INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS

THAT DEFINED SOCIETY

EDZER ROGER D. ANTOLIN
[email protected]
 Lesson Objectives

Articulate ways by which society is transformed by

1 Science and Technology;

Trace the history of Science and Technology in

2 different eras and civilization; and,
Enumerate scientific and technological advancement
3 made by people and some civilizations of the 17th
century.
 Activity
“Cultural Showcase and Technological Development
Across Countries”
❑ You will be assigned a specific civilization.
▪ Mesoamerican Age, Asian, Middle East, African
Revolution
❑ From these, pick a significant scientific and technological
development.
❑ Put the graphic or image on an A4-size bond paper
containing a brief description of these developments
made by the different civilizations.
 SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

Science ideas
Influences
on Scientific
Revolution
Scientific
Revolution

Humans Society
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
Claimed to have started in the early 16th
century up to the 18th century in Europe.

Why Europe?

The probable answer is the invention of the

printing machine and the blooming intellectual
activities done in various fields of human
interests.
 Variables that influence the
SCIENTIFIC development of science ideas,
science discoveries, and technology.
REVOLUTION
Creativity
SCIENTISTS SCIENCE IDEAS

Curiosity o Passion to know SCIENCE DISCOVERIES

o Pasion to discover TECHNOLOGY

Critical
Thinking
 SOME INTELLECTUALS AND THEIR
REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS

Nicolaus Copernicus Charles Darwin Sigmund Freud

(Heliocentric model) (Theory of Evolution) (Method of Psychoanalysis)
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS
Copernician Revolution
Darwinian Revolution
Freudian Revolution
Information Revolution
COPERNICIAN REVOLUTION
In the early times, people questioned what
created days and nights.

Many Greek philosophers and intellectuals

wrote about planets in an attempt to explain
the movements of heavenly bodies and their
effects on the world as they knew it.

Many of them agreed that the planets

moved around in circular motion and that
these movements created days and nights,
among others.
COPERNICIAN REVOLUTION
A famous philosopher and astronomer,
Claudius Ptolemy, stated that the planets, as
well as the sun and the moon, moved in a
circular motion around the Earth.

He believes that the Earth was the center-a

concept known as geocentrism.

Ptolemy’s geocentric model was widely

accepted by the people and was one of the
greatest discoveries of that time.
COPERNICIAN REVOLUTION
In the 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus, a
Polish mathematician and astronomer,
challenged the Ptolemaic model.

He introduced a new concept know as

heliocentrism, which suggested that the
center of the Solar System was not the Earth
but actually the sun.

This idea was rejected at first by the public

since the religious belief had taught them that
the Earth was created before all other things.
COPERNICIAN REVOLUTION
It was eventually accepted by the people in a
period which was called the birth of modern
astronomy.

The publication of his book De revolutionibus

orbium coelestium (On Revolution of the
Heavenly Spheres) in 1543 is often cited as the
start of the scientific revolution.

The Copernican revolution influences

conceptual changes in cosmology, religion,
physics, and philosophy.
COPERNICIAN REVOLUTION
The change from the belief of geocentric to heliocentric happened through
the contributions of other important persons such as:

Tycho Brahe Johannes Kepler Galileo Galilei Isaac Newton

(Geoheliocentric (three laws of (observed the moon (laws of gravitational
Theory) planetary motion) and Venus) motion)
GEOCENTRISM VS. HELIOCENTRISM
DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
The Darwinian revolution was considered to
be one of the most controversial intellectual
revolutions of its time.

In 1859, Charles Darwin, an English naturalist,

biologist, and geologist, published his book,
On the Origin of Species that presented
evidence on how species evolved over time
and The Descent of Man (1871) that
introduced the idea of all organic life under
the realm of revolutionary thinking.
DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
In this book, Darwin introduced the theory of
evolution, which postulated that populations
pass through a process of natural selection in
which only the fittest would survive.

