GRACELAND COLLEGE, ENUGU

Subject: ICT
CLASS: 11TH GRADE
INSTRUCTOR: Mr. PRINCE EZEALI

NAME: …………………………………………………………………………………..
CLASS: ……………………………………………………………………………………
DATE: …………………………………………………………………………………….

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11TH GRADE SCHEME OF WORK FOR ICT

WEEK(S) TOPIC(S) CONTENT

1 Revision of last term’s work
2-3 System development life cycle a) Define system development life cycle and
information system.
b) Describe the component of information system.
c) Describe the system development life cycle.
d) Know the type of model used in developing
information system.
e) Draw the system development life cycle.
f) List the stages in system development life cycle.
g) Explain the purpose of each of the stages involved.
h) Mention the work of a system analyst.
i) State the skills of a system analyst.

4 Program development a) Define a program.

b) Mention the characteristics of a good program.
c) State the precautions to be taken when writing a
program.
d) List the steps involved in program development.
e) Describe each of the steps involved.
f) Mention the function of compliers and
interpreters.
g) Draw a flow diagram on how:
h) Complier
i) Interpreter works.

5-6 Algorithm, pseudo code and a) Define algorithm, pseudo code and flowchart.
flowchart b) State and describe the characteristics of an
algorithm.
c) Understand the methods of developing an
algorithm.
d) Differentiate between a detailed algorithm
and pseudo code with an example.
e) List flowchart symbols.
f) State what each symbol stands for.
g) Write an algorithm for solving a problem.
h) Draw a flowchart for solving a given problem.

7-9 BASIC programming I a) State the meaning of the acronym BASIC.

b) List the character sets used in BASIC.
c) Describe the BASIC key statement.
d) Describe the data types.
e) List BASIC operators and their uses.
f) Write simple BASIC programs.

10 BASIC programming II a) Identify BASIC built in functions

b) List the built in functions
c) State the application of each built in function.
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 d) Write a simple program using built in function.

11 Revision
12 Examination

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 LESSON NOTE 2-3

TOPIC: SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT CYCLE

Learning objectives: at the end of the lesson you should be able to:

1. Define system development life cycle and information system.

2. Describe the component of information system.
3. Describe the system development life cycle.
4. Know the type of model used in developing information system.
5. Draw the system development life cycle.
6. List the stages in system development life cycle.
7. Explain the purpose of each of the stages involved.
8. Mention the work of a system analyst.
9. State the skills of a system analyst.

NOTE

A SYSTEM is an organized collection of interrelated components that function together to achieve a

desired outcome.

Examples:

 A computer system is made up of hardware and software which function together to achieve a
result.
 Human system is made up many organs like the hands legs, eyes, etc, that are interrelated and
form human being.

INFORMATION SYSTEM

Information system is an integrated set of components for collecting, storing and processing data and
provides information needed to complete a task.

Component of an information system

a) Hardware
b) Software
c) Data
d) Procedures
e) People
f) Communication/connectivity

Activity 1:

Discuss the function of each information component.

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A SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE(SDLC) is the overall process of developing information system. It is
a series of steps that a project team works through in order to analyze, design, construct and implement
a new information technology system that can support the business needs of an organization.

STAGES/PHASES IN SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

SDLC makes use of waterfall model in developing an information system. The waterfall SDLC is a
sequence of stages that must be followed one after the other. Stage two can only begin when stage one
is completed. Therefore the output of each stage becomes the input for the next stage.

Following are the different phases of software development cycle:

1) PRELIMINARY STUDY STAGE: this is

Preliminary study
the first stage in SDLC. It involves
the investigation and Evaluation of Feasibility study
the existing system. A system
System analysis
Proposal is prepared by the system
analystwholists the: problem System design
Definition, constraints, expected
Benefits of the new System. Development/coding

2) FEASIBILITY STUDY STAGE: This Integration/testing

involves identifying and agreeing the
Customers’ requirements, Implementation

interpreting the customer’s

Maintenance
requirement and producing a cost
benefit analysis. The result is a feasibility report submitted to the management. This may be
accepted or accepted with modifications or rejected.
Activity 2:
Suggest ways by which data/facts can be gathered to develop system proposal and feasibility report.

