This document discusses different types of nouns in English including proper nouns, common nouns, and compound nouns. Proper nouns name specific people, places, or things and are always capitalized. Common nouns are generic names for people, places, or things and are not capitalized unless starting a sentence or in a title. Compound nouns are made up of two or more words and can take closed, open, or hyphenated forms. The document provides many examples of different types of nouns and guidelines for forming compound nouns.
This document discusses different types of nouns in English including proper nouns, common nouns, and compound nouns. Proper nouns name specific people, places, or things and are always capitalized. Common nouns are generic names for people, places, or things and are not capitalized unless starting a sentence or in a title. Compound nouns are made up of two or more words and can take closed, open, or hyphenated forms. The document provides many examples of different types of nouns and guidelines for forming compound nouns.
This document discusses different types of nouns in English including proper nouns, common nouns, and compound nouns. Proper nouns name specific people, places, or things and are always capitalized. Common nouns are generic names for people, places, or things and are not capitalized unless starting a sentence or in a title. Compound nouns are made up of two or more words and can take closed, open, or hyphenated forms. The document provides many examples of different types of nouns and guidelines for forming compound nouns.
This document discusses different types of nouns in English including proper nouns, common nouns, and compound nouns. Proper nouns name specific people, places, or things and are always capitalized. Common nouns are generic names for people, places, or things and are not capitalized unless starting a sentence or in a title. Compound nouns are made up of two or more words and can take closed, open, or hyphenated forms. The document provides many examples of different types of nouns and guidelines for forming compound nouns.
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English 100
(Types of Nouns)
*Noun- is a word that names something: Examples:
either a person, an animal place, thing or *Agatha Christie wrote many books. an event. *Cleopatra is the cutest kitten ever. *Proper Noun-A proper noun is a specific name for a particular person, * Let’s go to San Francisco. place, or thing. Proper nouns are always * Mr. Bell seems to understand what capitalized in English, no matter where students need. they fall in a sentence. Because they endow nouns with a specific name, they are also *He never goes anywhere without Sarah. sometimes called proper names. *There are many important documents at *Proper Nouns with Examples: The Library of Congress.
*Zeus *Common Nouns- A common noun is
the generic name for a person, place, or *Taj Mahal thing in a class or group. A common noun *Jupiter is not capitalized unless it either begins a sentence or appears in a title. *Australia Examples: girl, beach, pencil *Plesiosaur *I really want a new pair of jeans. *Loch Ness Montser *I wish I could remember the name of that *Santa Claus painter. *Titanic *They’re all waiting for us at the *The Bible restaurant.
*King Charles I *I really want to live in the city.
*Bayeux Tapestry *Let’s go to watch a live game at the
stadium. *A proper noun, names a noun precisely. Example: *Compound Noun- A compound noun is a noun made up of two or more words. *Jupiter Each word makes up part of the meaning of the noun. *Iloilo Doctors’ College *Most compound nouns contain at least one *Cynthia noun. Of course, this isn't universally true, *War and Peace given words like takeoff, but it's a good point for consideration. The other word or * Sony words used to create compound nouns may *Mahogany be adjectives, prepositions, or verbs. The second word is often the "main" word, with *Hyphenated Form-These compound the first word modifying it or adding to its nouns connect two or more words with one meaning. or more hyphens between them. *Close Form-These compound nouns Examples include six-pack, five-year-old, simply push two words together to form a and son-in-law. single word, with no additional punctuation *My mother-in-law is coming for a visit. or spaces. *Some over-the-counter drugs can have Examples include softball, redhead, and serious side effects. keyboard. *In hyphenated words, usually the "s" goes *Compound nouns with single at the end of the noun, as in: word/closed form: *daughters-in-law *I love watching fireflies on warm summer *mayors-elect nights. *Sometimes the "s" is at the end, as in : *We played softball yesterday. *go-betweens *Open Form-These are compound nouns that function as one unique word, but are *higher-ups still written as two or more separate words, with a space between each *When a compound noun is a single word, component. make it plural by adding s to the end. If the compound noun is hyphenated or composed Examples include post office, middle class, of two separate words, remember to add s and attorney general. only to the word that is plural. *Compound nouns with two words/ Open one mother-in-law ⇒ two mothers-in-law Form: (There are two mothers, not two laws.) *Let’s just wait at this bus stop. *two mothers-in-law *Let’s watch the full moon come up over one director general ⇒ two directors general the mountain. (There are two directors, not two generals.) *Be sure to add bleach to the washing *two directors general machine. *Compound nouns can be written three *In the open form, to make it plural the "s" ways: is often added to the noun, as in: *bills of fare, *assistant secretaries of state *notaries public *full moons *noun/preposition: love-in, hanger on, passer-by (During the 1960s, a love-in was a form of peaceful protest.) *noun/verb: haircut, snowfall, photo shoot (Go get a haircut before the photo shoot.) *preposition/noun: underworld, bystander, afterlife (Many mythologies feature an *Note: Two-word proper nouns can also underworld.) be classified as compound nouns. *preposition/verb: output, backbone, Remember that proper nouns name specific overthrow (The CEO wanted to increase her people, places, and things. factory's output of new products.) Example: *verb/noun: swimming pool, breakwater, *Angkor Wat washing machine (I can't wait to dive into that swimming pool.) *Atlantic Ocean *verb/preposition: takeout, check-in, *Eiffel Tower drawback (Let's order takeout for dinner.) *Nelson Mandela *The rules on whether to use a hyphen, a *The best way to try to make some sense of space, or nothing between the words in a this complex member of the English compound noun are inconsistent. In other language is to get a sense of how compound words, some exist in all three forms (rare), nouns are formed. some exist in two forms (common), and some exist is just one form (most common). *List of examples in groups that indicates the parts of speech that make up each compound noun. *adjective/adjective: red-orange, turquoise blue, golden yellow (Red-orange is one of this year's most popular colors.) *adjective/noun: blackboard, full moon, *some guidelines on whether to hyphenate a top hat (The teacher needed help erasing the compound noun or whether to write it as one blackboard.) word or two.
