 11 '1 % of the total consumption of major indus-
had increased to 7,111 million at the end of the tries.
First Plan and further increased to 13,953 mil-
lion at the end of 1960-61 thereby showing 235% With the growth of extra high voltage trans-
increase since the beginning of the Plan. (Appendix mission lines in the country, power flow between
A-Ext. 23). Industrial consumption was ob- adjoining States was evident in the recent years.
viously the highest all along. Increase of con- Now-a-days many States consume energy which
sumption under all the categories during the last is generated in a neighbouring State and as such
two Plan periods and the segregation of consump- the generation figure may not necessarily in-
tion in percentage are shown in the following dicate the State's actual consumption. However,
• table. an analysis of the figures of consumption
 24
segregated Statewise would show that Bombay difference was still smaller. Per capita consump-
is leading all along,the 10 year period and West tion in these three States ~increased by 62'4%,
Bengal followed by Madras comes next. (Ap- 68·8% and 78'4% respectively during the First
pendix A-Ext. 25). Save and except three States Plan. During the Second Plan the position
mentioned above, all other States, taken indi- changed to a great extent. At the end of 1960-61,
vidually consume less than 10 % of the total West Bengal secured the first position followed
sale of the country. The percentage increase in by Maharashtra and Madras. Per capita consump-
consumption in any partIcular State was highest tion in West Bengal increased by 15'7 % during
in Odssa. At the end of the Second Plan it shows the Second Plan. Bombay shows a slight decrease
that Maharashtra, West Bengal and Madras while Madras shows a jump of 123· 3 %. The
constitute,d 19·6%, 17·8% and 11·9% respec- per" capita figure of these States touched the value
tively of corresponding all-India figure. of71'3, 116·6 and 49'5 in West Bengal, Bombay
and Madras respectively at the end of 1960-
(j) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION 61.
The overall per. capita consumption of the Appendix A-Ext. 28 shows the progress,
country was 10·11 unit per annum with a popu- year by year, of the country as a whole taking
lation of 361· 8 million at the- beginning of the 1951 as the base year.
Plan. (Appendix A-Ext. 26). With an assumed
rate of growth of population by 1·25 % per The Future
annum, the overall per capita figure had in
creased to 18·72 at the end- of the First Plan· When Lenin said that "Electricity plus Soviet
The per capita figure increasing at a faster rate is Communism", he stressed the necessity of plac-
during the. Second Plan period has reached ing horse power in the people's hands before a
31·8 at ""the end of 1960-61. The per capita target of industrial production could be achieved.
consumption under the category of industry
was obviously the highest followed by domestic India similarly cannot thrive unless strong
and commercial. emphasis is given to the role of electrical energy in
taising the standards of living of the Indian
The per capita consumption in the capital people. Power supply and distribution must
city of Delhi is not only the highest but it has continue to grow and expand.
surpassed other States to a very great extent. The major ptoblems of energy production
(Appendix A-Ext .. 27). This is, however, due to have certainly not all been solved. Those who
the fact that the size of the Delhi State is extremely are engaged in the field- of power engineering
small and major portion electrified is within in India can rest assured that the future- holds
urban areas. Leaving Delhi State aside, Bombay much to ke-ep them interested. .
had the highest per capita consumption
followed by West Bengal and Mysore. The" India to day offers to her power engineers
difference in per capita figures of "three States, almost a virgin soil. The future problem will
however, was very small. At the end of the First be great, but enthralling and stimulating, leading
Plan this position remained unchanged but tho to the well-being of her people.
 APPE~DIX A
STATISTICAL TABLES AND
EXPLA~ATORY NOTES

Ext. I-Progressive capital expenditure on electricity supply -All India by ownershjp

Ext. 2-Progressive capital expenditure on clec~ricity supply --All India Statewise
Ext. 3-Installed power plant capacity by ownership (Kilowatt)
Ext. 4-Installed power pl:.lnt capacity-All India (Kilowatt)
Ext. 5-Major steam plant installation-All India (Statewise-kW)
Ext. 6-Major hydro plant installation-AU India (Statewise-kW)
Ext. 7-Major diesel plant installation-A111ndia (Statewsie-kW)
Ext. 8-Installed power plant capacity-Statewise (Kilowatt)
Ext. 9-Number of generating stations--All India by type of plant
Ext. 10 -All India aggregated maximum dt"mand (Kiiowatt)-by type of plant
Ext. II-All India generation by types of plant (!\1:illion Unit.)
Ext. 12-All India aggregated maximum demand by ownership (Kilowatt)
Ext. 13-All India electricity generation by ownership. (Million Unib)
Ext. 14 -All India electricity generation -Statewise (Millivn Unit~)

Ext. 15-Fuel consumption for power generation-All India (Metric Tons)

Ext. 16-Transmission line~Al1 India (Circuit Miles/Kilometers)
Ext. 17 -Transformer capacity-All India
Ext. I8-Number of towns and villages electrified-All India
Ext. 19- -Number of consumers-All India by class of utilisation
Ext. 20-Number of consumers-All India (Statewise)
Ext. 21-Connected load-AU India by class of utilisation-(kW)
Ext. 22-Connected load-All India (Statewise)
Ext. 23-Energy sales by class of utilisation-All India (Million Unit-.)
Ext. 24~Electricity consumption in selected industries-All India (Million Unitl»
Ext. 25-Units sold to ultimate consumer-Statewise (Million Units)
Ext. 26-Annual per capita consumption of electricity- All India by class of utilisation-kWh
per Capita)
Ext. 27-Annual per capita consumption of electricity-All India (Statewise-kWh per capita)
:Ext. 28-Index numbers of electricity supply in India, 1951 as the base year

25
 27
EXPLANATORY NOTE
The following symbols have been used :
" Two dots ( .. ) indicate that data are not available or are l}ot separately reported
A dash (-) indicates that the amount in question is nil or negligible
A blank in a table indicates that the item is Dot applicable
A minus sign (-) indicates a decrease
A comma (,) is used to distinguish thousands, millions and billions
A slash (f) indicates a financial year : for example, 1956/57.
A slash is used in some tables to indicate a ratio or range in ratings
A hyphen (-) between dates representing years (1951-1955) signifies the full period involved, inclu-
ding the beginning and end years
The term "billion" signifies a thousand million.
The following abbreviations have been used :
A.C. alternating current
cps cycles per sec,?nd
D.C. direct current
H.T. high tension (high voltage)
kcal kilocalorie
kg kilogramme
km kilometre
kV kilovolt
kVA kilovolt-ampere
kW kilowatt
kWh kilowatt-hour
MW megawatt (million watts)
MVA megavolt-ampere
OH Overhead (transmission or distribution lines)
pph pounds per hour
psi pounds per square inch
psig pounds per square inch gauge
rpm revolutions pet minute
UG underground (cable)
V volt
 2"8"
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 30
ApPENDIX A-ExT. 3
Installed power plant capacity by ownership (Kilowatt)

Public Sector Private Sector

Year Power Municipality Total Total
Government State Corporation Company
Electricity
Board

1950 609,953 17,402 627,355 1,085,160 1,712,515

1951 679,733 18,608 698,341 1,137,085 1,835,426
1952 857.545 25.191 882.736 1,179,019 2,061,755