3) SYSTEM ANALYSIS STAGE: this stage starts with a more detailed investigation into the existing
system. This involves studying the business processes, gathering operational data; understand
the information flow, finding out bottlenecks and how to improve the system.It is more of a
thinking process and involves the creative skills of the System Analyst. The output of this stage is
the user’s requirement.

4) SYSTEM DESIGN STAGE: at this stage the proposed system is designed. It involves layout plans
for the physical construction, hardware requirements, screen layouts, process diagrams,
flowcharts, trainings, workload and limitation of the system are decided in this stage, it is the
most crucial stage. The system design produces the system specification.

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 5) DEVELOPMENT/CODING: The system design needs to be implemented to make it a workable
system. This is also called the programming phase in which the programmer converts the system
specifications into computer instructions, which we refer to as programs using a specified
programming language.

6) INTEGRATION/TESTING: all parts of the system is integrated together and tested for bugs
(error) and how they operate.

7) IMPLEMENTATION: once the system is fully tested, the next stage is to fully implement it. Some
of the stages in this process are shown below.

Train staff on the new system

Scan in the document

Transfer paper files or electronic files

to the new system Key in data

Download files to new system

Software
Installation

Hardware

8) MAINTENANCE STAGE:Maintenance is necessary to eliminate errors in the system during its

working life. Sometimes mistakes and errors can be detected. The system maintenance stage
involves all the activities, processes and procedures required by the system to exist forever.

Who is a system analyst?

A system analyst is a person that uses

analysis and design techniques to solve

business problems using information

technology.

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SKILLS OF A SYSTEM ANALYST

Activity 3:

1. If you are to be a system analyst, describe the steps you will take to solve a problem.

2. Mention the advantages and disadvantages of using SDLC.

EVALUATION:

1. Define the SDLC.

2. List the stages in SDLC.

3. What do you understand by the term “information system”?

4. Draw a simple sketch of SDC.

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 LESSON NOTE 4

TOPIC: PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT

Learning objectives: at the end of the lesson you should be able to:

1. Define a program.
2. Mention the characteristics of a good program.
3. State the precautions to be taken when writing a program.
4. List the steps involved in program development.
5. Describe each of the steps involved.
6. Mention the function of compliers and interpreters.
7. Draw a flow diagram on how:
a) Complier
b) Interpreter works.

NOTE

Computer Program

A computer program is a collection of instructions that performs a specific task

when executed by a computer. A computer requires programs to function. Everything a computer does
is done by using a computer program and it is been written by a computer programmer using
a programming language.

When you create a program, you write it using some kind of computer language. Your language
statements are called the source program. You then “compile or interprets” the source program (with a
special program called a language compiler or interpreter) and the result is called an object program.
The object program contains the strings of 0s and 1s called machine language that the logic processor
works with.
Characteristics of a good program

 Maintainable: a good program should be very easy to amend and maintain if need be.
 Accurate: every good program must be free from bug.
 Readable: a program should be easy for other programmers to read and understand.
 Reliable: a good program should be depended at all time.
 Efficient: ability to solve a problem without waste resource.

Steps in Program Development.

Before a good program developed, there must be proper planning and steps on how the problem or
program will be solved. The chat below illustrates the steps involved:
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Description of each stage

1) PROBLEM DEFINITION: in this phase,

theprogrammer is excepted to
understand the problem, what is
requirement and what should be the
output of the problem solution.

2) PROBLEM ANALYSIS: The programmer

isexpected to determine the required
inputs and outputs. That means
gathering the required resources to
solve the problem in the problem
definition phase.

3) ALGORITHM AND FLOWCHART DEVELOPMENT: During this phase, the programmer develops
astep by step procedure and a diagrammatical representation to solve the problem using the
specification given in the previous phase.