*adjective/verb: dry-cleaning, public *Use a Hyphen to Speed Up Reading:
speaking, wet sanding (Be sure to pick up If the one-word version exists, use it. If the dry-cleaning on your way home.) you're unsure whether to use the two-word *noun/noun: toothpaste, wallpaper, fish version or the hyphenated version, then opt tank (Toothpaste now comes in many for the hyphenated version. Joining the flavors.) words in a compound noun with a hyphen(s) is useful to show that the words are the same grammatical entity. It speeds up reading. *noun + gerund Compound nouns with prepositions are Examples: ballet dancing, mountain nearly always hyphenated because it climbing, copy-editing, care-giving, prevents the prepositions being read as bookkeeping different grammatical entities. Guidance: Usually two words but *Use Your Spellchecker Carefully: frequently hyphenated or rarely one word It's a good idea to test for the one-word *one-syllable noun + [do-er] version with a spellchecker or a dictionary. Note that you can't test the hyphenated Examples: bookmaker, stock taker, version or multiple-word version with a caregiver, cabdriver, winemaker, frame- spellchecker because it will test the spelling maker, of each word (even with the hyphenated version). In other words, if you check "pick- Guidance: Usually one word but pocket" or "pick pocket" (which should be occasionally hyphenated "pickpocket"), your spellchecker will not *two-or-more-syllable noun + [do-er] highlight it as an error. Examples: cabinet-maker, barrel-maker, *More Specific Guidance on Hyphenating a potato grower, chicken farmer, pheasant Compound Noun plucker Here is some more specific guidance on Guidance: Usually hyphenated but whether to hyphenate a compound noun. frequently two words Notice that none of the guidance gives a *noun+ [non-principal words]+ noun definitive rule. There are always exceptions. Examples: daughter-in-law, jack-of-all- *noun + noun trades, mother-of-pearl, birds-of-prey, son- Examples: cowboy, toothpaste, rainforest, of-a-gun sunflower, eyeball, bus stop Guidance: Usually hyphenated Guidance: Usually one word but frequently *verb+ preposition two Examples: make-up, sign-off, take-out, *noun + verb check-in, build-up Examples: haircut, rainfall, snowfall, photo Guidance: Nearly always hyphenated shoot *verb-ing (participle) + noun Guidance: Usually one word but sometimes two Examples: flying saucer, washing machine, swimming pool, running shoes, cooking-oil *noun + preposition Guidance: Nearly always two words but Examples: passer-by, hanger-on sometimes hyphenated to eliminate Guidance: Nearly always hyphenated ambiguity Examples: input, uproar, underpass, output, undercut Guidance: Nearly always one word *preposition + noun Examples: underworld, underground, *Compound Nouns as Compound outpatient, afterlife, offspring Adjectives- This is a key point. If your Guidance: Nearly always one word multi-word compound noun is being used as an adjective to describe another noun, then *adjective + noun hyphenate it (regardless of whether it is Examples: black market, red tape, free will, usually hyphenated or not). For example: full moon, blackboard, greenhouse, highway Guidance: Usually two words but sometimes two *Use a Hyphen to Eliminate Ambiguity You should use a hyphen to eliminate ambiguity or to prevent a reading stutter. Ambiguity or a reader stutter (when readers check back to ensure they've understood the meaning) can occur when the first word of the pairing is a substance (e.g., "water" or "ink"). For *Collective Noun-are names for a example: collection or a number of people or things. *some examples of common collective nouns: *People: board, choir, class, committee, family, group, jury, panel, staff. *Animals: school, flock, herd, pod, swarm *Things: bunch, collection, fleet, flotilla, pack, set.
*Also, when the first word of the pairing
ends "ing" (i.e., when it's a present participle), a hyphen helps to avoid reading stutter. For example: *Examples: *Examples of Concrete Nouns in a Sentence: *The house at the end of the street belongs * Our class took a field trip to the natural to Mark. history museum. *Where did I leave my book about little *The herd of bison ran across the prairie, brown bats? leaving a massive dust cloud in its wake. * I left my backpack on the bus, so Mr. *This year’s basketball team includes three Smith, our driver, had to bring it to my players who are over six feet tall. classroom. * Napoleon’s army was finally defeated at Waterloo. *Abstract Noun- refers to intangible things, like actions, feelings, ideals, *Concrete Noun- is a noun that you can concepts and qualities. see, hear, smell, touch, and taste. Examples: Favorite, bravery, childhood, anger, friendship Example: clarity, beauty, chaos, despair, bravery, crime, grief, brilliance, victory, happiness, brutality, wealth. *I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed.“ * Love is patient; Love is kind *There is a certain enthusiasm in liberty that makes human nature rise above itself, in acts of bravery and heroism. *Material Noum-refers to a material or substance from which things are made such as silver, gold, iron, cotton, diamond and plastic. *She has three dogs. *I own a house. *I would like two books please.
*Uncountable Noun-are for the things
that we cannot count with numbers. *Uncountable nouns are used with a singular verb. They usually do not have a plural form.
*The use of coal has decreased over the
years. *Copper is a good conductor of electricity. * Calcium is good for bones. *He is wearing a cotton shirt. *We wear clothes made up of wool in the winter. *My father has a shop for diamonds.
*Countable Noun-are for things we can
count using numbers. *The singular form can use the determiner "a" or "an".
*They may be the names for abstract ideas
or qualities or for physical objects that are too small or too amorphous to be counted (liquids, powders, gases, etc.). Examples: tea, sugar, water ,air, rice, sand, salt, paint *Would you like some coffee? Ex: The boy’s pencil snapped in half. *The noun coffee in the sentence will be *In this sentence it is clear that the pencil considered as uncountable because it's belongs to the boy; the ’s signifies referring to the drink in general. ownership. *He ordered a coffee *Plural Possessive Nouns *The noun coffee in the second sentence When a plural noun ends with an "s," will be considered as countable, because it's simply add an apostrophe to make it referring to a cup of coffee. possessive. Here are examples of plural possessive nouns: Ex: • Americans' ideals *He did not have much sugar left. • Babies' shoes *There is so much dust on the floor. • Cabbages' nutrition *The water in the river is refreshing. • Donors' cards *Possessive Noun-A possessive noun is a noun that possesses something. • Eggs' color
*A possessive noun shows ownership by • Frogs' croaking
adding an apostrophe, an "s" or both. • Garages' fees *Singular Possessive Nouns • Hampers' conditions • Apple's taste • Igloos' construction • Book's cover *When a plural noun does not end with an • Boss's car "s," add an apostrophe and an "s" to make it possessive. Here are examples of plural • Cat's tuna possessive nouns: • Computer's keyboard • Cattle's pasture • Diabetes's symptoms • Geese's eggs • Fish's eggs • Women's clothes • Fez's size • • Children's toys Florida's climate • Mice's traps • Goddess's beauty • People's ideas • Gym's rules • Feet's toenails • Feet's toenails • Nuclei's form Take note: children - irregular children + ’s • Cacti's thorns *Possessive Nouns Referring to Places, Churches and Universities • Octopi's legs • Saint Anthony's • Oxen's diet • The grocer's • Die's roll • The dentist's • Lice's size • Saint Mary's • Hippopotami's strength • The vet's • Fungi's location • The chiropractor's • Formulae's indication • Domino's *When a noun ends in the letter s or an s sound, the same format applies. This is a • McDonald's matter of style, however, and some style • Frankie's guides suggest leaving off the extra s. • Dillard's •I have been invited to the boss’s house for dinner. • Macy's •The trainer flipped a fish into the walrus’s *Plural nouns ending in an s simply take an open mouth. apostrophe at the end to form a possessive noun. *Plural nouns ending in an s simply take an apostrophe at the end to form a • That is mine. possessive noun. chickens = chickens’ • My car runs great. *The chickens’ eggs were taken by the farmer early in the morning. • His work is good
*There are many plural nouns in English . • Her diet is working
that are irregular and do not end in s. • The bag is hers. *To form a possessive irregular noun we • The house is ours. should add ’s • I see your coat. (singular) children + ’s • It is all yours. (plural) • Their smiles are welcome. (singular) • The fault is theirs. (plural) • Its name is The Tower. *To make a compound word possessive, you usually add apostrophe + s to the end of the word, Example: Mother-in-law's car, Five-year-old's birthday. *If the compound word is plural, it can get a little strange with two "s" sounds close together, *as in: (fathers-in-law's attire.) *It would be better to reword the sentence so the plural compound word does not need to be possessive: *The attire of the fathers-in-law.