Basic Calculus Reviewer
Basic Calculus Reviewer
Basic Calculus Reviewer
- Behavior of f as x approaches c
- May exist even c is not part of the domain
- F must be defined at numbers “near” c
𝑓(𝑐)
Limit Theorems
1. The Limit of a constant is itself
If k is any constant, then
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒌 = 𝒌
𝒙→𝒄
2. The limit of x as x approaches c is equal is equal to c. This may be thought of as the
substitution law, because x is simply substituted by c.
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 = 𝒄
𝒙→𝒄
3. The Constant Multiple Theorem
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒌∙ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒌 ∙ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒌 ∙ 𝑳
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄
4. The Sum and Difference Theorem
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝑴
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄
𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒇(𝒙) + 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒈(𝒙) = 𝑳 + 𝑴
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄
𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒇(𝒙) − 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒈(𝒙) = 𝑳 − 𝑴
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄
5. The Multiplication Theorem
𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒇(𝒙) ∙ 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒇(𝒙) ∙ 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒈(𝒙) = 𝑳 ∙ 𝑴
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄
6. The Division Theorem
𝒇(𝒙) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) 𝑳
𝒙→𝒄
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙)
= 𝑴,𝑴 ≠ 𝟎
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄
7. The Power Theorem
𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝒇(𝒙))𝒑 = (𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙))𝒑 = 𝑳𝒑
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄
8. The Radical/Root Theorem
𝒏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏√𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒏√𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝑳
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄
Transcendental Functions
Logarithm is the inverse of exponentiation
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 (𝑛) = 𝑥 𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑛
where:
b = base
n = argument
x = exponent
Example:
34 = 81 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 81 = 4
Special Limits
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒕
=𝟏
𝒕→𝟎
𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕
𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟎
𝒕→𝟎 𝒕
𝒆𝒕 −𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒕
=𝟏
𝒕→𝟎
Continuity of a function
A function f(x) is said to be continuous at x=c if the following three conditions are satisfied:
i. 7f(c) exists;
ii. lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists; and
𝑥→𝑐
iii. 𝑓 (𝑐 ) = lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑐