CONTEMPORARY WORLD REVIEWER - the role of it in global demography is its salient

influence on institutional decision making, affecting

I. Definition of Key Terms/Concepts of populations at large.
Unlocking of Difficulties 16. Demography (Bonald Lee, 2023)
- is currently in transition; the mortality rate declined
1. Demography followed by fertility, causing population growth rates to
- the statistical study of human populations especially accelerate and then to slow down again.
with reference to size and density, distribution, and vital 17. Demographic Transition
statistics - it leads to low fertility, long life, and an old population.
2. Population
- the whole number of people or inhabitants in a country III. Global City
or regions 18. Global City
3. Fertility Rate - an urban center that enjoys significant competitive
- represent the number of children that would be born to advantages and that serves as a hub within globalized
a woman if she were to live to an end of her childbearing economic system.
years and bear children in accordance with age-specific 19. Global cities
fertility rates of the specified year. - are “strategic sites” that manage and guide the global
4. Birthrate economy.
- is also termed natality and refers to the number of - Many of these cities were already centers for
births occurring in a year per thousand of the total international trade and banking. (Sakia Sassens)
population. 20. Sassen’s concept of the global city:
5. Deathrate a) emphasis on the flow of information and capital
- is also termed mortality and refers to the number of cities are major nodes in the interconnected system of
deaths occurring in a year per thousand of the total information and money.
population. b) Wealth that flows facilitate financial institutions,
6. Population diversity consulting firms, accounting firms, law firms, and media
- is the variety of different characteristics within a given organizations.
population, such as age, gender, education level, income 21. Cities Brand
level, occupation, race, ethnicity, and social class. This - is not only valuable resources of a city but also a
diversity reflects the different needs, values, and driving force for city development, in that the brand
perspectives of individuals and is essential for a healthy, value of a city directly affects the flow of capital,
vibrant society. information, commodity and talent into the city.
7. Population theories - A clear city brand strategy can enhance the city’s
- are based on the idea that population growth is standing and strenghten its cohesion.
regulated by an equilibrium between the number of (Global City Lab, 2019)
births and the number of deaths, as well as the number of 21. Four Pillars of Urban Life In A Global City
people who migrate in and out of a given area. (Longhorn, 2015)
8. Population dynamics 1. Civic
- a complex phenomenon that can be described as the 2. Commercial
interplay between the resources available to a population 3. Educational
and the demands of the population on those resources. 4. Cultural
9. Population control strategies 22. Indicators of Global City (Claudio And Abinales,
- a form of social engineering where governments and 2018)
organizations attempt to actively manage the size of a a) Seat of economic power
population to meet certain goals. b) Economic opportunities
10. Ecology c) Economic competitiveness
- the study of the interactions between living organisms d) Center of authority
and their environment. e) Center of political influence
11. Demographic transition f) Center of higher learning and culture
- Historical process of change which accounts for the
trends in births, deaths, and population growth that 23. Indicators of Global City (Longhorn, 2015)
occurred in today’s industrialized societies, especially 1. Economic Attributes
European societies (Frank W. Notestein, 1945) 2. Population Size
12. Demographic Transition Theory 3. Human Capital
- It is a pattern of demographic change from high 4. Culture
fertility and high mortality to low fertility and low 5. Tourist
mortality when society progresses from a largely rural 6. Connectivity
agrarian and illiterate society to a dominant urban, 7. Quality of Life
industrial, literate and modern society
13. Global Demography IV. Global Migration
- It is the study of the issues and developments of the 24. Migration
global populations - means crossing the boundary of a political or
administrative unit for a certain minimum period.
II. Global Demography - A result of the integration of local communities and
economies into global relationship
14. Global Demography - It often results of economic and social development
- It is in global civic society where transnational non- 25. Human Migration
governmental organizations and social movements - a movement of people from one place in the world to
operate and offer an alternative to transnational another for the purpose of permanent or semi-permanent
corporations. residence, usually across a political boundary.
15. Global Civic Society 26. Voluntary Migration
- People can either choose to move
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- movement of people by choice or one’s own free will. - According to Heywood (2011), it literally means the
27. Involuntary Migration adherence or belief in the ‘world state’.
- forced to move - This idea began its journey when globalization came
- movement of people caused by events which force into power in the 1950s.
people to move against their will - Believing that the world can be governed by one state
Voluntary Migration is different from the known Cosmopolitanism.
28. Intercontinental 46. Three (3) Elements of Cosmopolitanism (Pogge,
- between continents 2008)
29. Intracontinental - Individualism; Universality, and Generality.
- between countries on a given continent 47. Migration
30. Interregional - defined as the form of social behavior that both shapes
- within counties. and is shaped by broader social and economic structure
31. Rural to Urban Migration and processes of transformation. (International
- One of the most significant migration patterns Migration Institute, 2011).
- the movement of people from countryside to cities in - In the definition of Boswell (2002), it is not just
search of opportunities. economic gain but rather it is more political.
48. Factors Why People Migrate
V. Types of Migration 1. Social Inequality;
32. Internal Migration 2. Economic Depression;
- moving to a new home within a state, country or 3. Freedom Deprivation.
continent - These oppressions occur at present and since
33. Rural-Urban migration Cosmopolitanism adhere to the equality and moral
34. Seasonal Migration. integrity among men it has role on why people are
- Also known as labor migration moving.
- It refers to the movement of people away from their
homes to find a livelihood, usually on a temporary basis IX. Sustainable Development
35. Planned Migration
- refers to large-scale migration of people within a 49. Sustainable Development,
country. It is usually carried out by the government. - focuses on the importance of highlighting environmental
36. International Migration considerations in terms of development and how counties
- means crossing the frontiers which separate one of the must be conscious of the role of the environment in
world’s approximately 200 states from one another. development.
- People cross borders of one country to another. 50. Food Security
- talks about the worlds issue on hunger and poverty. Food
VI. Causes of Migration security is viewed as an integral component in achieving
37. Internal Migration domestic and regional stability.
- is an integral part of globalization, which may be 51. Sustainability
characterized as the widening, deepening, and speeding – the ability to be maintained at a certain rate or level
up of worldwide interconnectedness in all aspect of 52. Unrelenting
contemporary social life (Held et al. 1999,2) – not yielding in strength, severity, or determination.
38. Key Indicator of Globalization 53. Armed conflict
- is the rapid increase in cross-border flows of all sorts: – a contested incompatibility that concerns government
finance, trade, ideas, pollution, media products and and or territory where the use of armed force between
people. two parties.
39. Three Worlds during the Cold War 54. Microsystem
- The First World, Second World, & Third World. – a microscopic system, especially a system using
40. The Post-American World microscopic electromechanical components. The system
- This era was the period where states and non-state of groups and institutions with the most immediate and
actors are rising, an era where the balancing of power is direct impact on the individual’s development.
unstable. 55. Global village
- The three (3) classifications turned into so-called – the world considered as a single community linked by
Developed and Developing states. telecommunication.
41. Developed Countries 56. International trade
- are the westerners and those countries that are part of – the exchange of capital, goods, and services across
the northwestern hemisphere. international borders or territories.
42. Developing countries 57. Global citizenship
- are the states which has low-income rate. The latter are – is the idea that one’s identity transcends geography or
the countries from the region of Africa and Asia. political borders, and that responsibilities or rights are
derived from membership in a broader class:
VII. Huntington’s Eight (8) Global Civilizations “humanity.”
43. Samuel Huntington (1996) 58. Sustainable Development
- The author of the book The Clash of the Civilization - As defined by the Brundtland Report, it is the
where global civilizations are determined into eight (8) development that meets the needs of the present without
categories. compromising the ability of future generations to meet
44. The eight (8) global civilization their own needs.”
- The Westerns, The Latin Americans, Islamic - it should be situated in a rigid social and political setting.
civilization, The Sinic or the Chinese civilization, The 59. Sustainable Development Policies
Hindu, Orthodox, Japanese, and The African. 1) reviving growth;
2) changing the quality of growth;
VIII. Cosmopolitanism and the Role of 3) meeting essential needs for jobs, food, energy, water,
Migration and sanitation;
45. Cosmopolitanism 4) ensuring a sustainable level of population;
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5) conserving and enhancing the resource base;
6) reorienting technology and managing risk; and
7) merging environment and economics in decision-
making

67. Policies and Strategies of Governments

- must be intertwined with environmental concerns in
order for sustainable development to achieve.
68. Environment
- must continuously be at the center of government actions.
- It is only logical and practical, in a sense, to constantly
put into consideration the environment in the decision-
Governments are scholars have been on their toes in making and policy-making processes of a nation-state
an attempt to attain sustainable development. In this era since it is where people build livelihood on, and which
of unrelenting challenges in politics, society, and suffers when they turn a blind eye in terms of developing.
particularly the environment (e.g. climate change, waste 69. Ecological Sustainability
disposal, biodiversity, forestry and the like), such stability - an underpinning principle of sustainable development,
is undoubtedly sought after by nearly every single nation- governments can simultaneously advocate the protection,
state. Governments have been challenged to come up with restoration, and preservation of the integrity of the Earth’s
ways to develop their communities without exploiting the ecological systems (Ross, 2009).
natural resources, and to craft policies that help achieve - This makes the
this goal. The welfare of the people must also be in environment more resilient to challenges and threats and
constant consideration in terms of development. in turn, making civilizations resilient in the same light.
-In the long run, humankind itself will be the one to
60. The United Nations (UN) often cities Agenda 21 of benefit when environmental and ecological
1992, its Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform, considerations are given serious and substantial
where topic of sustainable development is put forth consideration.
discussions. 70. Humankind
61. Agenda 21 - must take the necessary actions to strive better to attain
- advocates education to disseminate information sustainable development.
regarding sustainable development (Jickling 1994). Since - Developing and enacting policies that situate
then, countries all over the world have integrated this environmental concerns at the forefront and practicing
action plan of the UN in their respective governments, decision-making process the similarly give importance to
such as in the case of Canada when the environment are all necessary steps that must be
62. National Round Table on the Environment and the undertaken to achieve a sustainable environment.
Economy (NRTEE) Educating individuals about the importance and benefits
- instituted and the Sustainable Development Education of having secure, balanced, and enduring ecosystems will
Program (SDEP) in the same year that Agenda 21 was make implementation of environment – focused policies
established (Jickling 1994). and plans much easier, and in the long term, will create a
The United Kingdom’s UK Strategy for Sustainable flourishing and stable environment for all.
Development crafted in 1994 aimed to raise the
awareness of the people through the integration of
environmental policies into all aspects of government, a Lesson 5: Food Security
shared responsibility between government, local
authorities, businesses, and non-governmental 71.Food security
organizations, (Muton& Collins, 1998) among other - eradicate hunger and alleviation of poverty.
provisions in the Strategy. - A vital resources for humans, regardless of race,
63. Sustainable nationality, religious affiliation, economic status, or
- may be liked to stability; however, there are few key educational attainment, is food.
and subtle differences between the two. A sustainable - It is the basic necessity for survival.
environment is resilient enough to withstand man-made - it is important for nations to secure a constant supply of
and natural challenges and can also recover from such if food for the consumption of people.
needs arise. - “physical and economic access, at all times, to
64. Sustainability sufficient, safe, and nutritious food for the people to meet
- lead to stability; however, stability alone may be not their dietary needs and foods preferences for an active and
necessarily lead to sustainability. healthy life” (Swaminathan, 2003) is a worldwide issue
65. Stable environments which must be given considerable attention.
- are simple resistant to change but somehow lack the - challenges countries with large populations such as
element of resiliency that sustainable environment China and India.
possess because it is far easier for stable environments to 72. Food Corporations
become unstable in comparison to possibility of - in demand in a nation must be able to meet demands by
sustainable environments becoming “in sustainable”. increasing production capacity and overall productivity.
73. Rationing of food,

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- especially in developing or underdeveloped countries, is - it continues to plummet, prices commodities skyrocket
also a solution to address food security issues, although to unreasonable figures.
this solution can lead to even more problems. - Although the Venezuelan government sells some food
- It may ultimately worsen food security as in the packets at regulated price, only 12.6 ,illion Venezuelans
experience of India with its targeted Public Distribution have access to these packets which is only about one-
System (PDS) in the 1990’s (Swaminathan, 2003). third of the total population of the country (Singer,
2018).
79. Food
- it plays an integral role in maintaining a healthy,
functioning, and even peaceful domestic and international
environment.
- Therefore, food security must be one of the priorities of
any government in the world. Ensuring that the economy
can weather downturns will help cushion the adverse
effects of food security issues.
- Establishing an international network with countries
that respond to the food security challenges of other
countries is a goal that all members of the international
community must strive for.

73. International trade

- viewed as a solution to potentially dampen the blows on
food security in nations.
- While relatively subsidies from rich countries, the latter
will be pressured to increase food production capabilities.
74. Rich countries
- also struggle with handling food security issues at the
domestic and the foreign level (Kannan, Mahendra Dev,
&Narain Sharman, 2000).
75. Economic and agricultural
- reforms have proven viable in addressing food security
issues like in the case of China, one of the most populated
countries in the world.
76. In 1978, China
- began reforms in these sectors to ensure food security
for the country and its people.
- Nutrition-wise, China was able to reduce the number of
undernourished people by seventy million from 1990 to
2000 (Jiang, 2008).
- Both gain production and household income increased,
creating a synchronized and self-sufficient domestic
environment. Couple these with relevant market and
pricing policies, domestic food security can be relatively
achieved at a considerable degree.
74. One of the contributing factor that further cripples and
weakens food security both on a domestic and
international levels is armed conflict.
In the recent decades, internal strife has debilitated food
production and supplies in countries such as Israel,
Turkey, and Syria.
Armed groups against a legitimate government target to
prevent, seize, and / or destroy food aid that is intended
for government armed forces.
75. Farmers are also driven away from their lands
because of conflict, and production is then halted (Choen,
Pinstrup-Andersen, 1999) the effects of these
circumstances also spill over to neighboring countries due
to international trade.
76. hunger
- also leads to conflicts and, as mentioned, leads to
increased shortage in food.
77. Food shortage
- not only limited to rural areas but is also an issue
plaguing urban sectors especially in countries with
internal conflicts.
78. Lack of food was one of the factors that ignited the
French Revolution of 1789 (Choen, Pinstrup-Andersen,
1999) and somehow is resembled by the Venezuelan
food crisis in the present era.
78. As the economy of Venezuela