4) CODING AND DOCUMENTATION: This phase uses a programming language to write or

implement the actual programming instructions (coding) for the steps defined in the previous
phase. E.g. c++, BASIC, JAVA.

5) TESTING AND DEBUGGING: The written program is tested and errors corrected to check if
theprogram is able to solve the problems it is expected to solve. This is similar to proof
reading.

6) MAINTENANCE: This phase involves the updating and amending the program which is
activelyused by the users.

Precautions to be taken when writing a program

1. No step should be skipped.

2. The order of execution should be followed sequentially.
3. Be careful, Stable and patient when writing programs.
Note :( keep in mind the following technical terms.)

 Compile time: the time taken to compile a program.

 Run time: the time taken for executing a program.
 Source code: the program in its user written form of language. Source code is given as an input
to the complier.

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  Object code/machine code: this is the machine code obtained by converting source code. The
computer can read and execute the machine code directly. It can also be called binary code.
What is a translator? A translator accepts source code (written in high-level language) and translates it
to equivalent machine code (0s and 1s).
High level language makes use of two translators, which are:
1. Compliers
2. Interpreters.

DIFFERENCES COMPLIER INTERPRETER

behavior Translates the entire source Translates statement/instruction
code to machine code before it into machine code, execute it,
is run. and proceed to the next
statement or instruction.
Performance It takes quite a long time to It starts executing source code
translate source code to immediately, but execution is
machine code, but subsequent slow.
execution is fast.

Flow diagram on how I complier and interpreter works.

Activity 1:
1. Give the characteristics of a complier and interpreter.
2. Explain the flow diagram on hoe complier and interpreter works.

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 LESSON NOTE 5-6

TOPIC: ALGORITHM, PSEUDO CODE AND FLOWCHART.

Learning objectives: at the end of the lesson you should be able to:

1) Define algorithm, pseudo code and flowchart.

2) State and describe the characteristics of an algorithm.
3) Understand the methods of developing an algorithm.
4) Differentiate between a detailed algorithm and pseudo code with an example.
5) List flowchart symbols.
6) State what each symbol stands for.
7) Write an algorithm for solving a problem.
8) Draw a flowchart for solving a given problem.

NOTE

An ALGORITHM is a set of step by step instruction/procedure taken to solve a problem. It is a sequence

of clear and precise instructions for solving problem.

Characteristics of an algorithm

1. The steps are in clear order.

2. The operations described are understood without further simplification.
3. An algorithm should have a beginning and an end.
4. It should be effective.

Methods of developing an algorithm

1. Define the problem.

2. List the inputs
3. Describe the steps needed to convert or manipulate the inputs to produce the output.
4. Test the algorithm.

Discuss the methods of developing an algorithm

PSEUDO CODE is an informal language that helps programmers develop algorithm. It omits detailed
language-specific syntax.

EXAMPLE

Write an algorithm to calculate the total and average of 4 numbers.

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 Pseudo code

 Input a set of 4 numbers.

 Calculate their sum by adding the four numbers.
 Calculate their average by summing and dividing by 4.
 Print total.
 Print average.

Detailed algorithm

 STEP 1: input num 1, num2, num3, num4.

 STEP 2: calculate the total (num1 + num2 + num3 + num4).
 STEP 3: calculate average (num1 + num2 + num3 + num4)/4.
 Step 4: Print Total.
 STEP 5: Print Average.
 STEP 6: End.

Activity 1:

Differentiate between an algorithm and pseudo code.

FLOWCHART is the diagrammatical representation of an algorithm. it are used to indicate how data
flows from top to bottom. Flow chart symbols are specific shapes used to create a visual representation
of a program.

symbols Name/meaning symbols Name/meaning

Process: allows you to Arrows: indicates the
show the process to be direction of the
carried out e.g. addition, progression of the
subtraction, etc program.
Input/output: used to Decision: evaluates a
enter data and output the condition or statement
result of a process. and branches depending
on whether the evaluation
is true or false.(if-then-
else)
Terminator: indicates the Connectors: connects
start or end of a program sections of the flowchart
or algorithm so that the diagram can
maintain a smooth linear
flow.
Display: usedto display
information to the user.