1953 928,918 154,000 25,856 1,108,774 1,196,416 2,305,190

1954 _ 1,027,536 154,000 -27,953 1,209,489 1,284,507 2,493,996
(Including
Board)
1955 1,049,866 290,042 154,000 23.568 1.517,476 1,177,341 2,694,817
1956 1,182,799 322,663 154,000 24,071 1,683,533 1,202,608 2,886,141
1957-58 • 775,866 963,756 174,000 24,125 1,937,747 1,285,364 3,223,111
1958-59 . 1,894,715 236,500 84,965 2,216,180 1,295,406 3,511,586
(Including
Govt.)
1959-60
-
2,201,120 276,500 94,782 2,572;402 1,300,764 3,873,166
(Including
Govt.)
1960-61 • 2,604,601 524,000 94,808 3,223,409 1.355,642 4,579,051
(Including
Govt.)
 31
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 36

Major diesel plant installation-

State or State 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955
Union

Andhra Pradesh (-) (-) (-)

Assam.
Bihar (a) Bhagalpur(1 X 720)
(b) Darbhanga-Leharisarai
~X3.35)
(c) uzzaffarpur (2 X 360)
Bombay State (a) Patan(1 X 320) (a) Dhulia(1 X 600)
(b) Ahmednagjlrf X 293) (b) Kapadwanj(1 x 366)
(c) Belgaum(l x 92)
(d) Cambay(l x355)
(e) Karad(l x 264)
(fJ Sangli(l x 460)
(g) Sangli(1 x 2BO)
Gujarat (-) (-) (-) (-) (-) (-)
Jammu & I<;ashmir
Kerala.
• (-) (-) (-) c-) (-) (-)

Madhya Pradesh Berhampur(1 x 300)

Madras State MangaIore(1 x 500)

Maharashtra (-) (-) (-) (-) (-) (-)

Mysore State
Orissa.
Punjab (a) Chandigarh (2 x 500)
(b) Rohtak (1 x255)
Rajasthan Udaipur (1 X400)
Uttar Pradesh (a) Faizabad (7 x 250)
(b) Mirzapur (1 x 312)
West Bengal Burdwan (I X350)
UNION TERRITORIES
(a) Delhi State
(b) Rest (a) Ajmer (I X 672)
(b) Beawar(IX2BO)
Hyderabad Gulbarga (2 x 267)
Madhya Bharat
Pepsu
Saurashtra (a) Rajkot (2 x BOO)
(b) Jamnagar (1 x 250)
(c) Morvi (1 x 540)
Travancore-Cochin
I

Total . 10,298 4,043

Minor installation . 30,445 16,522 9,826 11,842 29,335 6,999 "'
(aggregated)
All-India Total 30.445 16,522 9,826 11,842 39,633 11,042
(-) The State did not exist,
 37
ApPENDIX A- EXT 7.
All India (Statewise-kW)

1956 1957-58 1958-59 1959-60 1960-61 State or State

Union

(a) Macherla (2 X 600) Macherla (1 X 500) Andhra Pradesh

~ X 500)
.(b) enigunta
(2 X 600) (1 X 500)
Assam
Bihar

(a) Nasik Deolali (a) Jamnagar (a) Jamnagar (-) Bombay State
(1 x 876) -£
x 1005)
(b) Naysari (1 x375) (b) olhapur (1 X 550)
(1 X 645)
(b) Porbandar
(1 X 1000)
(c) Sidhpur (1 x335) (c) Porbandar (c) Moryi (1 X 650)
(2x 500)
(d) Rajkot (3 x 1064)
(e) Verayal (1 X 500)
(f) Wadhwan (2 X 500)
(-) c::-) (-) c-) Rajkot (1 X 1000) Gujarat
Jammu & Kash-
mir
(-) Kerala
Korba (1 X 920) (a) ChambaJ (Gan- Madhya Pradesh
dhi Sagar (5 X 500)
(b) Ratlam (1 X 300)
Madras State
(-) (-) c-) (-) (a) Jalgaon (1 X 394) Maharashtra
(b) MaJegaon
(1 X 310)
(c) Nasik Deolali
(1 X 825)
Raichur (1 x 620) Belgaum (1 x 394) Mysore State
Orissa
Punjab
Pillani (1 x 344) Udaipur '(2 X 680) Rajasthan
(a) Pipari (6 x480) Agra (5 x 250) Uttar Pradesh
(b) Mirzapur (1 X 360)
Siliguri (2 x 312) West Bengal
UNION TERRITORIES
Delhi (6 X 1012) Delhi (5 X 2,140) (a) Delhi State
(3xl,012)
Adipur (1 x375) (b) Rest
Raichur (1 X 620) (-) (-) (-) (-) Hyderabad
(-) (-) (-) (-) Madhya Bbarat
Patiala (1 X 310) (-) c-) (-) (-) Pepsu
Jamnagar (2 x 646) (-) (-) (-) (-) Saurashtra
(-) (-) (-) (-) Travancore
Cochin
11,167 10,651 6,692 16,031 6.973 Total
14.,635 8,670 6,778 7,530 Minor installa-
tion (aggregated)
25,802 19.321 13,470 23.561 6,973 All-India Total

6-2 R. G. India/66
 38

Installed powet plant

State or 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954

State Union

Andhra Pradesh
.x x x 35,171 34,517
Assam 3,362 3,344 3,525 3,586 4,482
Bihar 44,978 46,99~. 48,:>42 204,122 199,840
Bombay State 416,185 441,13,3 496,506 511,606 600,387
Gujarat x X X X X

Jammu & Kashmir 6,293 6,471) 6,479 6,479 6,921

Kerala X X X X X

Madhya Pradesh 27,844 43,857 58,108 73,433 7/j,736

Madras State 168,025 189,093 211,913 216,638 241,570
Maharashtra x X X X X

Mysore State 107,200 107,200 179,200 179,269 178,283

Orissa 4,616 4,8 69. 8,180 10,304 7,956
Punjab 61,377 63,715 72,006 73,187 75,717
Rajasthan 24,120 27,928 30,897 36,478 33,522
Uttar Pradesh 183,841 200,19) 211,823 211,898 246,591
West Bengal 522,294 546,174 546,378 547,468 547,512
UNION TERRITORIES
(a) Delhi State . 37,536 42,586 62,613 62,613 62,611
(b) Rest • 6,864 8,284 9,158 12,350 18,583
Hyderabad 21,073 26,234 26,800 26,812 27,634
Madhya Bharat r 13,688 14,688 14.995 18,154 18,952
Pepsu 6,740 6,896 6,896 6,766 6,825 ,
Saurashtra 21,893 22,401 25,550 20,670 28,734,
Travancore-Cochin 34,586 33,186 42,186 42,186 77,623,

All India Total 1,712,515 1.835.426 2,061.755 2,305.190 2,493,996

X The State did not exist.

 39
ApPENDIX A-ExT. 8
capacity-State wise (Kilowatt)

1955 1956 1957.:>8 1958·59 1959·60 1960.61 State or

State Union

69,268 90,696 205,791 206,332 277,602 269,838 Andhra Pradesh

4,743 5!280 14,964 18,077 19,260 19,430 Assam
202,978 204,799 203,077 266,242 267,813 350,893 Bihar
618,708 669,378 844,126 870,125 958,155 x Bombay State
X X X X X 333,267 Gujaral
12,875 12,87S 12,871 12,981 12,981 12,98l Jammu & Kashmir
X X 113,777 113,777 122,261 137,262 Kerala
83,680 99,000 91,955 13',851 196,167 267,537 Madhya Pradesh
256,587 251,228 249,666 349,666 403,i60 517,466 Madras State
X X X X x 759,527 Maharashtra
178,283 178,276 190,624 191,344 190,611 191,076 Mysore State
10,853 33,772 95,341 134,226 135,882 136,249 I
Orissa
119,804 167,557 174,521 174,521 171,281 277,077 Punjab
37,483 38,536 45,931 46,361 51,128 70,675 Rajasthan
286,139 308,740 354,905 359,224 377,999 397,444 Uttar Pradesh
548,863 538,365 563,064 603,747 604,502 753,656 West Bengal
UNION TERRITORIES
55,191 55,191 54,730 60,802 76,303 76,303 (a) I)elhi State
19,530 21,459 7,764 8,330 0,059 8,370 (bi Rest
32,959 44,921 x x x X Hyderabad
31,333 32,591 X X x x Madhya Bharat
6,763 6,906 x X x X Pepsu
28,638 36,430 x x x X Saurashtra
90,139 90,141 x X X X Travancore-Cochin

2,694,817 2,886,141 3,223;111 3.511,586 3,873,166 4,579,051 All India Total

 40

Number of generming stations-

1950 1951 1952 1953 1954

\.
---~

Steam 88 86 90 91 90

Oil 353 389 405 423 434

Hydro. 37 39 41 42 44

Total 478 514 536 556 568

All India aggregated maximum

19.50 1951 1952 1953 1954

Steam 537,981 623,453 675,646 709,948 832,884

Oil 66,533 67,325 72,018 66,920 81,101
Hydro • 493,800 514.416 562,987 639,482 711,138

Total 1,098,314 1,205,194 1,310,651 1,416,350 1,625,123

All India generat;on by types

1950 1951 1952 1953 1954

Steam 2,387'197 2,779 ·059 3,102'416 3,572'792 4,051'923

Oil 199 ·73 [ 219 ·646 218·801 210'540 227· 334
Hydro 2,519 772 2,859 '698 2,799 130 2,913 '855 3,236 ·520

Total 5,106'700 5,858 ·403 6,120 ·347 6,697'181 7,521'777

----
 4i
ApPENDIX A-EXT. 9
All India by type of plant

1955 1956 19.57~58 1958~59 1959~60 1960·61

92 91 92 91 90 93 Steam
492 500 560 655 683 627 Oil
49 53 58 59 61 63 Hydro

633 644 710 805 834 783 Total

---- - ------ -

ApPENDIX A-EXT. 10
demand (Kilowatt) by type of plant

1955 1956 '1957~58 1958·59 1959~60 1960·61

------ --- -- - --
953,242 1,006,829 1,184,229 1,280,933 1,518,418 1,812,430 Steam
90,931 100,769 101,559 96,341 111,616 109,678 Oil
805,499 882,176 1,002,424 1,165,681 1,301,326 ],623,822 Hydro

1,849,672 1,989,774 2,288,212 1,542,955 2,931,360 3,545,930 Total

---

APPENDIX A-EXT. 11
of plant (Million UniTs)

1955 1956 1957-58 1958·59 1959·60 1960·61

4,618 '863 5,133'900 6,042'454 6,847'644 7,678 ·429 8,732 ·409 Steam
231 '350 233.356 254'447 298 140 327·100 368'022 Oil
3,742 ·238 4,294 ·877 5,072 ·241 5,848'102 7,027 ·424 7,836'581 Hydro

8,591'451 9,661'133 11,369 ·142 12,993 ·886 15,032'953 16,937 ·012 Total
 42
ApPENDIX A Ext. ]2
All India aggregate maximum demand by ownership (Kilowatt)
---
Public Sector Private Sector
Year
Government State Electri- Power Municipality Total
- --
Company
Total
city Board Corporation

1950 431,937 10,552 442,489 655,825 1,098,314

1951 476,989 ..• 8,703 485,692 719,502 1,205,194
1952 555,679 10,700 566,379 744,272 1,310,651
1953 600,467 19,831 11,271 631,569 784,781 1,416,350
1954 720,186 29,962 12,729 762,877 862,246 1,625,123
1955 751,948 203,332 50,884 9,267 1,015,431 834,241 1,849,672
1956 820,934 212,463 78,805 12,441 1,124,643 865,131 1,989,774
1957-58 435,561 804,822 148,524 13,608 1,402,515 885,697 2,288,212
1958-59 1,366,220 177,499 65,055 1,608,774 934,181 2,542,955
(Tnc1ud. GOyt.)
1959-60 1,567,531 291,500 67,689 1,926,720 1,004,640 2,931,360
(Includ. GOyt.)
1960-61 1,952,720 441,~OO 78,569 2,472,789 1,073,141 3,545,930
(Includ. GOYt.)
 43
APPENDIX A-ExT. 13
All India electricity generation by ownership (Million Units)
__ - - - -
Public Sector Private Sector
Year TOTAL
Government State Electri- Power Municipality Total Company
city Board Corporation
---- - -
1950 2,065 366 38·487 ,2,103 '853 3,002 '847 5,106 '700
1951 2,421'806 36·030 2,457 ·836 3,400'567 5,858 ·403
1952 2,646'265 37,461 2,683 ·726 3,436'621 6,120'347
1953 2,735 591 84 158 40·089 2,859 ·838 3,837'349 6,697 '187
1954 3,176'320 169 527 44'120 3,389 ·967 4,131'810 7,521 777
1955 3,179 ·625 1,052'192 296'797 44·935 4,573 '549 4,018 ·902 8,592'451
1956 3.619 '579 1,167 656 458·930 48·444 5,294'609 4,367'524 9,662'133
1957-58 1,770'524 4,107'096 902'888 49 490 6,829'998 4,539'144 11,369 142
1958-59 6,476'271 1,207 ·921 298 ·671 7,982·863 5,011'023 12,993 ·886
([nclud. Govt.)
1959-60 7,737'001 1,458'276 331'576 9,526'853 5,506'100 15,032 ·953
(Includ. Govt.)
1960-61 9,029 442 1,635'848 350'569 11,015'829 5,921 '153 16,937'012
-- --- -
 44

All India electricity generafion-

State or State Union 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954

Andhra Pradesh * • It 84·676 102·037

Assam 5'777 6·600 7·350 7'941 8'637
Bihar 126 '125 132·032 123·385 224·000 312 '107
Bombay State 1,612,378 1,831' 330 1,793'617 2,113 '047 2,283 '675
Gujarat • It It It
•
Jammu & Kashmir 24·370 25·514 26'715 25'343 26·012
Kerala • • -• • •
Madhya Pradesh 64'273 81 ·311 119·261 145·232 186·767
Madras State 643·708 775·867 798'887 686·414 899'296
Maharashtra It It ll- It
•
Mysore State 443'522 525·343 598·959 633·383 659'889
Orissa 5·693 6·811 8·263 9·041 11'813
Punjab 178·127 201·140 195·223 194·547 220·849
Rajasthan 44'810 57·716 63 ·145 67 '032 70·924
Uttar Pradesh 510·671 569·772 603 ·795 607·624 620·944
West Bengal 1,046 ·758 1,207'274 1,289 ·611 1,356 -131 1,462 ·329
UNION TERRITORIES
(a) Delhi State 122-302 137·281 151·607 179·764 214·232
(b) Rest 13 ·616 14·977 17·215 20'577 23 ·273
Hyderabad 46'470 50·968 55'547 59·917 61'740
Madhya Bharat 29'298 30·909 31 '574 34·190 37·249
Pepsu 5'679 6·043 6·760 7·075 7'624
Saurashtra 35·818 43·681 43'852 50 '182 62·317
l'ravancore-Cochin 147·305 153 ·434 185·581 191-071 250·063

All India Total 5,106-700 5,858'403 6,120-347 6,697'187 7,521'777

*The State did not exist.

