Iso-6872-2015 Dental Ceramics

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 6872
Fourth edition
2015-06-01
Dentistry — Ceramic materials

Médecine bucco-dentaire — Matériaux céramiques
iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW

(standards.iteh.ai)
ISO 6872:2015
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/426c5153-ef2d-49c6-a7d3-
d38ec4fbbea5/iso-6872-2015
Reference number
ISO 6872:2015(E)
© ISO 2015
ISO 6872:2015(E)


(standards.iteh.ai)
ISO 6872:2015
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT

© ISO 2015, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
[email protected]
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

ISO 6872:2015(E)

Contents Page
Foreword...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v
Introduction................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. vi
1 Scope.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references....................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3.1 Material.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3.2 Processing.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
3.3 Properties..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
4 Types, classes, and their identification.......................................................................................................................................... 4
5 Requirements........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
5.1 Uniformity.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
5.2 Freedom from extraneous materials.................................................................................................................................... 6
5.3 Mixing and condensation properties of type I ceramics...................................................................................... 6
5.4 Physical and chemical properties............................................................................................................................................ 6
5.5 Biocompatibility..................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
5.6 Shrinkage factor...................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
6 Sampling......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
6.1 Type I ceramics........................................................................................................................................................................................ 6
6.2 iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
Type II ceramics...................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
7 Test methods.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 7
7.1 Preparation of test(standards.iteh.ai)specimens.................................................................................................................................................... 7
7.1.1 Components of test specimens (type I ceramics)................................................................................. 7
7.1.2 Apparatus for mixing ISO 6872:2015
.................................................................................................................................................... 7
7.1.3 Method of mixing.............................................................................................................................................................. 7
7.1.4 Procedure ford38ec4fbbea5/iso-6872-2015
specimen fabrication................................................................................................................. 7
7.1.5 Firing........................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
7.2 Radioactivity of dental ceramic................................................................................................................................................. 8
7.2.1 Preparation of samples............................................................................................................................................... 8
7.2.2 Counting procedure....................................................................................................................................................... 8
7.2.3 Assessment of results................................................................................................................................................... 8
7.3 Flexural strength.................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
7.3.1 Three-point and four-point bending tests.................................................................................................. 8
7.3.2 Biaxial flexure test (piston-on-three-ball test).................................................................................... 12
7.4 Linear thermal expansion coefficient................................................................................................................................ 14
7.4.1 Apparatus............................................................................................................................................................................. 14
7.4.2 Preparing of test specimens (type I and type II ceramics)........................................................ 14
7.4.3 Dilatometric measurement................................................................................................................................... 14
7.4.4 Assessment of results................................................................................................................................................ 14
7.5 Glass transition temperature.................................................................................................................................................... 14
7.5.1 Operating procedure.................................................................................................................................................. 14
7.5.2 Assessment of results................................................................................................................................................ 15
7.6 Chemical solubility............................................................................................................................................................................ 15
7.6.1 Reagent................................................................................................................................................................................... 15
7.6.2 Apparatus............................................................................................................................................................................. 15
7.6.3 Preparation of test specimens............................................................................................................................ 16
7.6.4 Procedure............................................................................................................................................................................. 16
7.6.5 Calculation and assessment of results........................................................................................................ 16
8 Information and instructions................................................................................................................................................................16
8.1 Information.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 16
8.1.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 16
8.1.2 Type I Ceramics............................................................................................................................................................... 16
© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved iii

ISO 6872:2015(E)

8.1.3 Type II ceramics............................................................................................................................................................. 16

8.2 Instructions for use........................................................................................................................................................................... 17
9 Packaging, marking, and labelling...................................................................................................................................................17
9.1 Packaging................................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
9.2 Marking and labelling..................................................................................................................................................................... 17
Annex A (informative) Fracture toughness..................................................................................................................................................19
Annex B (informative) Weibull statistics.......................................................................................................................................................26
Bibliography.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 28

(standards.iteh.ai)
ISO 6872:2015
iv © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

ISO 6872:2015(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any
patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on
the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee
(standards.iteh.ai)
responsible for this document is ISO/TC 106, Dentistry, Subcommittee SC 2,
Prosthodontic materials.
ISO 6872:2015
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 6872:2008), which has been technically
revised with the following changes: d38ec4fbbea5/iso-6872-2015
— new edition of ISO 23146:2012 for fracture toughness by SEVNB has been added as an alternative in
Annex A. It has a rigorous procedure developed by ISO/TC 206, Fine ceramics;
— a restriction on the use of the SEVNB method for fracture toughness determination for 3Y-TZP has
been added. In most cases, the notch cannot be made sharp enough with a razor blade;
— maximum chamfer size on bend bars has been reduced for the case of the thin specimens;
— recommendations to grind lengthwise were added to the bend bar preparation step in 7.3.1.2.2;
— the Y equations for SEVNB fracture toughness in 3–point have been refined and expanded to cover
more configurations;
— modification to Table 1 changing “aesthetic” to “monolithic”.
© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved v

ISO 6872:2015(E)

Introduction
Specific qualitative and quantitative requirements for freedom from biological hazard are not included
in this International Standard, but it is recommended that in assessing possible biological or toxicological
hazards, reference be made to ISO 10993‑1 and ISO 7405.