There are 2 main points in his theory:

1. All life on Earth is connected and
related to each other.
2. This diversity of life came about
because of the modifications in
populations that were driven by natural
selection.
DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
However, this theory became very controversial
as people perceived it to be contradictory to the
church’s teaching that the source of life is a
powerful creator.

Darwin’s accomplishments were so diverse that it

is useful to distinguish two fields to which he made
major contributions: evolutionary biology and
philosophy of science.

His unorthodox way of pursuing science gave

more value to evidence-based science.
FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
In the past, the field of psychology was always
classified under philosophy. Psychology was
considered more of an art rather than a science.

In the late 19th, Sigmund Freud was able to

change people’s perception of psychology with
his revolutionary theory of psychoanalysis.

For Freud, this method of psychoanalysis is a

scientific way to study human mind and neurotic
illness. His method was unorthodox - focusing on
human sexuality and the evil nature of man.
FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
Psychoanalysis is the study
that explains human behavior.

Freud explained that there are

many conscious and
unconscious factors that can
influence behavior and
emotions. He also argued that
personality is a product of
three conflicting elements: id,
ego, and superego.
FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
INFORMATION REVOLUTION
The Information Age (also known as the
Computer Age, Digital Age, or New Media Age)
is a historical period that began in the mid-20th
century, characterized by a rapid epochal shift
from traditional industry established by the
Industrial Revolution to an economy primarily
based upon information technology.

Computer technology is at the root of this

change, and continuing advancements in that
technology seem to ensure that this revolution
would touch the lives of people.
INFORMATION REVOLUTION
The Information Revolution started from the
Sumerian pictographs, which is the earliest
writing system.

Then comes the invention of Gutenberg’s

printing press 1455. There emerged the use
of typewriter and telegraph.

Today, technologies are used widely which

became easier with the help of internet to
communicate and disseminate and store
information.
INFORMATION REVOLUTION
Tim Berners-Lee, Steve Jobs and Bill Gates are several important people of
the Information Age.

Tim Berners-Lee Steve Jobs

(created the first personal Bill Gates
(created the World
computer: Apple 1) (founded Microsoft)
Wide Web)
CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE
Development of Science in Mesoamerica
Development of Science in Asia
Development of Science in Middle East
Development of Science in Africa
MESOAMERICA
Mesoamerica is a historical
region and cultural area in
southern North America and
most of Central America.

It extends from
approximately central
Mexico through Belize,
Guatemala, El Salvador,
Honduras, Nicaragua, and
northern Costa Rica.
 MAYAN CIVILIZATION
Mayan Civilization is one of the famous civilizations
that lasted for approximately 2,000 years.

The ancient Maya, a diverse group of indigenous

people, lived in parts of present-day Mexico,
Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras.

The Mayans were responsible for a number of

remarkable scientific achievements–in astronomy,
agriculture, engineering and communications.
CONTRIBUTIONS: MAYAN CIVILIZATION
1. Mayan Astronomy
2. Calendar Systems
• The Haab
• The Tzolkin
• Long Count
3. Hydraulic system
4. Mayan Art
5. Rubber
6. Mayan hieroglyphics
7. Numeral system (concept of Zero)
8. Chocolate
9. Mayan Medicine
 INCA CIVILIZATION
The Inca civilization flourished in ancient Peru
between 1400 and 1533 CE.

It is the largest empire ever seen in the Americas

and the largest in the world at that time.

Famed for their unique art and architecture, they

constructed finely-built and imposing buildings
wherever they conquered, and their spectacular
adaptation of natural landscapes with terracing,
highways, and mountaintop settlements continues
to impress modern visitors.
 INCA CIVILIZATION
CONTRIBUTIONS:
1. Roads
2. Stone buildings
3. Incan calendar
4. Freeze-dried foods
5. Brain surgery
6. Irrigation system
7. First suspension bridge
8. Quipu
9. Communication network
10. Terraces
 AZTEC CIVILIZATION
The Aztecs, who possibly originated as a
nomadic tribe in northern Mexico, arrived in
Mesoamerica around the beginning of the
13th century.

