REPORT LAB 4

THERMOCOUPLE

Class: CC10 / Group: 1 Lecturer’s comment

Full name: Student ID
1) Lê Bảo Thy 2153031
2) Bùi Nguyễn Hoàng Quân 2152912
3) Thái Hồng Lộc 2113973
4) Nguyễn Minh Trí 2152328
5) Trương Chí Đại 2052935

I. Aims/Purposes
- To get used to thermocouple (chromel-alumel) MC-897 electronic millivoltmeter to
determine the thermocouple constant.

II. Apparatus, Methods, and Procedure

a) Apparatus
- Thermocouple (chromel-alumel);
- Thermocouple holder;
- MC-897 electronic millivoltmeter;
- Two 250ml experiment glasses;
- Digital thermometer (-50 ÷ 150°C);
- Wine thermometer (0 ÷ 100°C);
- Boiler (220V - 300W);
- Digital multimeter 3,1/2 Digits
- Set of wires.
b) Methods
- Using indirect method. Measuring the temperature with the thermocouple then plot
the graph and calculate the time constant using the formula.
- There are two methods to determine the thermocouple constant.

c) Procedure
- Step 1:
+ Set the range for millivoltmeter mV at position 15.
+ Set the digital multimeter at the measurement range of 200mVDC.
+ Use a piece of wire to short circuit the positive and negative probes.
+ Press button K on the front and millivoltmeter mV starts. Turn sensitivity knob R
counterclockwise all the way left.
+ Turn knob "0" until the reading is 5mV on the electronic millivoltmeter, then read
the value of 𝑈𝑘đ on the digital multimeter to derive the amplification coefficient k
= 𝑈𝑘đ /5 mV. Afterward, repeat zeroing for milivoltmeter mV, disconnect the wire
from the positive and negative probes and connect it to the thermocouple.
 - Step 2:
+ Place the bulbs of two thermometers in the middle of boiler and experimental glass
at the same level as the connections of thermocouples .
+ Wait 4-5 minutes before monitoring and recording the temperature 𝑇1 on
thermometer in the boiler and temperature 𝑇2 on thermometer in the glass.
+ If 𝑇1 equals 𝑇2 , the milivoltmeter's mV pointer must point to 0.
- Step 3:
+ Connect the boiler to the 220V mains. Wait until the water in the boiler starts to
boil before unplugging the boiler and allowing the water to cool (avoid a quick cool
down).
+ Record the reading of 𝑈𝑘đ𝑖 on the digital multimeter for each value of 𝑇1 to compute
the thermal electromotive force E(n) and write it down. Repeat this procedure until
the temperature 𝑇1 falls below 40°C.
+ Note: When the range selector "RANGE" of millivoltmeter mV is set at X10 and
sensitivity knob R is turned all the way left, the maximum limit on millivoltmeter
mV is 15mV.
- Step 4:
Read and record the following data in Table 1:
+ The level of accuracy 𝛿𝑣 and the maximum value 𝑈𝑚 on the measurement range of
electronic.
+ milivoltmeter mV.
+ The level of accuracy 𝛿𝑣 and the maximum value 𝑈𝑚 on the measurement range
of digital.
+ milivoltmeter mV.
+ Accuracy ∆𝑇 of thermometers 3 and 4.

III. Equations
𝑈𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝑘=
𝑈𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑔
∆𝑘 ∆𝑈𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 ∆𝑈𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑔
= +
𝑘 𝑈𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑈𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑔
∆𝑈𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑔 = 𝛿𝑣 ∙ 𝑈𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 (𝑚𝑉)
∆𝑈𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝛿𝑣 ∙ 𝑈𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 + 𝑛𝛼 (𝑚𝑉)
𝑈𝑘đ 𝑖
𝐸𝑖 =
𝑘
∆𝐸𝑖 ∆𝑘 ∆𝑈𝑘đ 𝑖
= + = 𝜀𝑖
𝐸𝑖 𝑘 𝑈𝑘đ 𝑖
∆𝐸𝑖 = 𝜀𝑖 𝐸𝑖 (𝑚𝑉)
𝛥(𝑇1 – 𝑇2 ) = 𝛥𝑇1 + 𝛥𝑇2 (℃)
IV. Question
1. Present the structure of a thermocouple and the cause of thermal electromotive force
within a thermocouple.
Structure of a thermocouple:
- Measuring the junction: this is the most important part of the thermocouple. This
element will be made up of two essence rods with differing material structures that will
be welded together at one end.
- Thermocouple wires: the wire that connects the temperature sensing component to the
controller.
- Ceramic insulators: this is the ceramic insulator used to keep the thermocouple line
isolated along the entire length of the inquiry.
- Protective sheath: This is the thermocouple's exterior protective shell. For temperatures
of 1200 degrees Celsius or less, this shell is usually composed of stainless steel. This
shell is constructed of porcelain for thermocouples with a scale higher than 1200
degrees Celsius.
- Connection head: this part will contain the connection line of the thermocouple. When
we use thermocouple transformers, 4-20mA will be input then.