(standards.iteh.ai)
ISO 6872:2015
vi © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 6872:2015(E)
Dentistry — Ceramic materials
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies the requirements and the corresponding test methods for dental
ceramic materials for fixed all-ceramic and metal-ceramic restorations and prostheses.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 3696, Water for analytical laboratory use — Specification and test methods
ISO 1942, Dentistry — Vocabulary
ISO 13078, Dentistry — Dental furnace — Test method for temperature measurement with separate thermocouple
3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 1942 and the following apply.
(standards.iteh.ai)
3.1 Material ISO 6872:2015
3.1.1
addition ceramic
add-on ceramic
correction ceramic
dental ceramic material which is fired at a reduced temperature and is normally applied to restore
contact areas on a dental restoration or prosthesis
3.1.2
aesthetic ceramic
dental porcelain (3.1.5) or glass ceramic (3.1.10) having appropriate translucency and colour used to
mimic the optical properties of natural teeth
3.1.3
chromatic dentin ceramic
dentine ceramic having a high strength or saturation of the hue (color)
3.1.4
dental ceramic
inorganic, non-metallic material which is specifically formulated for use when processed according to
the manufacturers’ instructions to form the whole or part of a dental restoration or prosthesis
3.1.5
dental porcelain
predominantly, glassy dental ceramic (3.1.4) material used mainly for aesthetics in a dental restoration
or prosthesis
3.1.6
dentine ceramic
dental ceramic (3.1.4) material used to form the overall shape and basic colour of a dental restoration or
prosthesis simulating the natural tooth dentine
© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved 1

ISO 6872:2015(E)

3.1.7
enamel ceramic
dental ceramic (3.1.4) material used to overlay, either partially or wholly, the dentine ceramic (3.1.6)
and also, to form the more translucent incisal third of a dental restoration or prosthesis simulating the
natural tooth enamel
3.1.8
flame-sprayed dental ceramic
dental ceramic core or substructure layer formed via the technique of flame-spraying
3.1.9
fluorescent ceramic
dental ceramic (3.1.4) material that absorbs radiant energy and emits it in the form of radiant energy of
a different wavelength band all or most of whose wavelengths exceed that of the absorbed energy
EXAMPLE Absorption of ultraviolet light with emission of blue light.
3.1.10
glass ceramic (dental)
dental ceramic (3.1.4) material formed by the action of heat treatment on a glass in order to cause
initiation and growth of a wholly or predominantly crystalline microstructure
3.1.11
glass-infiltrated dental ceramic
dental ceramic core or substructure layer which is porous and is subsequently densified by the
infiltration of specialised glass at elevated temperature
3.1.12
glaze ceramic (standards.iteh.ai)
dental ceramic (3.1.4) material which is overlayed and fired at a lower temperature compared to dentine
ceramic (3.1.6) or enamel ceramic (3.1.7) to produce a thin coherent sealed surface, the level of gloss
ISO 6872:2015
being determined by the firing conditions
3.1.13
liner
dental ceramic (3.1.4) material used on all ceramic substructure forming a layer that provides a
background colour upon which dentine or opaceous dentine can be applied to achieve overall aesthetics
3.1.14
modelling fluid
liquid with which a dental ceramic powder is mixed in order to shape or model it into its required form
prior to firing
3.1.15
modifying enamel ceramic
enamel ceramic (3.1.7) used to modify the surface contour of a restoration, for example, add a contact,
often fired at a lower temperature than the enamel ceramic or dentine ceramic
3.1.16
monolithic ceramic
dental ceramic (3.1.4) that is substantially made of a single uniform material
Note 1 to entry: A thin layer of glaze (3.3.4) (staining technique) can be applied.
3.1.17
opaceous dentine ceramic
dental ceramic (3.1.4) material having a higher opacity than a dentine ceramic (3.1.6) material, but which
can still be used to contribute to the overall shape and basic colour of a dental restoration or prosthesis
simulating the natural tooth dentine
2 © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

ISO 6872:2015(E)

3.1.18
opalescent enamel ceramic
enamel ceramic (3.1.7) material that scatters shorter wavelengths of light (e.g. blue) and transmits longer
wavelengths of light (e.g. red)
3.1.19
opaque dental ceramic
dental ceramic (3.1.4) material which when applied to a metallic substructure, according to the
manufacturer’s instructions, acts to bond to the metal surface forming a layer that provides a
background colour and interface upon which other dental ceramic materials can be applied to achieve
overall aesthetics
3.1.20
shoulder ceramic
margin ceramic
dental ceramic (3.1.4) material used to form shape and colour at the marginal area of the dental
restoration or prosthesis simulating natural tooth dentine in this area
3.1.21
stain ceramic
dental ceramic powder or paste which is normally intensely coloured and which is formulated to be
used either internally or externally during the build-up of a dental restoration or prosthesis to simulate
details within or on the surface as are found in natural teeth
3.1.22
substructure (core) dental ceramic
predominantly, polycrystalline dental ceramic material that forms a supporting substructure upon
(standards.iteh.ai)
which one or more layers of dental ceramic (3.1.4) or dental polymer material are applied, either partially
or totally, to form a dental restoration or prosthesis
ISO 6872:2015
3.2 Processing https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/426c5153-ef2d-49c6-a7d3-
3.2.1
air firing dental ceramic
firing of dental ceramics (3.1.4) under ambient atmospheric pressure
3.2.2
dental CAD/CAM
computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacture (CAD/CAM) procedures to manufacture a dental
restoration or prosthesis normally including the following stages: a) a digital scanning procedure of the
model, wax-up, or intra-orally to produce a 3D data set; b) software manipulation of the 3D data set to
design the prosthesis; c) a computer-directed machine tool that performs the manufacturing process
3.2.3
condensation of dental ceramic
powder process whereby a slurry of dental ceramic powder is vibrated to compact the powder prior to
sintering
3.2.4
injectable, castable, or pressable dental ceramic
dental ceramic (3.1.4) material, normally in the form of a pellet or ingot (often pre-sintered), designed for
use in a specialised furnace which enables the ingot to be injected/cast/pressed into a mould prepared
through the lost wax technique

ISO 6872:2015(E)

3.2.5
sintering of a dental ceramic
process whereby heat and potentially other process parameters, for example, mechanical or gas
pressure, are applied to a ceramic powder or powder compact in order to densify the ceramic into its
required form
Note 1 to entry: “Firing” and “sintering” are used interchangeably in this International Standard (“firing”
connoting the application of heat to drive sintering).
3.2.6
vacuum firing dental ceramic
firing of dental ceramics (3.1.4) at reduced pressure (i.e. under vacuum) to yield the required density and
associated aesthetics especially the degree of translucency
Note 1 to entry: Dental ceramics for vacuum firing have a specific particle size distribution to reduce the
entrapment of porosity.
3.3 Properties
3.3.1
class of dental ceramic
classification of a dental ceramic (3.1.4) material according to its intended function
3.3.2
fracture toughness
conventional fracture mechanics parameter indicating the resistance of a material to crack extension
(propagation)
3.3.3
(standards.iteh.ai)
glass transition temperature
ISO 6872:2015
approximate midpoint of the temperature range over which a glass transforms between elastic and
viscoelastic behaviour characterized by the onset of a rapid change in its coefficient of thermal expansion
3.3.4
glaze
surface appearance obtained when the gloss is clinically and aesthetically acceptable
4 Types, classes, and their identification

For the purposes of this International Standard, dental ceramics are designated into two types.
— Type I: Ceramic products that are provided as powders, pastes, or aerosols.
— Type II: All other forms of ceramic products.
Ceramics are divided into five classes according to their intended clinical use and according to the
descriptions in Table 1. If colour is added to a ceramic powder for identification purposes, the colour
coding given in Table 2 is recommended.

ISO 6872:2015(E)

Table 1 — Classification of ceramics for fixed prostheses by intended clinical use with required
mechanical and chemical properties
Class Recommended clinical indications Mechanical and chemical properties