Aztec agriculture, transportation, economy,

architecture, arts, and political institutions
bear extraordinary witness to the creative
and collaborative capability of humankind,
and of the universal inclination to find
transcendent meaning to human life.
 AZTEC CIVILIZATION
CONTRIBUTIONS:
1. Mandatory education
2. Chocolates
3. Chinampa (Floating Gardens)
4. Aztec calendar
5. Antispasmodic medication
6. Canoe
7. Soccer
ASIA
Asia is the biggest continent in the world
and the home of many ancient
civilizations.

In the field of science, technology, and

mathematics, great civilizations have
stood out in India, China, and the Middle
East civilizations. These civilizations were
incomparable in terms of their
contributions to the development of
knowledge during their time.
 INDIAN CIVILIZATION
India is a huge peninsula surrounded by vast
bodies of water and fortified by huge
mountains in its northern boarders.

One of the oldest civilizations in the world, the

Indian civilization has a strong tradition of
science and technology. Many well-known
Indian mathematicians contributed
significantly to the development of theories
that are being used and applied in the
majority of fields today.
 INDIAN CIVILIZATION
CONTRIBUTIONS:
1. Astronomy
2. Traditional medicine
3. Metallurgy
4. Chemistry
5. Mathematics
6. Plastic and eye surgery
 CHINESE CIVILIZATION
China is one of the world's four ancient
civilizations, and the written history of China dates
back to the Shang Dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BC),
over 3,000 years ago.

The civilization of ancient China first developed in

the Yellow River region of northern China.

China is one of the ancient civilizations with

substantial contributions in many areas of life like
medicine, astronomy, science, mathematics,
arts, philosophy, and music, among others.
 CHINESE CIVILIZATION
CONTRIBUTIONS:
1. Traditional medicine
2. Papermaking
3. Gunpowder
4. Printing
5. Compass
6. Astronomy
7. Mathematics
8. Architecture
9. Seismology
MIDDLE EAST
The Middle East is a natural land bridge
connecting the continents of Asia, Africa, and
Europe.

The rise of Islamic science had its acme between

the 8th to 16th centuries, in a period nominally
known as the Islamic Golden Age.

Arabic scientific inquiry flourished into major

discoveries in the fields of mathematics, physics,
astronomy, chemistry, medicine and optics.
 ARAB CIVILIZATION
The Middle East has been called the cradle
of civilization. Called "the fertile crescent"
because of its lush soil, the "crescent" of
land mostly includes modern-day Iraq, Syria,
Jordan, and Israel-Palestine.

Contrary to the Greeks, Muslim scientists

placed greater value on science
experiments rather than plain-thought
experiments. This led to the development of
the scientific method in the Muslim world.
 ARAB CIVILIZATION
CONTRIBUTIONS:
1. Optics
2. Mathematics
3. Chemistry
4. Surgery and medicine
5. Flying machine
6. Toothbrush
AFRICA
Africa is the second largest continent on Earth.

Africa is widely recognized as the birthplace of

humankind. Those early humans spread into
northern Africa and the Middle East and, ultimately,
to the rest of the world.

Africa has the world's oldest record of human

technological achievement. Numerous discoveries
in architecture, medicine, engineering, astronomy,
mathematics, medicine, and agriculture originate
from the continent.
 AFRICAN CIVILIZATION
There are two major civilizations
developed in African antiquity: one
around the Nile River in the northeast
and the other, somewhat younger,
around the Niger River in the west.

Civilizations of western Africa evolved

via numerous local empires and
kingdoms competing and replacing
each other throughout history.
 AFRICAN CIVILIZATION
CONTRIBUTIONS:
1. Mathematics
2. Medicine
3. Calendar
4. Tally sticks
5. Education system
6. Metallurgy
7. Tools and weaponry
8. Trade and commerce
 Do you have any question,
clarification, or additional
information about the lesson?

Thank you for

listening!
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