The cause of thermal electromotive force within a thermocouple.

As seen in the illustration below, A and B are two different cables that are joined to form
a junction in the circuit of a thermocouple. The Peltier electromotive force in the circuit is a
function of the temperatures of two junctions, and it's created when the temperatures of the two
junctions differ.
 Electrons transport heat and electricity. When one end of a copper wire is heated, electrons
move down the wire to the cooler end, resulting in a temperature gradient. The heat has been
transformed into energy. The same idea that V olta and Seebeck discovered also applies to
thermocouples.
When the temperature of the thermocouple's connections is the same, the junctions create
an equal and opposite EMF, and the current flow is zero. If the junctions have differing
temperatures, the EMF will not be zero, and current will flow through the circuit in the same
manner as heat does through copper wire.
The EMF in the thermocouple circuit is very small, measured in millivolts, therefore
detecting the generated electromotive force necessitates a highly sensitive instrument. Normally,
galvanometers and voltage balancing potentiometers are employed, with the potentiometer being
the most common.
Seebeck effect: The Seebeck effect occurs when two distinct or unlike essences are linked
at two junctions and an electromotive force is generated at the two junctions, which varies
depending on the essence.
Peltier effect: An electromotive force is generated in a circuit when two dissimilar metals
are joined to form two junctions due to the different temperatures of the two junctions of the circuit.

2. What factors does the magnitude of thermal electromotive force depend on? State
clearly the relation between thermal electromotive force E and the temperature
difference (T1 – T2) between the two junctions of a thermocouple.
Factors that influence the amount of thermal electromotive force include:
- The thermocouple is a part of the nature of metals.
- The difference in temperature between the hot and cold connectors.
- The relationship between the temperature differential and the thermal electromotive
force E.
- The link between temperature and electromotive force is monotonic and non-linear,
which means that when the battery's emf grows, temperature rises as well. It also does
 not mean that the emf is always rising. Every year, it does not rise at the same rate. The
aforementioned link between the battery's emf and the Gibbs free energy term may be
determined using the Gibbs Helmholtz equation.
∆𝐺 ∆𝑆
𝐸= =
𝑛𝑓 𝑑𝑇 × 𝑛𝑓
- The temperature affects the amount of current induced. A heated solenoid, for example,
will push/pull less electrons than a cool solenoid. In both circumstances, the emf
remains constant, as does the labor being done.

3. Why is sampling needed prior to the use of a thermocouple to measure temperature?

- The reference junction temperature has to be known to get an accurate absolute
temperature reading because the thermocouple is a discriminational device rather than an
absolute temperature dimension device.
- Reference junction compensation is the term for this procedure ( cold junction
compensation.)

4. Why is the cooling-down process instead of the heating-up process of the hot junction
selected to sample a thermocouple? Sampling a thermocouple is a process to investigate
the dependence of thermal electromotive force on the temperature difference between
the two junctions as denoted in equation 𝑬 = 𝑪(𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻𝟐 ).
- The thermocouple requests more heat because the heater is surrounded by a coking, or
insulating, layer of oil and the heat is not transmitting efficiently into the process. This causes
the heater to run hotter, raising the element temperature and adding to the coking layer, which
inhibits heat from entering the process and sets off a vicious cycle. A system failure is
unavoidable without a mechanism to recognize this condition.
- The millivoltmeter's resistance RV is significantly greater than the thermocouple's
internal resistance r, we can apply Ohm's law to a closed circuit and get:
𝐸 = 𝐼(𝑅𝑣 + 𝑟) ≈ 𝐼𝑅𝑣 = 𝑈𝑣
where I is the current intensity and Uv is the millivoltmeter value in millivolts (mV).
- Thus, we measure the equivalent value of thermal electromotive force E on
millivoltmeter mV for each value of temperature differential (T1 - T2) between the hot junction
(T1) and the cold junction (T2) of the thermocouple. As a result, we may build the
thermocouple sample graph and calculate the value of constant C.

5. Present how to determine thermocouple constant C using a graph to demonstrate the

dependence of thermal electromotive force on the temperature difference between the
two junctions of the thermocouple as denoted in equation 𝑬 = 𝑪(𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻𝟐 )?
- Prior to the appetite of a thermocouple, we've to sample the thermocouple; that is, we've
to probe the temperature range ( calculating on the thermocouple type) where thermal
electromotive force is linearly contingent on the temperature change between its two
corners. As a result, the graph symbolizes the function of is a member ( Figure 2).
- Constant C is counted as in Equation 2:
𝐸𝑛đ
𝐶= = 𝑡𝑔𝛼
𝑇1 − 𝑇2
 6. State clearly advantages of a thermocouple overa liquid thermometer(wine ormercury)
in temperature measurement.
- Unparalleled accuracy.
- Low-cost and extremely dependable.
- Temperature range: Thermocouples are capable of handling temperatures ranging from
cryogenics to jet engine exhaust. Depending on the metal wires used, a thermocouple may
monitor temperatures ranging from –200°C to +2500°C.
- Sturdy: Thermocouples are shock and vibration resistant, making them excellent for use
in hazardous environments.
- Because thermocouples are small and have a low thermal capacity, they respond fast to
temperature changes, especially if the sensing junction is exposed. They can react to rapidly
changing temperatures in a few hundred milliseconds.
- No self-heating: Thermocouples are naturally safe and do not self-heat because they do
not require excitation power.

V. Experimental data

Table 1 - Milivolt-meter mV: δν = 1.5%; Um = 15.0 (mV)

- Digital milivolt-meter mV: δν = 0.5%; n = 3, α = 1
- Alcohol thermometer: ΔT = 1 (℃)
- Digital thermometer: ΔT = 0.3 (℃)
Measurement/
T1 (℃) T1 – T2 Δ(T1 – T2) Ukđ (mV) Enđ (mV) ΔEnđ
T2 = 28 (℃)
1 95 67 1.3 152.6 5.09 0.300
2 90 62 1.3 132.4 4.41 0.260
3 85 57 1.3 119.3 3.98 0.239
4 80 52 1.3 105.2 3.51 0.211
5 75 47 1.3 96.2 3.21 0.193
6 70 42 1.3 84.7 2.82 0.170
7 65 37 1.3 74.9 2.50 0.153
8 60 32 1.3 67.7 2.26 0.138
9 55 27 1.3 58.4 1.95 0.121
10 50 22 1.3 48.1 1.60 0.101
11 45 17 1.3 39.8 1.33 0.086

VI. Calculating values and uncertainties

Amplifier coefficient:
𝑈𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 150
𝑘= = = 30
𝑈𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑔 50
∆𝑈𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝛿𝑣 ∙ 𝑈𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 + 𝑛𝛼 = 0.5% × 150 + 3 × 0.1 = 1.05 (𝑚𝑉)
∆𝑈𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑔 = 𝛿𝑣 ∙ 𝑈𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 1.5% × 15 = 0.225 (𝑚𝑉)
∆𝑘 ∆𝑈𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 ∆𝑈𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑔 1.05 0.225
= + = + = 0.052
𝑘 𝑈𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑈𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑔 150 5
=> ∆𝑘 = 0.052 × 𝑘 = 0.052 × 30 = 1.56

∆𝐸𝑖 ∆𝑘 ∆𝑈𝑘đ 𝑖
= + = 𝜀𝑖
𝐸𝑖 𝑘 𝑈𝑘đ 𝑖
∆𝐸1 ∆𝑘 ∆𝑈𝑘đ 1 0.5% × 152.6 + 3 × 0.1
= + = 0.052 + = 0.059
𝐸1 𝑘 𝑈𝑘đ 1 152.6
∆𝐸2 ∆𝑘 ∆𝑈𝑘đ 2 0.5% × 132.4 + 3 × 0.1
= + = 0.052 + = 0.059
𝐸2 𝑘 𝑈𝑘đ 2 132.4
∆𝐸3 ∆𝑘 ∆𝑈𝑘đ 3 0.5% × 119.3 + 3 × 0.1
= + = 0.052 + = 0.060
𝐸3 𝑘 𝑈𝑘đ 3 119.3
∆𝐸4 ∆𝑘 ∆𝑈𝑘đ 4 0.5% × 105.2 + 3 × 0.1
= + = 0.052 + = 0.060
𝐸4 𝑘 𝑈𝑘đ 4 105.2
∆𝐸5 ∆𝑘 ∆𝑈𝑘đ 6 0.5% × 96.2 + 3 × 0.1
= + = 0.052 + = 0.060
𝐸5 𝑘 𝑈𝑘đ 6 96.2
∆𝐸6 ∆𝑘 ∆𝑈𝑘đ 6 0.5% × 84.7 + 3 × 0.1
= + = 0.052 + = 0.061
𝐸6 𝑘 𝑈𝑘đ 6 84.7
∆𝐸7 ∆𝑘 ∆𝑈𝑘đ 7 0.5% × 74.9 + 3 × 0.1
= + = 0.052 + = 0.061
𝐸7 𝑘 𝑈𝑘đ 7 74.9
∆𝐸8 ∆𝑘 ∆𝑈𝑘đ 8 0.5% × 67.7 + 3 × 0.1
= + = 0.052 + = 0.061
𝐸8 𝑘 𝑈𝑘đ 8 67.7
∆𝐸9 ∆𝑘 ∆𝑈𝑘đ 9 0.5% × 58.4 + 3 × 0.1
= + = 0.052 + = 0.062
𝐸9 𝑘 𝑈𝑘đ 9 58.4
∆𝐸10 ∆𝑘 ∆𝑈𝑘đ 10 0.5% × 48.1 + 3 × 0.1
= + = 0.052 + = 0.063
𝐸10 𝑘 𝑈𝑘đ 10 48.1
∆𝐸11 ∆𝑘 ∆𝑈𝑘đ1 1 0.5% × 39.8 + 3 × 0.1
= + = 0.052 + = 0.065
𝐸11 𝑘 𝑈𝑘đ 11 39.8

∆𝐸𝑖 = 𝜀𝑖 𝐸𝑖 (𝑚𝑉)
∆𝐸𝑛đ1 = 𝜀1 . 𝐸𝑛đ1 = 0.059 × 5,09 = 0.300 (𝑚𝑉)
∆𝐸𝑛đ2 = 𝜀2 . 𝐸𝑛đ2 = 0.059 × 4,41 = 0.260 (𝑚𝑉)
∆𝐸𝑛đ3 = 𝜀3 . 𝐸𝑛đ3 = 0.060 × 3.98 = 0.239 (𝑚𝑉)
∆𝐸𝑛đ4 = 𝜀4 . 𝐸𝑛đ4 = 0.060 × 3.51 = 0.211 (𝑚𝑉)
∆𝐸𝑛đ5 = 𝜀5 . 𝐸𝑛đ5 = 0.060 × 3.21 = 0.193 (𝑚𝑉)
∆𝐸𝑛đ6 = 𝜀6 . 𝐸𝑛đ6 = 0.061 × 2.82 = 0.170 (𝑚𝑉)
∆𝐸𝑛đ7 = 𝜀7 . 𝐸𝑛đ7 = 0.061 × 2.50 = 0.153 (𝑚𝑉)
∆𝐸𝑛đ8 = 𝜀8 . 𝐸𝑛đ8 = 0.061 × 2.26 = 0.138 (𝑚𝑉)
∆𝐸𝑛đ9 = 𝜀9 . 𝐸𝑛đ9 = 0.062 × 1.95 = 0.121 (𝑚𝑉)
∆𝐸𝑛đ10 = 𝜀10 . 𝐸𝑛đ10 = 0.063 × 1.60 = 0.101 (𝑚𝑉)
∆𝐸𝑛đ11 = 𝜀11 . 𝐸𝑛đ11 = 0.065 × 1.33 = 0.086 (𝑚𝑉)
Δ(𝑇1 – 𝑇2 ) = Δ𝑇1 + Δ𝑇2 = 1.0 + 0.3 = 1.3 (℃)

Plot the graph of 𝐸 = 𝐶 (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 ) on a graph paper with scale: horizontal axis: 5℃/𝑐𝑚;
vertical axis: 0.5𝑚𝑉/𝑐𝑚

6
5.09
5
4.41
3.98
4 3.51
3.21
2.82
Enđ

3 2.5
2.26
1.95
2 1.6
1.33

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
T1-T2 (℃)

Note:
- One point on the graph corresponds to one pair of 𝐸 and 𝑇 = (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 ) in Table 1. The
error bars are represented by an error rectangle with its sides being 2𝛥𝑇 and 2𝛥𝐸.
- The graph must be a continuous and sharp line such that the centers of the error rectangles
distribute equally on both sides of the line.
Determination of the thermocouple constant:
There are two methods to determine the thermocouple constant.

Method 1
In the working range of temperature, let the graph representing the function 𝐸 = 𝐶 (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )
like the segment OA as shown in Figure Lab 4-4.

Figure Lab 4.4: Example graph

Then, the average 𝐶 and the absolute error ∆𝐶 of constant 𝐶 are calculated as follows:
∑𝑛𝑖=1(𝑇1𝑖 − 𝑇2 )𝐸𝑖 1568.42 𝑚𝑉
𝐶= 𝑛 = = 0.071 ( )
∑𝑖=1(𝑇1𝑖 − 𝑇2 ) 2 22154 °𝐶

𝜉𝑛đ1 = 𝐶̅ (𝑇11 − 𝑇2 ) = 0.071 × 67 = 4.757

𝜉𝑛đ2 = 𝐶̅ (𝑇12 − 𝑇2 ) = 0.071 × 62 = 4.402
𝜉𝑛đ3 = 𝐶̅ (𝑇13 − 𝑇2 ) = 0.071 × 57 = 4.047
𝜉𝑛đ4 = 𝐶̅ (𝑇14 − 𝑇2 ) = 0.071 × 52 = 3.692
𝜉𝑛đ5 = 𝐶̅ (𝑇15 − 𝑇2 ) = 0.071 × 47 = 3.337
𝜉𝑛đ6 = 𝐶̅ (𝑇16 − 𝑇2 ) = 0.071 × 42 = 2.982
𝜉𝑛đ7 = 𝐶̅ (𝑇17 − 𝑇2 ) = 0.071 × 37 = 2.627
𝜉𝑛đ8 = 𝐶̅ (𝑇18 − 𝑇2 ) = 0.071 × 32 = 2.272
𝜉𝑛đ9 = 𝐶̅ (𝑇19 − 𝑇2 ) = 0.071 × 27 = 1.917
𝜉𝑛đ10 = 𝐶̅ (𝑇110 − 𝑇2 ) = 0.071 × 22 = 1.562
𝜉𝑛đ11 = 𝐶̅ (𝑇111 − 𝑇2 ) = 0.071 × 17 = 1.207

1 𝑛 1
𝑆2 = ∑ (𝐸𝑛đ𝑖 − 𝜉𝑛đ𝑖 )2 = × 0.225 = 0.023
𝑛 − 1 𝑖=1 10
𝑆2 0.023
(∆𝐶)2 = 𝑛 = = 1.038x10−6
∑𝑖=1(𝑇1𝑖 − 𝑇2 )2 22154
=> ∆𝐶 = 0.0010

Result:
𝑚𝑉
𝐶 = 𝐶 ± ∆𝐶 = 0.071 ± 0.0010 ( )
℃

Method 2
Calculation of 𝐶
Let α be the tilt angle of segment OA as in Figure Lab 4-4 with respect to the horizontal axis,
we have:
152.6
𝐾𝑦 ∙ 𝐴𝐻 30 = 0.076 (𝑚𝑉 )
𝐶 = 𝑡𝑔𝛼 = =
𝐾𝑥 ∙ 𝐴𝐻 67 ℃
Calculation of error ΔC
Applying differential, we obtain:
𝑑𝛼
𝑑𝐶 = 𝑑(𝑡𝑔𝛼) = = (1 + 𝑡𝑔2 𝛼)𝑑𝛼
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼
Since 𝐶 2 = 𝑡𝑔2 𝛼 ≪ 1, we have:
 ∆𝐶 = (1 + 𝐶 2 )∆𝛼 = ∆𝛼
Here, we can consider ∆𝛼 as the angle between two lines starting from origin O and going
through the two endpoints of the error segment 2∆𝐸. ∆𝛼 is approximated as denoted as:
2∆𝐸
∆𝐶 ≈ ∆𝛼 =
𝑂𝐴

√ 2 2 152.6 2
√
𝑂𝐴 = 𝐴𝐻 + 𝑂𝐻 = ( ) + 672 = 67.193
30
2∆𝐸 = 2 × 0.300 = 0.600
Thus, according to equation 4, we obtain:
2∆𝐸 0.600
∆𝐶 ≈ ∆𝛼 = = = 0.009
𝑂𝐴 67.193
Result:
𝑚𝑉
𝐶 = 𝐶 ± ∆𝐶 = 0.076 ± 0.009 ( )
℃

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

EXTRA LAB 4:
CASSY LAB GUIDE

Figure Lab 4.5: Experimental setup

Figure Lab 4.5 shows the experimental setup using CASSY LAB system. The procedure for
determining the thermocouple constant is as following steps:
 1. Step 1: Click icon CASSY LAB on the desktop→ choose Setting board → select CASSY
tab → click on UA1

Figure Lab 4.6: Settings menu

Note: After connecting CASSY LAB to the computer, this red cross will disappear.
2. Step 2: “Sensor input settings” board: Select the parameters as
• Quantity: Choose Voltage UA1
• Zero point: Choose Left
• Meas. Range: 0 – 0.3V
• Record Measured Value: Choose Instantaneous Values
🡪 Close

Figure Lab 4.7: Sensor input settings menu

3. Step 3: “Measuring Parameters” board: Select the parameters as

• Choose Manual Recording
• Close
 Figure Lab 4-8: Measuring parameter setting
4. Step 4: “Setting” board: Select the parameters as
• Choose “Parameter/Formula/FFT” tab 🡪 Select Quantity
🡪 Choose New Quantity
🡪 Choose “Formula (time, date, n, t, UA1, old=”
🡪 Enter the formula: 35+5*(n-1) if T2 = 35℃
🡪 Symbol: Enter T
🡪 Unit: Enter oC

Figure Lab 4.9: Settings menu / Parameters tab

5. Step 5: “Display” tab, select Display: Display

• X-axis: Choose T
• Y-axis: Choose UA1
 Figure Lab 4.10: Settings menu / Display tab

6. Step 6: Click on the main screen of CASSY LAB to draw the graph. Turn on the kettle of
the experiment. At 35℃ press F9 on the keyboard, and press F9 while the thermometer shows an
increment of 5℃until the temperature reach 95℃. Turn off the kettle.

Figure Lab 4.11: Press F9 on the keyboard when the thermometer shows an increment of 5℃

Figure Lab 4.12: Graph displays measurement results from 35℃ to 95℃
 7. Step 7: On the main screen of CASSY LAB, right-click
• Choose Fit Function 🡪 Choose Best-fit straight line

Figure Lab 4.13: Best fit straight line menu

Left click, click and drag from the beginning to the end of the graph, then we get the best
line.
8. Step 8: Record the slope A and intercept B

Figure 4.14: Record the slope A and intercept B

Get the data A, B (Figure 17) that is shown on the left corner of the screen Cassy LAB.
Depend on the experiment step 3.1. We calculate the constant thermocouple.

The results: (C = A/k)

- Method 1:

C = C  C = 0.071 ± 0.001 (𝑚𝑉 )

℃

- Method 2:

C = C  C = 0.076 ± 0.009 (𝑚𝑉 )

℃