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  ALGEBRA

Polynomial:……………………………………………… is a polynomial of degree………….

A linear Polynomial:……………………………………... is a polynomial of degree…………

A quadratic Polynomial:………………………………….. is a polynomial of degree………...

A cubic Polynomial:………………………………………. is a polynomial of degree………..

 Factorising a cubic polynomial

A. Sum and difference of two cubes

 Formula for sum :
 Formula for difference :

B. Grouping in pairs

 It is a factorising method that can be used when an expression has four or more terms
and then therefore terms can be grouped in pairs
 Positive sign must be in between the brackets

C. Solving cubic using synthetic method

 there must be four terms and if one term is missing you must use zero instead
 ensure you take a coefficient with the sign

i. The remainder theorem

 If a polynomial is divided by a linear polynomial , then the remainder is

 Firstly substitute and equate to the remainder

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 ii. The factor theorem

 If is a polynomial such as that ( ) , then is a factor of

 In factor theorem the remainder is zero

D. Solving cubic equations

 The standard form is:

 Let
 And you can use synthetic or inspection {smile method}

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  CALULUS
A. Average gradient

The average gradient between two points is the gradient of a straight line drawn between the
two points.

B. Gradient at a single point on a curve

 derivative is the gradient



C. Finding the derivative

 Finding the derivative from first principles

The derivative of a function is written as and is defined by:-----------------------

STEPS:

 make it a point that you copy the formula as it is in the formula sheet
 simply substitute where there is
 where there is a fraction you must find the LCD

D. Rules of derivative
 Finding the derivative using the rule for differentiating

Before you differentiate you might need to:

 Expand brackets because you have no rule for differentiate product.

 Rewrite terms which are square roots, cube roots, other roots as exponentials so that
you can use the rule.
 Rewrite terms which are fractions , so that you can use the power rule
 Take note of notation we use for the derivative

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 E. Conclusion

Uses of the derivative:

 To find the equation of a tangent line

 To locate stationary points
 To find where a maximum or minimum value occur
 To describe rates of change
 To draw cubic polynomials

F. Tangent Equation

a) Finding the equation of a tangent line

The slope of the tangent line to the graph at a point is equal to the derivative of the function at
that point. So to find the equation of the tangent line to at

 Take the derivative, and then

 Evaluate the derivative at i.e. to calculate to get the gradient of the
tangent line,
 calculate the y-value at i.e. calculate { point of contact}
 and lastly use the equation of the line:

b) Finding the unknown variables

 For two variables you need two points and hence equations
 For three variables you need to work with the first two variables and use one point for
remaining variable
 For eq 1:
 For eq 2: substitute the points of contact and if not given simple calculate
 Solve them simultaneously

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  CUBIC FUNCTION

 Finding the stationary points of a function

 When we are drawing the graph or looking for the max. or min. values of a function:
 it is useful to identify the turning points; these points are where the gradient of the
function is zero. We solve and substitute the x values into original equation
for the y values.

 Stationary points on a cubic function

There are 3 stationary points

 Local maximum
 Local minimum
 Inflection point

Take note:

Because solving can help us identify local max. or min. Points, we often use the
derivative in solving an applied problem where we need to find a max. or min. value.

 Sketching cubic function

a) Shape of the graph:

 : increase, decrease and increase

 : decrease, increase and decrease

b) Find intercepts:

 for the y-intercept by finding

 for the x-intercepts by finding where

Note:

 We first need to identify one factor using the factor theorem.

 The factor theorem says i and then is a factor of

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c) For the -value of the turning point:

 make
 solve for x
 For the y-value of the turning point substitute the x-value of turning point into the
original equation.

d) For the x-value of the point of inflection make:


 Average the x-value of turning points (midpoint formula)
 Average the x-intercepts of a curve

e) For the y-value:

 substitute the x-value to the original

 y-midpoint formula for turning points

NB: Show that the concavity of changes at

For:

 The graph changes from concave down to concave up at

For:

 The graph changes from concave up to concave down at

Note:

 Use the number line to calculate the concavity

 : concave up
 : concave down

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 f) Draw a neat sketch

Follow these steps:

 Indicate the axes, both x and y intercepts

 Indicate the turning points
 Consider the shape with max and min points

 Reading from the graph

 For which value(s) of x will:

a) {where the graph is increasing}

b) {where the graph is decreasing}

c) {where both graphs are above or below}

d) {One graph above and other one below the horizontal}

e) {above the horizontal}

f) {below the horizontal}

g) {x-value of a turning point}

h) {both graphs increasing}

i) {both graphs decreasing}

j) {graph is above and the distance is 1 unit}

k) {+ve x-value and +ve y-value or –ve x-value and –ve y-value}

l) {+ve y-value and the decreasing curve}

Key note:

 Remember to manipulate the new given equation into the original one
 Maximum and minimum values means the y values of the turning point

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  Reading y-value

For which value(s) of k will f(x) has:

 Only one real roots { horizontal line cuts the graph once}

 equal roots { horizontal line touches the turning points}

 Three distinct roots { horizontal line cuts the graph three times}

Note:

The line y = k + c has to intersect the graph f(x) at different places. Make sure the given
equation is derived to the original equation and make y the subject of the formula

 The transformation of cubic graph

a) Translation

It affects the turning points

1. Horizontal translation: f (x + c)

Then x-value(s) of the turning point is translated c unit left (-ve) or right (+ve)

2. Vertical translation: f (x) + q

Then y-value of turning point will be translated q unit up (+ve) or down (-ve)

b) The reflection

It can affect the whole equation and the turning points. The reflection about axes

The reflections are as follows:

 reflected across x-axis

 reflected across y-axis
 reflected about the line

c) The enlargement

 You simple multiply by the scale factor given

 Especial applies on the turning points

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 B. EQUATION OF CUBIC FUNCTIONS

 Finding the value of a, b, c, and d

i) 3- x-intercepts given, if

 Simple use:

ii) 3-x-intercepts and 1 point along the curve

 Simple use:

iii) Given only the turning point and or point

 derive and then substitute for two x –values of tuning point or

 substitute x and y direct to the equation

iv) Given the gradient of the tangent and one point

 and substitute given value of x { if not given equate the two equations}
 substitute x-value and y-value in and then solve simultaneously

Take note: Given y-intercept, automatically you have c-value or d-value

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 C. DERIVED GRAPH

 Parabola is a derivative of cubic graph

 Straight is the second derivative of cubic graph

 Given y = f’(x) for parabola

You must be able to find the following:

1. The equation of f’(x)

 if 3 points given: simple use

 if turning point and one point given: simple use:

2. The equation of f(x)

 you first need to derivative f(x)

 And then equate a with the value of a for both equation, and for b and c also
(equating co-efficient)
 lastly write the final equation

3. The stationary points

 average the x-intercepts of the graph or use the midpoint formula

 x-intercept of the parabola give us the turning point since f’(x) = 0

D.PROPERTIES GIVEN

Given properties

 If there is prime that indicate the turning points

 If there is no prime that indicate the axes
 indicate the increasing curve:
 indicate the decreasing curve:

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 E. APLICATION OF CALCULUS
 TO SHAPE

Note:

 Perimeter: is the sum of all sides

Rectangle:………………. Circle:……………….

 Area: is the product of two sides

Rectangle:………………. Circle:……………….

 Prism Volume : is the area base times height

Rectangle:……………… Cylinder:……………….

 Pyramid Volume: is one-third area of base times height

Rectangular pyramid:………. Cone:…………………..

 Surface area: is the sum of all faces

Rectangle:…………………… Cylinder:………………

 Diameter: is the line passing through the centre from circumference

Diameter: ………………… Radius:………………..

NB: you must be in the position to imagine the shape if it is not given

Key: To Application of Calculus

Maximum/ minimum/largest/smallest/at least/ at most and fixed etc. :

 Derive
 Let derivative be zero
 Solve
 Substitute into the original equation if necessary

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  TO GRAPH

You must recall the following:

 Distance/ length formula:……………………………

 Pythagoras formula:…………………………………

 Gradient formula:……………………………………

 Midpoint formula:……………………………………

 Line equation:………………………………………..

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  TO RATE

Rate:

 derive
 substitute with given value

At rest/ stationary/initial:

 time is zero
 velocity is zero

Flow of water:

 rate is flow in minus flow out

Rate of maximum:

 is the second derivative

Velocity/ speed:

 is the derivative of distance or displacement

Acceleration:

 is the derivative of velocity or second derivative of distance

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