Experiment no: 1

Electronic components

1. Active components
2. 2.Passive components

Active components:

An active component is an electronic component which supplies energy to a circuit.

It can control the flow of current.

They are energy donor.

Examples: Diode, Transistor, SCR, ICs, DC generator, Current & Voltage sources etc.

Passive components:

A passive component is an electronic component which can only receive energy, which it can either
dissipate, absorb or store it in an electric field or a magnetic field. Passive elements do not need any form of
electrical power to operate.

It cannot control the flow of the current.

They are energy acceptor

Examples:

 Resistors

 Inductors

 Capacitors

 Transformers

Impedance:

Impedance is a combination of resistance and reactance. It is essentially anything and

everything that obstructs the flow of electrons within an electrical circuit.

Z=R+jX
Where reactance X is a combination of Inductive XL and capacitive XC

X = X L + XC

Resistor: Resistor is defined as A passive electrical component with two terminals that are used for
either limiting or regulating the flow of electric current in electrical.

The main purpose of resistor is to reduce the current flow and to lower the voltage in any
particular portion of the circuit. It is made of copper wires which are coiled around a ceramic rod
and the outer part of the resistor is coated with an insulating paint.

The SI unit of resistor is Ohm.

Importance

Resistance is also important in many other electrical devices, such as electric motors, heating
elements, and electronic components. In each case, the resistance of the device helps to regulate
the flow of current and ensure that it operates safely and efficiently.

Resistors in Series

Resistors are said to be in series when the current flowing through all the resistors is the same.
These resistors are connected from head to tail in series. The overall resistance of the circuit is
equal to the sum of individual resistance values.

Formula: Rtotal = R1 + R2 + R3 +……+Rn

Resistors in Parallel

Resistors are said to be in parallel when the terminals of resistors are connected to the same two
nodes. Resistors in parallel share the same voltage at their terminals.

Formula: 1/Rt = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 +

Inductor:

Inductors, much like conductors and resistors, are simple components that are used
in electronic devices to carry out specific functions. Normally, inductors are coil-like structures
that are found in electronic circuits. The coil is an insulated wire that is looped around the central
core.
Inductors in Series

When the inductors are chained together in a straight line or when they are connected end to end,
then the inductors are said to be in a series connection. We know that when resistors are
connected in series, their effective resistance increases.

Capacitor:

A capacitor is a two-terminal electrical device that can store energy in the form of an electric
charge. It consists of two electrical conductors that are separated by a distance. The space
between the conductors may be filled by vacuum or with an insulating material known as a
dielectric. The ability of the capacitor to store charges is known as capacitance.

Formula: C=QV

AC Voltage Source Applied Across a Capacitor:

Let us consider the electric circuit shown below. We have a capacitor and an AC voltage V,
represented by the symbol ~, that produces a potential difference across its terminals that varies
sinusoidal. Here, the potential difference or the AC voltage can be given as,

Here, vm is the amplitude of the oscillating potential difference and the angular frequency is
given by ω. The current through the resistor due to the present voltage source can be calculated
using the Kirchhoff’s loop rule

Transformer:

The transformer, in a simple way, can be described as a device that steps up or steps down
voltage. In a step-up transformer, the output voltage is increased, and in a step-down transformer,
the output voltage is decreased. The step-up transformer will decrease the output current, and the
step-down transformer will increase the output current to keep the input and output power of the
system equal.

Transformer Types

Transformers are used in various fields like power generation grid,

distribution sector, transmission and electric energy consumption. There are various types of
transformers which are classified based on the following factors:

 Working voltage range

 The medium used in the core

 Winding arrangement

 Installation location
Formula: Vp/Vs = Np/Ns

Diode:

A diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts electricity primarily in one

direction. It has high resistance on one end and low resistance on the other end. In this article, let
us understand in detail about what is diode and diode symbol.

Diode Construction

Diodes can be made of either of the two semiconductor materials,

silicon and germanium. When the anode voltage is more positive than the cathode voltage, the
diode is said to be forward-biased, and it conducts readily with a relatively low-voltage drop.
Likewise, when the cathode voltage is more positive than the anode, the diode is said to be
reverse-biased. The arrow in the diode symbol represents the direction of conventional current
flow when the diode conducts.

CALIBRATION:

Instrument calibration is one of the primary processes used to maintain

instrument accuracy. Calibration is the process of configuring an instrument to provide a
result for a sample within an acceptable range. Eliminating or minimizing factors that cause
inaccurate measurements is a fundamental aspect of instrumentation design. Instrument
calibration is one of the primary processes used to maintain instrument accuracy. Calibration
is the process of configuring an instrument to provide a result for a sample within an
acceptable range. Eliminating or minimizing factors that cause inaccurate measurements is a
fundamental aspect of instrumentation design.

Safety precautions

Working with electricity can be dangerous, so it’s important to take safety precautions to protect
yourself and others. Here are some other safety tips to keep in mind when working with
electricity:

1. Always turn off the power source before starting any electrical work. This includes turning
off the circuit breaker or unplugging the device.
2. Wear personal protective equipment (PPE) such as safety glasses, rubber gloves, and non-
conductive shoes.
3. Use tools that are specifically designed for electrical work and ensure they are in good
condition.
4. Avoid working in wet or damp conditions or with wet hands.
5. Do not touch electrical parts or wires with bare hands, use tools or gloves instead.
6. Keep your work area clean and free from any flammable or combustible materials.
7. Always follow proper wiring procedures, and use proper insulation techniques.
8. Do not work on live circuits, even if you are experienced.
9. Make sure that any electrical work is done according to local codes and regulations.If you
are unsure of what to do, consult with a qualified electrician or seek professional advice.
10. If you are unsure of what to do, consult with a qualified electrician or seek professional
advice.

Remember, working with electricity can be dangerous, so always take the necessary precautions
to keep yourself and others safe.