_ Prosasuiry aio DisresuTions: ca Example 26.12. A bag contains 8 white and 6 red balls. Rua De Hee aaa aes aa same colour, . Solution. Two balls out of 14 can be drawn in '‘C, ways which is the total number of outcomes. ‘Two white balls out of 8 can be drawn in C, ways. Thus the probability of drawing 2 white balls = *C, _ 28 Sater Similarly 2 red balls out of 6 can be drawn in °C, ways. Thus the probability of drawing 2 red balls Cy 15 C, 91 Hence the probability of drawing 2 balls of the same colour (either both white or both red) 28 15 _ 43 “o1* 91 91 || Example 26.18. Find the probability of drawing an ace or a spade or both froma deck of cards*? Solution. The probability of drawing an ace from a deck of 52 cards = 4/52. Similarly the probability of drawing a card of spades = 13/52, and the probability of drawing an ace of 52. Since the two events (.c., a card being an ace and a card being of spades) are not mutually exclusive, therefore, the probability of drawing an ace or a spade 4138 14 “52°52 52 13 spades (1) INDEPENDENT EVENTS ‘Two events are said to be independent, if happening or failure of one does not affect the happening or failure of the other. Otherwise the events are said to be dependent. For two dependent events A and B, the symbol P(B/A) denotes the probability of occurrence of B, when A has already occurred. It is known as the conditional probability and is read as a ‘probability of B given A’. (2) Multiplication law of probability or Theorem of compound probability. /f the probability ofan event A happening as a result of trial is PLA) and after A has happened the probability of an event B happening as a result of another trial (i.e., conditional probability of B given A) is P(B/A), then the probability of both the events A and B happening as a result of two trials is PAB) or P(A 4 B) = P(A) . P(BIA). Proof. Let n be the total number of outcomes in the first trial and m be favourable to the event A so that P(A) = min. Let n, be the total number of outcomes in the second trial of which m, are favourable to the event B so that P\BIA) = m,/n,. Now each of the n outcomes can be associated with each of the n, outcomes. So the total number of outcomes in the combined trial is nn,. Of these mm, are favourable to both the events A and B, Hence P(AB) or P(A 0B) = "74. = PIA). P(BIA). nn Similarly, the conditional probability of A given B is P(AIB). o PXAB) or P(A 4 B) = P(B) . P(A/B) Thus P(A 0B) = P(A) . P(BIA) = P(B) . PLA/B). (3) If the events A and B are independent, i.e., if the happening of B does not depend on whether A has happened or not, then PUB/A) = PUB) and PA/B) = PIA). P(AB) or P(A 4 B) = P(A) . P(B). In general, PAA) OF PALA os Ay) = PAY) PA) POA). * Cards : A pack of cards consists of four suits i King, a Queen, a Jack and nine cards numbered black. Hearts, Diamonds, Spades and Clubs. Each suit has 13 cards : an Ace, a , 8, 4, .»y 10, Hearts and Diamonds are red while Spades and Clubs areCor. If py, py be the probabilities of happening of two independent events, then (@ the probability that the first event happens and the second fails is p,(1 ~ p,). (di) the probability that both events fail to happen is (1 — p,) (1 —p,). (di) the probability that at least one of the events happens is 1-(1—p,) (.~p,). This is commonly known as their cumulative probability. In general, if Py. Pys Py ~ Py be the chances of happening of n independent events, then their cumulative probability (ie.,the chance that at least one of the events will happen) is 1-(-p)) (1-p,) (1=p,) Solution. () The probability of drawing a king = =. Ifthe card is replaced, the pack will again have 52 cards so that the probability of drawing a queen is 1/13. ‘The two events being independent, the probability of drawing both cards in succession = a 3 = ~ (i) The probability of drawing a king = + Ifthe card is not replaced, the pack will have 51 cards only so that the chance of drawing a queen is 4/51. Hence the probability of drawing both cards = 1x4 ._4 13" 51 663° 1% hs : Solution. In a single toss of two dice, the sum 7 can be obtained as (1, 6), ( i.e., in 6 ways, so that the probability of getting 7 = 6/36 = 1/6. Also the probability of not getting 7 = 1 - 1/6 = 5/6. (a) The probability of getting 7 in the first toss and not getting 7 in the second toss = 1/6 x 5/6 = 5/36. Similarly, the probability of not getting 7 in the first toss and getting 7 in the second toss = 5/6 x U/6 = 5/36. Since these are mutually exclusive events, addition law of probability applies. i itty. ©, 55, required probability = 55+ 25=75 (6) The probability of not getting 7 in either toss = Solution. Prob, of turning up 3 or 6 = 2= >. Prob, of selecting an eng. subject from first group = & Prob of selecting an engg. subject from first group on turning up 3 or 5 1,31 =ixS.t 8 ixd od)