Flexural strength
[MPa] Chemical solubility
minimum value for [μg/cm2]
mean (see 7.3.1.4)
a) Monolithic ceramic for single-unit anterior 50 <100
1 prostheses, veneers, inlays, or onlays
adhesively cemented.
b) Ceramic for coverage of a metal framework 50 <100
or a ceramic substructure.
2
or posterior prostheses adhesively cemented.
b) Partially or fully covered substructure ceramic 100 <2 000
for
single-unit anterior or posterior prostheses
adhesively cemented.
or posterior prostheses and for three-unit
3
prostheses not involving molar restoration
adhesively or non-adhesively cemented.
b) Partially or fully covered substructure for sin- 300 <2 000
gle-unit
(standards.iteh.ai)
anterior or posterior prostheses and for
three-unit prostheses not involving molar
restoration adhesively or non-adhesively ISO 6872:2015
cemented. https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/426c5153-ef2d-49c6-a7d3-
a) Monolithic ceramic for three-unit 500 <100
4
prostheses involving molar restoration.
b) Partially or fully covered substructure for 500 <2 000
three-unit prostheses involving molar
restoration.
Monolithic ceramic for prostheses involving 800 <100
partially or fully covered substructure for four or
5 more units or fully covered
substructure for prostheses involving
four or more units.
Table 2 — Recommended colour coding for the identification of type I dental ceramic powders
Material Colour coding

Dentine ceramic Pink
Enamel ceramic Blue
Fluorescent ceramic Yellow
Highly chromatic dentine ceramic Orange
Opalescent enamel ceramic Blue-green
Modifying enamel ceramic Purple
(e.g. translucent, clear)

ISO 6872:2015(E)

5 Requirements
5.1 Uniformity
The inorganic pigment(s) used to produce the colour of a fired dental ceramic and any organic colorants
(for colour coding) shall be uniformly dispersed throughout the dental ceramic material and in powdered
ceramic products, no segregation of the pigment(s) shall take place when the powder is mixed as in 7.1.3.
Check by visual inspection.
5.2 Freedom from extraneous materials
5.2.1 Dental ceramic materials shall be free from extraneous materials when assessed by visual inspection.
5.2.2 Dental ceramic materials shall not have an activity concentration of more than 1,0 Bq⋅g−1 of 238U.
Test in accordance with 7.2.2.
5.2.3 Any colorants used to colour code the ceramic powder, as per Table 2, are recommended to be food-
quality organic materials.
5.3 Mixing and condensation properties of type I ceramics

When mixed as in 7.1.3 with water or the modelling fluid recommended by the manufacturer, a dental
ceramic powder shall neither form lumps, nor granules, when assessed by visual inspection.
The paste formed shall be suitable for making the indicated restorations and prostheses by condensation
of successive layers. When the paste is(standards.iteh.ai)
condensed as in 7.1.4, it shall neither crack, nor crumble, when
assessed by visual inspection during drying.
ISO 6872:2015
5.4 Physical and chemical propertiesd38ec4fbbea5/iso-6872-2015
The physical and chemical properties of ceramic test specimens tested in accordance with the relevant
methods detailed for type I and type II ceramics in Clause 7 shall comply with the requirements
specified in Table 1. The coefficient of thermal expansion of the ceramics shall not deviate by more than
0,5 × 10−6 K−1 from the value stated by the manufacturer (see 8.2.2). The glass transition temperature of
the ceramics shall not deviate by more than 20 °C from the value stated by the manufacturer (see 8.2.2).
5.5 Biocompatibility
See the introduction for guidance on biocompatibility.
5.6 Shrinkage factor

The absolute accuracy of the shrinkage factor by which the dimensions of the partially sintered material
is to be divided as provided under 9.2.2 c) shall be ±0,002.
6 Sampling
6.1 Type I ceramics

Use retail packages from the same batch containing enough material to carry out the specified tests plus
an allowance for repeated tests, if necessary. Where there is more than one shade in a class of dental
ceramic, perform test with a colour/shade most commonly used. All of the materials tested shall be of
the same lot.

Iso-6872-2015 Dental Ceramics

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Iso-6872-2015 Dental Ceramics

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Iso-6872-2015 Dental Ceramics

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

INTERNATIONAL ISO

Dentistry — Ceramic materials

iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW

iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT

ii ﻿ © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved ﻿ iii

8.1.3 Type II ceramics............................................................................................................................................................. 16

iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW

iv ﻿ © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved ﻿ v

iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW

vi ﻿ © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

Dentistry — Ceramic materials

3 Terms and definitions

© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved ﻿ 1

2 ﻿ © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved ﻿ 3

4 Types, classes, and their identification

4 ﻿ © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

Class Recommended clinical indications Mechanical and chemical properties

Material Colour coding

© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved ﻿ 5

5.2 Freedom from extraneous materials

5.3 Mixing and condensation properties of type I ceramics

5.6 Shrinkage factor

6.1 Type I ceramics

6 ﻿ © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

You might also like

ii © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved iii

iv © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved v

vi © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved 1

2 © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved 3

4 © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved 5

6 © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved