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Mat 211

1. The document defines several number systems including the natural numbers N, integers Z, rational numbers Q, and real numbers R. 2. It provides properties of number systems such as commutativity, associativity, and distributivity. 3. Euler's number e is defined as the limit of (1 + 1/n)^n as n approaches infinity. Its value can be represented as an infinite series.

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25 views2 pages

Mat 211

1. The document defines several number systems including the natural numbers N, integers Z, rational numbers Q, and real numbers R. 2. It provides properties of number systems such as commutativity, associativity, and distributivity. 3. Euler's number e is defined as the limit of (1 + 1/n)^n as n approaches infinity. Its value can be represented as an infinite series.

Uploaded by

tolupeterajibola
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
Download as docx, pdf, or txt
Download as docx, pdf, or txt
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MAT 211

NUMBER SYSTEMS
(
N ( Natural ,ints >0 ) ⊂ Z ( ints ) ⊂ Q Rational , w .i . t . f
p
q )
, where p , q ∈ Z , q ≠ 0 ⊂ R ( Real ) .

Q ( irrational , non−repitive recurring decimals , like the √ x , x ∈ Prime Numbers ) ⊂ R


'

PROPERTIES OF THE RNS


1. Commutative → ab=ba
2. Associative → ( ab ) c=a ( bc )
3. Distributive → a ( b +c )=ab +ac
4. There ∃numbers 0∧1 , such that the operated number is returned
a∧1
5. There ∃− , such that 0∧1 are returned
a
EULER NUMBER (e)

[ ( )]
n x

( )
n n
1 1 xn x x2 xn
Definition :e= 1+ as n → ∞e x = lim 1+ =∑ =1+ + + + … ,−∞ < x <∞
n n →∞ n n=0 n! 1! 2 ! n!

Proof :e =(1+ ) ,n → ∞
nx
1
x
n
2 3
nna n ( n−1 ) a n ( n−1 ) ( n−2 ) a
Recall the binomial theorem: ( 1+ a ) =1+ + + +…
1! 2! 3!

( ) ()
3
1 nx 1 nx ( nx−1 ) 1 n ( n−1 ) ( n−2 ) a 1
By comparison , e x = 1+ , n → ∞=1+nx + ∙ 2+ ∙ 3 +…
n n 2 n 3! n
( ) 2 2
nx nx −1 1 n x −nx n x 2 2
nx x
2
x x x x
∙ 2= 2
= 2 − 2 = − , at n=∞ , = = ∙ 0=0
2 n 2n 2n 2n 2 2 n 2 n 1 2
2∙
0
nx ( nx −1 ) 1 x 2
Therefore ∙ 2 = Do the same with3 , if not specifically asked ¿ do ¿ a certain x n .
2 n 2

TRIANGLE INEQUALITIES
|x + y|≤|x|+| y||x− y|≥|x|−¿ y∨¿
MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION:
Principle:

Let ∃ S ⊂ N , with these properties :1 ∈ S∧∀ k ∈ N ,if k ∈ S , thenk + 1∈ S . Then S=N

Parts:

 Prove truth for one/more elements


 Assume truth for any given element (k)
 Prove that it is true for the next highest element (k+1)
CONVERGENCE
A sequence of real numbers is a function ¿ the set of natural numbers ¿ the set of real numbers .
A Sequence ( Sn ) converges ¿ L ( limit ) , if for every ε >0 , ∃∫ N ∋

|S n−L|<ε if n ≥ N
Proving Convergence
Input the values of S n∧L Reduce ¿ lowest terms Relate ¿ a singular n(not added ¿a constant )

( 2n+1 ) , L=2|2n+1 −2|< ε| |=| |=| |


n+1 n+1 ( 2 n+1−2 n−2 ) −1 1 1 1
E . g .: Sn = < <ε → n>
n+1 n+1 n+1 n ε
−1
N (ε)= Hence the S n converges ¿ 2
ε

Monotone increasing :S n+ 1 ≥ S n Monotone decreasing :S n+ 1 ≤ S n

Cauchy Sequences
∀ ε > 0 ,∃ H ( ε ) ∈ N ∋ ∀ n , m≥ H ,n , m ∈ N ,|x n−x m|< ε All cauchy sequences are convergent .
ε
Proof : Suppose lim S n=s∧ε > 0 ,by ≝, there is an∫ N ∋|Sr −S|< if r ≥ N Therefore :
n→∞ 2
ε ε
|S n−S m|=|S n−S+ S−Sm|=|( Sn −S ) + ( S−S m )|≤|S n−S|+|S−S m|< 2 + 2 =ε , if m , n≥ 1
Proving a sequence is Cauchy:

{1n },let ε> 0 . N ∈ N → N1 < 2ε . If n , m> N →|1n − m1 |≤ 1n + m1 ≤ 2ε + 2ε =ε


Bounded Sequences
Sn is bounded above if ∃ A ∈ R ∋ S n ≤ A ∀ n .is bounded below if ∃ B ∈ R ∋ S n ≥ B ∀ n

Show that a convergent seq. is bounded:

If S n is convergent →|S n−l|< ε→ S n−l<ε ∨−( Sn −l ) <ε→ S n <ε +l∨S n >l−ε


As S n <l+ ε →∃ A ∈ R ∋ S n ≤ A , ∀ n , A=l+ ε¿ as S n> l−ε → ∃ B∈ R ∋ Sn ≥ B , ∀ n , B=l−ε

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