Fuel consumption for power generation-

1950 1951 1952 1953 1954

Coal 2,253,719 2,478,199 2,714,904 3,107,426 3,369,994

Diesel Oil 68,840 73,148 72,163 71,209 75,724
 45
ApPENDIX A-EXT. 14
Starewise (Million Units)
--- - -

1955 1956 1957·58 1958-59 1959·60 1960-61 State or State Union

125·650 167·618 345·298 571·375 701·069 900·029 Andhra Pradesh

9·771 11·269 18·070 24·815 30·909 36·219 Assam
440'322 603·235 1,050'868 1,262 ·011 1,402'504 1,596'833 Bihar
2,554 ·995 2,793 ·837 3,386-413 3,630'495 4,011'223 01- Bombay State
01- 01- 01- 01-
* 1,271'227 Gujarat
26·226 23 ·971 36·332 39·373 42·523 43·514 Jammu & Kashmir
.. . 441·396 504 610 487 917 581'818 Kerala
230·803 269·987 187·492 274 ·390 354'123 476·966 Madhya Pradesh
1,019 ·663 1,089 '193 1,342'006 1,510'026 1,897'893 2,213 '716 Madras State
... . .. . 01- 3,267'877 Maharashtra
717'686 810'4~5 934'000 947,681 999 '713 1,057,998 Mysore State
16,515 21·145 93·220 288·730 501·732 489·640 Orissa
322·842 439·855 657·223 697·439 772·790 1,003 ·638 Punjab
69·899 77·029 96·140 99'755 103·705 108·402 Rajasthan
651·665 743·481 872·008 965·312 1,182' 539 1,252 ·321 Uttar Pradesh
1,638 ·538 1,778 ·591 1,696'665 1,917'902 2,242'962 2,318'739 West Bengal
UNION TERRITORIES
214·686 232·217 203·773 251'871 293·910 310·756 (a) Delhi State
27·640 37,905 8 238 8 '101 7·441 7'319 (b) Rest
67·818 76'552 . 01- It .. Hyderabad
43·287 55'208 II- Madhya Bharat
* '"
3·252 0,970 ..* * It
'" Pepsu
68'190 79·904 * * It It Saurashtra
343·003 349'731 * It It
* Travancore·Cochin

8,592'451 9,662'133 11,369'142 12,993'886 15,032'953 16,937,012 All India Total

ApPENDix A-EXT. 15
All India (Metric Tons)

1955 1956 1957·58 1958·59 1959-60 1960-61

3,739,552 4,067,348 4,593,761 5,119,522 15,759,000 6,699,590 Coal

76,750 76,261 82,024 90,697 99,888 111,974 Diesel Oil

7-3 R. G. India166
 46

Transmission line-All India

1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
(Miles) (Miles) (Miles) (Miles) (Miles)

1. Below 11 kV
(a) 2 '2/3, 3 kV
(i) O. H .. 1,433 ·80 1,672'59 1,672 '19 1,716.90
(ii) U. G .. 485'30 558·79 764·91 1,059'20
(b) S/6·6 kV
(i) O. H .. 870'35 1,102'32 1,102 ·82' 1,116'10
Oi) U. G .. 1,468 '69 1,601'93 1,713'11 1,625'70
2. 11 kV
(i) O. H .. 8,141'8 9,380'48 10,611'50 13,366'46 15,967'20
(ii) U. G .. 397·2 450'28 491'77 599·22 647·20
3. 22 kV
(i) O. H .. 1,888 ·9 1,907'55 2,195'08 2,283 '68 2,398"40
(ii) U. G .. 192'7 206'24 207·40 211 ·38 194'80
4. 33 kV
(i) O. H .. 906'3 1,280'80 1,890'86 2,562 '57 2,989'50
(ii) U. G .. 150·9 183'79 190'80 196'58 190·90
5.44/37'5 kV (0. H.) 1,168 ·1 950'55 950'55 996'55 996'00
6. 78/66 kV (0. H.J 3,476'5 4,064'75 3,892'04 4,838 '17 5,110'00
7. 110/90 kV (0. H.) 1,329'5 1,369 ·52 1,837 ·28 2,027 ·95 2,086'70
8. 132 kV (0. H.) 363'3 363 ·34 363 ·34 479 ·34 720·40
9. 220 kV (0. H.)

Transformer capacity-

1950 1951 1952 1953 1954

1. Power Transformers
(a) Step up
(i) Nos.. . • • 332 394 417 530 599
(ii) Aggregate Capacity kVA 972,808 1,079,280 1,182,768 1,433,144 1,653,427
(b) Step down
(i) Nos.. . . . 669 816 883 1,014 993
(ii) Aggregate Capacity kVA 1,366,761 1,664,539 1,842,906 2,100,366 2,401,867

2. Distribution Transformer

(i) Nos.. . . . 10,767 12,113 13,283 15,509 17,322

(ii) Aggregate Capacity kVA 834,374 992,168 1,083,184 1,304,091 1,467,660
 47
ApPENDIX A-Ext. 16
(Circuit Miles/Kilometers)

1955 1956 1957-58 1958-59 1959-60 1960-61

(Miles) (Miles) (Kilometers) (Kilometers) (Kilometers) (Kilometers)

1. Below 11 kV
(a) 2 '2/3'3 kV
1,646'80 2,084'20 3,048'50 3,219'70 3,265'61 2,788'49 (i) O. H.
765·10 804,70 1,213 ·20 1,108,90 1,169 ,20 1,299'06 (ii) U. O.

(b) 5/6,6 kV
993'30 4,046'00 7,049'50 8,604'90 8,580'13 9,026 19 (i) O. H.
1,591,90 1,763 ·00 3,057 50 3,163 ·40 3,225 ·17 3,341 ·80 (ii) U. O.
2. 11 kV
18,799'20 24,326'50 49,106'50 61,660 40 67,179'32 84,216'73 (i) O. H.
704·00 1,015,60 1,306·90 1,337 ·40 1,404 '11 1,354'67 (ii) U. O.
3. 22 kV
2,611·10 2,870'70 4,975 ·60 5,762'60 8,295'14 9,299 ·47 (i) O. H.
202·40 238·40 423·00 403·60 414·44 379·38 (ii) U. G.
4. 33 kV
3,508'60 4,257'30 9,547·50 11,415 ·10 12,603'45 17,128'55 (i) O. H.
211·10 241·10 379·80 407 ·40 413·29 450·07 (ii) U. G.
996·50 1,398'70 2,067·60 1,983 ·80 2,077 ·93 1,897 ·17 5. 44/37· 5 kV (0. H.)
4,873 ·60 5,413 ·40 8,405 ·60 9,360 ·10 11,310'64 12,804'99 6. 78/66 kV (0. H.)
2,106' 30 2,250'40 4,687·58 4,737'50 5,212·09 6,111 ·96 7. 110/90 kV (0. H.)
2,503 ·80 2,682'00 6,592·10 6,770·90 7,322'58 6,690 ·42 8. 132 kV (0. H.)
1,099 ·00 9. 220 kV (0. H.)

ApPENDIX A-ExT. 17
All India

1955 1956 1957-58 1958-59 1959-60 1960-61

1. Power Transformers
(a) Step up
621 773 781 816 833 824 (i) Nos.
1,681,917 1,945,131 2,423,457 2,691,519 3,223,741 4,644,325 (ii) Aggregate Capacity kVA
(b) Step down
1,107 1~325 1,458 1,730 1,952 2,106 (i) Nos.
2,729,025 3,273,205 4,443,808 5,233,294 7,074,340 7,400,378 (ii) Aggregate Capacity k VA

2. Distribution Transformer
19,740 30,555 37,368 42,305 49,974 57,314 (i) Nos.
1,654,146 1,908,680 2.253,072 2,662.327 3,215,766 3,726,925 (ii) Aggregate Capacity k VA
 48

Number of Towns and villages

Total
number 1
of towns
Population or
Range villages Number of Towns and villages
in
India 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954

Over 100,000 . 73 49 49 73 73 73
50,000 to 100,000 111 88 87 109 109 111

20,000 to 50,000 401 240 250 308 313 326

10,000 to 20,000 856 260 291 1 1 1 )

5,000 to 10,000
Below 5,000
3,101
556,564
258
2,792
355
3,019
J
I

4,028 J
I

4,213 J 5,042 J
Total 561,106 3,687 4,051 4,518 4,708 5,552

Number of consumers-All India by

1950 1951 1952 1953 1954

1. Domestic Residential Light & 1,157,016 1,307.059 1,442,615 1,559,906 1,696,193

small power
2. Conunercial Light & Small 259,148 273,280 295,439 322,421 346,246
Power
3. Industrial Powex: including 63,043 70,704 74.063 78,505 83,306
electric traction and public
water works
4. Public Lighting 2,214 2,367 2,646 2,823 3,025
5. Irrigation 19,316 24,395 28,710 31,888 36,012

Total 1,5.00,737 1,677,805 1,843,473 1,995,543 2,164,782

 49
ApPENDix A-ExT. 18
electrified-All India

electrified (progressive total)

1955 1956 1957-58 1958-1959 1959-1960 1960-61

73 73 73 73 73 73 Over 100,000
III 111 111 111 111 111 'SO,OOO to 100,000

340 J,OJ4 } J,038 } 1,099 20,000 to 50,000

350 } 912 }
10,000 to 20,000

6,456 8,216 } 11457 } 17,100 } 21,699 } 22,685 5,000 to 10,000

Below 5,000
6,980 8,750 12,553 18,298 22,921 23,968' Tntal

ApPENDIX A-ExT, 19
class ot utilisation
1955 1956 1957-58 1958-59 1959-60 1960-61

1,929,432 2,180,659 2,474,030 2,781,613 3,100,327 3,666,889 1. Domestic I Residential

light & small power
430,123 469,845 515,866 588,742 634,997 672,554 2. Commercial Light &
Small Power
99,317 108,756 125,414 135,860 150,789 178,692 3. Industrial Power includ-
ing electric traction and
public water work
3,082 3,694 4,549 5,296 7,382 15,126 4. Public Lighting
46,626 62,848 87,649 106,117 136,245 195,902 5. Irrigation

2,508,580 2,825,802 3,207,508 3,617,628 4,029,740 4,729,163 Total

 50

Number of consumers-
----------------------------------------------------------------------
State or State Union 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954

Andhra Pradesh X X • X 52,018 59,188

Assam 6,138 7,428 7,912 8,252 8,639
Bihar 31,352 36,120 39,338 40,952 47,880
Bombay State 332,670 386,362 425,995 453,826 479,726
Gujarat • x x X X X

Jammu & Kashmir • 39,844 38,235 38,235 38,235 42,139

\
Kerala x x X X X

Madhya Pradesh 36,846 40,971 42,746 62,252 80,396

Madras State • 309,971 331,472 371,582 344,437 378,975
Maharashtra x x X X X

Mysore State 105,008 119,834 132,476 155,270 155,270

Orissa 7,145 8,625 8,640 9,214 10,492
Punjab 79,105 92,520 98,085 114,256 119,683
Rajasthan 38,749 43,519 49,159 53,366 56,341
Uttar Pradesh 119,847 131,822 141,191 161,695 173,132
West Bengal 199,787 219,320 238,303 252,886 276,410
UNION TERRITORIES
(a) Delhi State 42,791 46,122 49,527 54,609 58,734
(b) Rest 16,037 19,123 21,689 23,388 28,463
Hyderabad 24,770 27,488 27,725 30,882 31,807
Madhya Bbarat 21,173 23,384 24,278 26,353 28,174
Pepsu 9,311 10,812 11,171 11,947 12,270
Saurashtra 30,160 32,120 33,646 37,326 39,659
Travancore·Cochin • 50,033 62,528 78,775 64,379 77,404

All India Total 1,500,737 1,667,805 1,843,473 1,995,543 2,164,782

X The State did not exist.

Connected load-All India

1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
Domestic or Residential Light 733,858 858,958 945,736 1,003,707 1,064,063
and Small Power
Commercial Light and Small 401,299 327,579 325,624 338,859 376,051
Power
Industrial Power including 1,561,676 1,723,110 1,995,830 2,078,882 2,215,744
Electric Traction and Public
Water Works
Public Lighting . 20,667 22,723 24,693 26,510 28,814
Irrigation . 117,559 140,421 161,389 173,237 192,569
All India Total . 2,835,059 3,072,791 3;453,272 3,621,195 3,877,241
 51
ApPENDIX A-ExT. 20
All India (Statewise)
1955 1956 1957-58 1958-59 1959-60 1960-61 State or State Union

73,565 93,552 201,212 210,491 221.152 278,943 Andhra Pradesh

9,491 9,971 11,974 17,207 18,321 18,834 Assam
55,496 72,599 78,088 95,787 108,373 157,264 Bihar
571,303 598,256 741,107 817,499 959,943 x Bomaby,state
x x X X x 412,866 Gujarat
42,139 42,139 42,139 46,413 51,052 51,052 Jammu & Kashmir
X X 103,774 158,385 185,706 207,667 Kerala
84,456 90,120 93,202 104,930 116,203 161,473 Madhya Pradesh
374,695 484,076 490,081 567,287 607,309 761,327 Madras State
x X x x x 677,112 Maharashtra
177,936 195,649 270,980 308,831 304,779 367,437 Mysore State
11,410 12,187 12,619 18,184 18,829 34,452 Orissa
182,925 217,781 319,702 380,489 445,337 500,859 Punjab
58,521 64,667 82,500 85,213 91,615 118,437 Rajasthan
194,544 215,552 235,454 252,222 297,438 325,407 Uttar Pradesh
305,019 336,606 363,069 385,411 414,340 444,960 West Bengal
UNION TERRITORIES
102,096 112,051 149,749 161,064 174,252 189,393 (a) I)elhi State
36,048 39,186 11,858 15,215 15,091 21,680 (b) Rest
45,019 45,977 X x X X Hyderabad
33,534 36,672 X X X X Madhya Bharat
12,442 13,014 X X X x Pepsu
47,743 54,315 x x x x Saurashtra
90,198 91,432 X x x x Tra vancore-Cochin

2,508,580 2,825,802 3,207,508 3,617,628 4,029,740 4,729,163 All India Total

ApPENDIX A-EXT. 21
by class of utilisation--(k W)
1955 1956 1957-58 1958-59 1959-60 1960-61
1,225,684 1,319,328 1,509,818 1,668,944 1,863,872 2,234,786 1. I)omestic or Residential
light and Small Power
365,676 407,631 444,309 494,536 504,756 526,070 2. Commercial Light and
Small Power
2,455,387 2,632,280 2,946,635 3,448,375 3,992,612 4,561,915 3. Idnustri\ll Power includ-
ing Electric Traction and
Public Water Works
33,256 36,805 46,520 54,238 57,886 76,155 4. Public Lighting
242,595 327,774 420,248 489,106 601,411 826,530 5. Irrigation

