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    Alkane

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    bijansharma019
    Alkanes can be prepared through several methods including decarboxylation of carboxylic acids, Wurtz reaction of alkyl halides, reaction of alkyl halides with Grignard reagents, reduction of alkyl halides or unsaturated compounds, and Kolbe's electrolysis of carboxylic acid salts. Alkanes undergo substitution reactions with halogens, nitration, and sulphonation. They can also be oxidized through combustion or undergo aromatization at high temperatures.

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    Alkane

    Uploaded by

    bijansharma019
    6 views14 pages
    Alkanes can be prepared through several methods including decarboxylation of carboxylic acids, Wurtz reaction of alkyl halides, reaction of alkyl halides with Grignard reagents, reduction of alkyl halides or unsaturated compounds, and Kolbe's electrolysis of carboxylic acid salts. Alkanes undergo substitution reactions with halogens, nitration, and sulphonation. They can also be oxidized through combustion or undergo aromatization at high temperatures.

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    Alkanes can be prepared through several methods including decarboxylation of carboxylic acids, Wurtz reaction of alkyl halides, reaction of alkyl halides with Grignard reagents, reduction of alkyl halides or unsaturated compounds, and Kolbe's electrolysis of carboxylic acid salts. Alkanes undergo substitution reactions with halogens, nitration, and sulphonation. They can also be oxidized through combustion or undergo aromatization at high temperatures.

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    6 views14 pages

    Alkane

    Uploaded by

    bijansharma019
    Alkanes can be prepared through several methods including decarboxylation of carboxylic acids, Wurtz reaction of alkyl halides, reaction of alkyl halides with Grignard reagents, reduction of alkyl halides or unsaturated compounds, and Kolbe's electrolysis of carboxylic acid salts. Alkanes undergo substitution reactions with halogens, nitration, and sulphonation. They can also be oxidized through combustion or undergo aromatization at high temperatures.

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    Alkanes(saturated hydrocarbon):

    General methods of preparations:


    1. Decarboxylation of carboxylic acid: When sodium salts of
    carboxylic acids are heated with soda lime (NaOH + CaO), a
    molecule of CO2 is eliminated from the molecule to give alkanes.
    This reaction is called decarboxylation.
    2. Wurtz reaction:
    When 2 molecules of alkyl halide when heated with sodium metal in
    presence of dry ether, alkane is produced. This reaction is called Wurtz
    reaction. This method is used to prepare symmetrical alkanes. Note:
    methane is not produced by Wurtz reaction.
    Note:
    If two different alkyl halides are taken for preparing an alkane with odd
    number of carbon atoms, a mixture of products are obtained. This is
    because the two alkyl halides not only react with each other but they react
    among themselves also. For example,

    It is difficult to separate such mixture into individual alkanes. Therefore


    Wurtz reaction cannot be used to prepare pure unsymmetrical alkanes.
    3. From Grignard reagent:
    Alkyl halides react with Mg metal in presence of diethyl ether to form
    alkyl magnesium halides. The alkyl magnesium halides are commonly
    known as Grignard reagents.
    These are highly reactive and can be easily decomposed by water to
    give alkanes.
    4. By reduction of alkyl halides:
    Alkyl halides when reduced with Zn and HCl give alkane( Zn and HCl
    gives nascent hydrogen which reduces the alkyl halide.
    5. From unsaturated compounds:
    The mixture of alkene or alkyne and hydrogen when passed over finely
    divided nickel at 250oC, alkane is produced.
    6. From aldehyde and ketone:
    Aldehyde or ketone when reduced with amalgamated Zinc and
    conc.HCl gives alkanes. This reaction is commonly known as
    Clemmensen reduction.
    4

    4
    7. By Kolbe’s electrolysis:
    By the electrolysis of conc. aqueous solution of sodium or potassium
    salt of carboxylic acid, an alkane is produced.
    Chemical properties:
    The saturated hydrocarbon contains single bond i.e., C-C and C-H,
    single bond. Since these bonds are quite strong, alkanes are least
    reactive of all the hydrocarbons. It is because of the relative inertness
    that alkanes are also called paraffins (Latin: parum=little, affinis=
    reactivity)
    Some important chemical reactions of alkanes are discussed below:
    1. Substitution reaction: A reaction in which a hydrogen atom of a
    hydrocarbon is replaced by an atom or a group of atoms is called a
    substitution reaction. Some important substitution reactions of
    alkanes are discussed below:
    a) Halogenation:
    When alkanes react with halogens in presence of UV light or high
    temperature, the H-atoms of alkanes are replaced by halogen atoms.
    This reaction is known as halogenation.

    The reaction does not stop at this stage. The remaining three hydrogen atoms of
    methyl chloride can be successively replaced by chorine atoms.
    b) Nitration:
    The process of replacement of hydrogen atom by a nitro(-NO2) group is
    called nitration.
    When alkane reacts with HNO3 under suitable condition, it gives
    substitution product.
    c. Sulphonation:
    Substitution of hydrogen atom of an alkane by sulphonic acid group (-
    SO3H) is called sulphonation.
    Higher alkane (usually from hexane upward) when boiled with fuming
    H2SO4 give alkane sulphonic acid.
    2. Oxidation reaction:
    Alkane if burnt in air or oxygen, alkanes are completely oxidised to CO2
    and H2O.
    3. Aromatization:
    Alkanes containing six or more carbon atoms, when heated under
    pressure in the presence of suitable catalyst, undergo cyclization to give
    benzene and its derivatives. This reaction is called aromatization.

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