4,322,598 4,723,818 5,367,530 6,155,199 7,020,537 8,225,456 All India Total

 52

Connected load-
State or State Union 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
---- ---_.
Andhra l'radesh x X X 59,896 69,160
Assam 4,700 5,699 5,930 6,062 6,046
Bihar 68,687 73,670 79,076 92,395 105,795
Bombay Stat~ 763,467 854,037 907,035 941,914 976,986
Gujarat - X X X X X

Jammu &; Kashmir 4,550 6,769 6,769 6,769 7,672

Kerala X X X X X

Madhya Pradesh 46,849 52,502 54,447 83,767 113,661

Madras State 486,754 531,376 575,022 521,953 574,698
Maharashtra X X X X X

Mysore State 127,931 ' 151,302 336,310

- 339,955 339,955
Orissa • 5,588 6,755 7,430 7,700 9,267
Punjab 84,682 96,020 106,154 120,340 125,129
Rajasthan 31,498 40,657 45,271 48,262 50,086
Uttar Pradesh • 256,967 267,300 275,547 294,936 318,916
West Bengal 702,325 699,839 729,512 775,563 823,88,3
UNION TERRITORIES
(a) Delhi State 62,964 68,434 71,631 76,668 82,319
(b) Rest 10,925 12,651 13,783 14,753 18,639
Hyderabad 25,037 31,352 31,325 49,344 50,213
Madhya Bharat 20,421 20,237 21,970 22,807 23,500
Pepsu 11,463 14,157 14,480 13,805 14,241
Saurashthra 29,443 33,094 33,986 37,049 41,180
Tra vancore-Cochin
- 90,808 106,940 137,594 107,257 125,895
All India Total - 2,835,059 3,07%,791 3,453,272 3,621,195 3,877,241
X The State did not exist.

Energy sales by class of utilisation-

1950 1951 1952 1953 1954

Dome,tic or Re3id~ntial Light & 524·600 595·005 628·882 690·516 759·169

Small Power
Comm~rciaI Light & Small Power 308'743 331·533 336 ·628 399·107 446·156
Industrial Power 2,603 ·782 3,054·664 3,206,524 3,613 ·186 4,075 ·983
Traction. 308·412 329·594 324'750 358·317 378·411
Public Lighting 60'326 67·917 73·942 81·445 93 ·938
Irrigation 161·680 203·048 215·192 214·138 231·373
Water Works 189·114 211·583 219·764 240'374 267-471

Total 4,156,657 4,793'344 5,005'682 5,597'083 6,252·501

 53
ApPENDIX A-ExT. 22
,
A.1l India (Statewise)
----
1955 1956 1957-58 1958-59 1959-60 1960-61 State or State Union
----
98.983 116.644 292,467 327,389 329,552 473,322 Andhra Pradesh
6,896 7,376 12,018 18,086 19,548 20,143 Assam
189,016 210,638 224,293 267,716 306,566 471,262 Bihar
1,128,851 1,143.822 1,343,012 1,539,187 1,827,190 '< Bombay State
X x X X X 643,303 Gujarat
7,672 7,672 7,672 8,458 9,305 9,305 Jammu & Kashmir
X X 158,544 220,315 256,832 309,880 Kerala
141.262 157,582 108,080 120,675 185,345 196,521 Madhya Pradesh
578,276 705,59 [ 800,854 912,482 1,029,437 1,298,352 Madras State
X X X X X 1,306,343 Maharashtra
299.965 336,162 458,021 526,752 528,978 467,309 Mysore State
10,408 10,888 11,412 103,682 129,640 164,581 Orissa
189,575 233,069 322,811 355,064 397,492 438,347 Punjab
5[,747 64,889 83,507 76,993 80,961 94,705 Rajasthan
331,966 359,217 386,658 432,505 494,162 525,274 Uttar Pradesh
852,935 906,209 992,696 1,061,214 1,227,080 1,586,014 West Bengal
UNION TERRITORIES
117,301 129,862 158,583 165,699 178,584 193,787 (a) Delhi State
28,162 31,210 15,902 18,982 19,865 27,008 (b) Rest
61,636 62,318 X X X X Hyderabad
27,461 31,325 X X x X Madhya Bharat
14,474 15,266 X x x X Pepsu
46,372 53,400 x ·X x x Saurashtra
139,640 140,678 X X x x Travancore-Cochin
4,322,598 4,723,818 5,376,530 6,155,199 7,020,537 8,225,456 All India Total
- -- --- ---

A.ll India (Million Units) ApPENDIX A-ExT. 23

----
J955 1956 1957-58 1958-59 1959-60 1960-61

850'426 934'122 1,094'564 1,238'044 1,378' 538 1,492-291 Domestic or Residential

Light & Small Power
514'423 545'851 611·512 682·818 766·184 847-735 Commercial Light & Small
Power
4.697·7S9 5,323'424- 6,229'259 7,224'034 8,455 ·534 9,696'415 Industrial Power
403'302 404'925 421'894 441'549 440·594 453·923 Traction
105'631 117'767 141·402 "' 156'066 177·984 193 ·241 Public Lighting
254'803 316'180 565'817 583'482 753·946 832'921 Irrigation
284'637 317·076 365 ·649 392'617 434·163 436·190 Water Works

7,111·011 7,959'345 9,430'097 10,718·610 12,406,943 13,952 ·716 Total

8-3 R. G. India/66
 54
Electricity consumption in selected

Industry 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954

1. Aluminium (Primary) 108· 390(4) 108 '747(4) 107 '412(4) 102·646(4) 134'078(4)
f
2. Aluminium (Secondary) 4'044(7) 6·517(5) 5'293(5) 3,993(5) 4· 612(5)
3. Cement (Primary) 285' 513(22) 344,230(22) 383 '494(24) 408 '178(25) 400 . 324(25)
4. Cement (Secondary) 12'623(24) 15 '158(24) 15'404(24) 16'667(24) 19 '017(24)
5. Chemicals . 54·512(31) 62·082(31) 64'037(32) 77'091(32)' 80'723(32)
6. Colliery 266· 846(159) 262·355(161) 281'035(160) 307' 376(162) 313 ·984(155)
7. Copper (Primary) 35· 011(1) 34·742(1) 35 '190(1) 28 '378(1) 37 '868(1)
8. Copper (Secondary) 2 ·835(1) 1 '868(0 1 '098(1) 0·908(1) 0'804(1)
9. Cotton Textile . 1,053 ·677(323) 1,254 ·401 (325) 1,272 '952l318) 1,412'259(318) 1,519 '142(317)
10. Fertilizers • 29 '507(3) 81·973(4) 187 '132(3) 269 ·673(3) 219 ,253(3)
11. Gold. 101 ·967(1) 119·380(1) 119 '028(1) 104'912(1) 103 '866(1)
12. Iron & Steel (Primary) 445 '156(5) 497 ·994(5) 490 '654(4) 490,919(4) 614'821(4)
13. Iron & Steel (Secondary) 102· 968(17) 68 ·490(15) 71'858(15) 69·539(14) 79 '822(15)
14. Jute . 312 '029(75) 318·512(76) 326 '912(75) 326 '091(75) 353 '362(75)
15. Paper 186'378(19) 222,286(19) 237 '439(19) 240 '027(19) 260·524(19)
16. Silk 2'690(18) 3'198(19) 3 '443(20) 3 '578(20) 4 '685(19)
17. Soap. 10 '204(11) 10,915(11) 10'967(11) 11 '414(11) 14 '144(12)
. 18. Sugar 42'884(85) 51 ·430(86) 54 '488(86) 52 '443(86) 54·581(87)
19. Tanneries 1·629(8) 0·794(8) 0'766(7) 0·647(7) 0·608(7)
20. Woollen 30·107(14) 30·721(14) 29 ·999(14) 32'026(14) 30'796(14)
"-
21. Petroleum .
22. Ferro Manganese
.
Total 3,088 '970(828) 3,495 '793(832) 3,698 '601(824) 3,958 '765(826) 4,379 '014(820)
----~-

NOTE-Figure in the bracket shows number of factories concerned.

 55
ApPENDIX A-ExT. 24
industries-All India (Million Units)

1955 1956 1957-58 1958-59 1959-60 1960-61 Industry

--- -

187 '121(4) 187·857(5) 1n'787(5) 252,586(4) 409'884(6) 419· 863(5) 1. Aluminium (Primary)
9 '767(6) 16'030(6) 18·929(8) 22'007(10) 25 '454(9) 28 '045(9) 2. Aluminium (Secondary)
468 . 513(25) 505· 782(25) 620·614(27) 700·637(24) 834 ·01 0(27) 917 '084(27) 3. Cement (Primary)
15 '101(24) 53 '717(24) 12·112(25) 54· 756(25) 16,891(23) 19 '300(23) 4. Cement (Secondary)
121' 050(34) 147 '178(34) 158 ·934(31) 198 '545(32) 324·469(35) 404· 259(34) 5. Chemical~

331'887(157) 352,366(158) 390·157(155) 399· 606(152) 401'368(148) 410,201(143) 6. Colliery

35·576(1) 35·430(1) 36 ·985(1) 38·148(1) 38'804(1) 38 '730(1) 7. Copper (Primary)
1'370(1) 1'318(1) 1 984(1) 1·737(1) 2 '038(1) 1 ·942(1) 8. Copper (Secondary)
1,610' 294(336) 1,797'085(335) 1,791 '957(327) 1,893 '135(327) 2,058 718(337) 2,087' 835(337) 9. Cotton Textile
322·526 (3) 335 326(3) 329'763(4) 372'420(4) 404·459(4) 477,196(4) '10. Fertilizers
102' 933(1) 107 '455(1) 114 203(1) 117 '201(1) 116'386(1) 113 154(1) 11. Gold
673'367(5) 708 '194(5) 813 '933(5) 914 '012(5) 1,288' 621 (6) 1,468 '370(6) 12. Iron & Steel (Primary)
96'994(19) 112' 208(19) 90'664(20) 121 '037(20) 138'316(20) 145 '123(43) 13. Iron & Steel (Secondary
428 '887(82) 452' 579(82) 483 941(83) 539 '242(85) 572 '457(86) 580'089(81) 14. Jute
330 '046(21) 356'682(21) 374 576(21) 320'455(21) 380 '992(24) 508·252(24) 15. Paper
71 '103(29) 89 '266(29) 92·286(27) 1 14 . 348(25) 130· 257(25) 139'071(22) 16. Silk
19'971(13) 21 '490(13) 23' 813(14) 21· 823(13) 24'059(12) 25 570(8) 17. Soap
89' 342(98) 95 506(103) 99'187(81) 109· 930(99) 136· 334(105) 154'433(99) 18. Sugar
I 194(9) 1 -428(9) I '458(8) 6· 838(1 0) 15· 844(10) J6'649(10) 19. Tannerieli
32.'817(16) 37 '460(16) 62 203(13) 41'117(13) 39 '913(12) 40'823(11) 20. Wootlen
72'026(4) 71 '814(4) 21. Petroleum
190 '277(5) 22. Ferro Manganeso

4,949' 859(884) 5,414 '357(890) 5,715 '656(857) 6,239 '580(872) 7,431'295(896) 8,258 '080(898) Total
 S6
Units sold 10 ultimaTe consumer-
--- -- ---- ---
State or State Union 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
----
Andhra Pradesh X X X 80·427 85·277

Assam 5·006 5·595 6·254 6·716 7·114

Bihar 115·554 118·593 133 ·376 163·700 188'714

Bombay State 1,371 ·145 1,580'273 1,547·537 1,822'828 1,979 ·833

Gujarat X X X X X

Jammu & Kashmir . 17·215 17·375 17 ·164 16·533 16'347

Kerala X X X X X

Madhya Pradesh 52·594 58 ·301 78·340 112'618 156·16,1

Madras State 499 ·107 605·509 618·594 555·893 733·651

Maharashtra X X X X X

Mysore State 310·929 372'508 413'860 505'021 511 '775

Orissa 4·263 5·125 6·026 7'183 8·272

Punjab 76 ·821 91 '787 102·592 122'012 145'451

\
I
Rajasthan 33·102 42·244 47'591 49'483 48·0.53

Uttar Pradesh 410·976 457'939 484·908 488·423 489·047

West Bengal 897'725 1,034 ·139 1,146'024 1,225 ·412 1,337'870
UNION TERRITORIES
(a) Delhi State . 102-436 119·446 123·235 135 ·870 168 ·187
(b) Rest 10·977 12·046 13·695 15·539 18'185

Hyderabad 40·009 43·185 40·886 51'713 53 ·752

Madhya Bharat 22·907 24·099 25·805 27·906 30·590

Pepsu 7.835 10·767 13·135 15·647 16·755

Saurashtra 30.289 37·525 36· 191 41'919 52·401

Travancore-Cochin 147'767 156·888 150·469 152 ·180 205,066

All India Total 4,156·657 4,793·344 5,005,632 5,597'083 6.252 ·501

xThe State did not exist.

 57
ApPENDIX A-ExT. 2)
Stafewise (Million Units)

1955 1956 1957·58 1958·59 1959·60 1960·61 ,State or State Union

---
106·612 120·953 274·472 385 ·468 510·360 571 ·556 Andhra Pradesh
7·871 9·286 15'867
~
19·268 24'870 29'098 Assam
269·230 354'091 455·615 587·960 770'819 889'205 Bihar
2,231'583 2,429'389 2.920'632 3,147'357 3,373 '147 X Bombay State
X x X x x 983·638 Gujarat
16·274 18·418 39·234 44·631 50·000 51'000 Jammu & Kashmir
x x 342·384 404·336 419·056 485 ·830 Kerala
185·205 221 '738 173·527 241·657 295·489 405·700/ Madhya Pradesh
808·802 815·555 1,024·949 1,139 ·764 1,439'147 1,665·143 Madras State
x x x x x 2,719 ·523 Maharashtra
554·862 614·367 789·549 795'232 877'355 934·950 Mysore State
11 ·447 15·201 63 ·297 263·601 455'482 488'171 Orissa
190'189 244'471 351 '756 408'882 471'734 580·299 Punjab
49 '714 54 '112 68 ·962 72'938 80·299 98,530 Rajasthan
512,082 585·978 753'235 766·586 931 ·268 975·703 Uttar Pradesh
1,530·479 1,753'763 1,878'636 2,115'285 2,342 ·869 2,544'800 West Bengal
UNION TERRITORIES
189 ·765 227'755 265·637 308·759 342'844 382'875 (a) I>elhi State
21' 865 31'880 12·390 16'686 22'204 34'618 (b) Rest
60·540 65'082 X X X X Hyderabad
33·526 40·363 x x X x Madhya Bharat
20'246 21·959 X X X X Pepsu
56·594 65'823 X X X X Saurashtra
254'125 269 '161 x x x x Travancore.Cochin

7,111'011 7,9.59 '345 9,430'097 10,718 '610 12,406,943 13,840'639 All India Total
 58
ApPENDIX A-ExT. 26
Annual per capita consumption of electricity-All India by class of utilisation CkWIz--pe r capita)
---
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957-58 1958-59 -1959-60 1960-61

Population (Million)" 361·823361'799361'849370·931 361'849361'849 384·465393362398'270429·72 438'00

Domestic Light & Small 1·45 1·64 1·74 1·86 2·10 2·35 2·43 2·78 3 '10 3'13 3·41
Power per capita
kWh
Commercial Light & 0·85 0·92 0·93 1·07 1·23 1 ·43 1·42 1'55 1'70 1·87 1·94
Small power per capita
kWh
Industrial including 7'19 9·94 10·37 11·36 13·05 14'88 15·72 17 84 20'25 21'76 24·13
traction and water
-works per capita
kWh
Public Lighting per 0'17 0-19 0·20 0·22 0-26 o 29 o 31 0·36 0'39 0-42 0-44
capita kWhr
Irrigation per capita 0·45 0-56 0·59 0-58 0-64 0'70 0·82 1·44 1·47 1-76 1-90
kWh
Total per capita con- 10'11 13'25 13'83 15'09 17'28 19-65 20'70 23'97 26'91 28'94 31'82
sumption

'"The rate of growth of population is assumed to be 1 . 25 per cent per annum during the decade .1951 to 1961.
 59
ApPENDIX A-ExT. 27
Annual per capita consumption of electricity--All India (Sfatewise kWh per capita)

State or State 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957-58 1958-59 1959-60 1960-61
Union

Andhra Pradesh x x x 3·92 4·16 5'20 5,55 8·0711·2014·38 15·88

Assam 0·55 0'58 0 65 0 70 0 74 0 82 0·91 1,61 1,93 2'15 2·45

Bihar 2 87 2,95 3 31 4,07 4,69 6 69 8'28 10·80 13,77 16,87 22·74

Bombay Stat~ 38 15 43·95 43·04 50·70 55·06 62,06 63·59 55·64 59'23 5724 x
Gujarat x x x x X X X X X x 47'70
Jammu & Kashmir 3·93 3·94 3·89 3·75 3·71 3 69 3 93 8 18 '9 19 14,09 14·25

Kerala >( x x x x 23·2427'1025'34 28·72

Madhya Pradesh . 2·46 2 74 3 69 5 30 7'35 8 71 9'82 6 12 8·42 9·30 12·52

Madras State 8·76 10·62 1085 15'23 20·10 22·15 21·03 31·44 34'53 43·22 49'48

Maharashtra X X X X X X X X ..< X 68 85

Mysore State 34·27 41'05 45·60 55 65 56'39 61'14 63·72 23·42 37'23 37·92 39'70

Orissa 0'29 0'35 0-41 0-49 0·57 0 78 0·98 3·97 16'35 26·37 27'80

Punjab 6'08 726 812 9·66 11·51 15,05 18·20 20·05 23'01 23·72 2859

Rajasthan 2 16 2·76 3·Il 3·24 3·14 3·25 3·33 3·97 4·15 4·07 4,89

Uttar Pradesh 6·00 7·24 7·67 7·73 7·74 8·10 8·72 10·96 11·01 12·81 13·23

West Bengal 36·2241·6846·1049·2953'8261'5666·4065·6873'04 68·69 71·28

UNION TERRITORIES
(a) Delhi State 58 74 68·48 70 66 77·91 96·44 108·81 122·91 140·03 160·73 134'45 146,00
(b) Rest 1 ·22 1·43 1 ·63 1·85 2·17 2·60 3·57 3·88 5·16 6'35 8·32
Hyderabad . 2 14 2·32 2'19 2·77 2·88 3 24 3'28 X x- X x
Madhya Bharat 2'89 3·03 324 3'51 3 85 4'21 4 78 x x X

Pepsu 2'26 3·08 ?'76 4·48 4'80 5'79 5·92 X X X

Saurashtra 5 20 9·07 8 ·75 10 13 12 67 13 ·68 14·97 X X X X

Travancore.Cochin 15·93 16·91 16·21 16·40 22·10 27·38 27·30 X X X X

All India Total 10·11 13'25 13·83 15·09 17·28 19 65 20·70 23'97 26'91 28,94 31 82

X The State did not eXist.

 60
APPENDIX A-ExT. 28~
Index numbers of electricity supply in India 1951 as the base year

Item 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957-58 1958-59 1959-60 196().61

Installed Generating Plant Capacity-

(a) Steam Plant . 100 107·3 127·0 135·8 140·9 145'4 160·6 171·2 186·5 222'0
(b) Oil Plant 100 104·7 110·9 128·9 128'2 140·3 151'2 166'1 182·0 184'8
(c) Hydro Plant 100 124·4 127·1 138·0 163·4 184·6 211·1 236'8 266'0 320'3

Total 100 112'3 125'6 135'8 146'8 157'2 175'6 191'3 211'0 249'5

kWh Generated-
(a) Steam Plant - 100 111·6 128·6 146·0 166·2 184·8 217·4 246·4 276·3 314·2
(b) Oil Plant 100 99'5 95·8 103'5 105·3 166'2 115'8 135·7 148·8 167·0
(c) Hydro Plant 100 97'9 101'9 113 ·1 130-8 150·1 177·4 204'5 245'7 274'1

Total 100 104'4 114'3 128·4 146'7 164'9 194'1 221'8 255'9 289'1

Coal Consumption 100 107·9 123'5 133·8 148·5 161·6 182'5 206·6 232'4 270'3
Fuel Oil Consumption 100 97·0 95·7 101·9 103·2 102·6 I 110·3 124'0 136·5 153'1
Aggregate Maximum Demand 100 108·7 117 '5 134'8 153'5 165·0 189 ·1 211'0 243·2 294-2

kWh sold-
Domestic Light and Small Power 100 105·7 119 ·1 127·6 142·9 157·1 184·0 207·4 229·4 250'3
Commercial Light and Small 100 101'5 120·4 134·5 155·1 164'6 184'4 204·8 230·1 255·7
Power
Industrial 100 104·9 118 ·3 133'4 153·8 174'3 201'9 234·9 276·2 317'4
Traction. 100 98'5 108·7 114'8 122·4 122·4 128'0 134·0 133·7 137'7
Irrigation 100 105'9 105·4 113 ·9 125'5 155 ·7 278'7 316·9 392·7 410'2
Public Lighting 100 108·9 119'9 138'3 155'5 173·4 208'2 228·3 261,.9 284'5
WaterWorks 100 103·8 113·6 126·4 134'5 149·9 172'8 184'1 203·2 206'2

Total 100 104·4 115'9 130·4 148·4 166·1 196'7 223·6 258'2 291'1
 APPENDIX B
Drawings
State Power Maps-showing important Power Stations and the Grid Jines in tlie States
Reference Table-

Andhra Pradesh

Assam

Bihar

Delhi

Gujarat

Himachal Pradesh

Jammu & Kashmir

Kerala

Madhya Pradesh

Madras

Maharashtra

Mysore

Orissa

Punjab

Rajasthan

Uttar Pradesb

West Bengal

9--3 R. G. India/66
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