General rules for flowcharts

 All symbols of the flowchart are connected by flow lines (note: arrows not lines).
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  Flow lines enter the top of the symbol and exit out the bottom, except for decision symbol,
which can have flow lines exiting from the bottom or the sides.
 The beginning and the end of the flowchart is indicated using the terminator symbol.

Assignment 1:
 Draw 10 flowchart symbols, stating their:
 Name and function.
(Note: exclude the once in your note.)
Example 1: Pseudo code

Draw a flowchart to calculate the total and  Input the width (W) and length (L) of a
average of 4 numbers. rectangle.
 Calculate the area (A) by multiplying L
start with W.
 Print A.

Algorithm
Input N1, N2,
N3, N4 Step 1: input width (W), length (L).

Step 2: AREA= L*W.

Total=
(N1+N2+N3+N4) Step 3: print AREA.

Step 4: end.

Flowchart
Average=(N1+N2+N3+N
4)/4 start

Print total Input W, L

Print average AREA= L*W

Print AREA
End

Example 2:
END
Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart that
will read the two sides of a rectangle and
calculate its area.

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Activity 2:

A. Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart that will read the radius of a circle and calculate its
area.
B. Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart to convert centigrade to Fahrenheit.
C. Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart to calculate the multiple of 4 numbers and their
average.
D. Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart to calculate the area of a triangle with base B and
height H.

Decision Structures

 The decision structure makes use of IF-THEN-ELSEstatement .

 The expression A>B is a logical expression. It describes a condition we want to test.
 If A>B is true (if A is greater than B) we take the action on left. Print the value of A.
 If A>B is false (if A is not greater than B) we take the action on right. Print the value of B.
Example 3:
Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart to determineif value A is > value B.
Step 1: input A, B
Step 2: if value A>value B then
Print A
else
Print B
Endif
Step 3: end Flowchart

Start

Input A, B

Is A>B

Print A Print B

Stop

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Activity 3:

1. Write an algorithm that reads two values, determines the maximum value and prints the
largest value with an identifying message.
2. Use the table to answer the question.

wage
Hours worked payment
≥ 14 $100
≤ 13 $50
1. Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart to read an employee name, hours worked and
determine the payment.

EVALUATION:

1. Define algorithm, pseudo code and flowchart.

2. Give three characteristics of an algorithm.
3. List steps on how to develop an algorithm.
4. Write an algorithm to compute the average of three numbers.

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 LESSON NOTE 7-9

TOPIC: BASIC PROGRAMMING 1

Learning objectives: at the end of the lesson you should be able to:

1) State the meaning of the acronym BASIC.

2) List the character sets used in BASIC.
3) Describe the BASIC key statement.
4) Describe the data types.
5) List BASIC operators and their uses.
6) Write simple BASIC programs.

NOTE

Beginners All-purposeSymbolic Instruction Code is a high level programming language for beginners
because it is easy to use and understand. BASIC is available in both complier and interpreter.

Activity 1:
1. BASIC language was developed by whom?

Versions of BASIC

 QBASIC
 Visual BASIC
 Tiny BASIC
 Microsoft BASIC
 Apple soft BASIC
 CBASIC (compiled BASIC)

Character sets
1. Alphabet
2. Numeric
3. Special characters.
Activity 2:
1. Which character set includes 0-9
2. What are character set?
3. Fill the box with special characters you know (name and symbol)

Operators
These are symbols used to perform arithmetical and logical operations.
a) Mathematical operators: makes use of BEDMAS instead of BODMAS in its operation.

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 Fill the box with mathematical operator you know (name and symbol)

Activity 3:
Write the following mathematical equation in BASIC notation.
𝑷𝑹𝑻
(a) I = (b) Y=AX2+BX+C (c) Z=Y=MX2+ C
𝟏𝟎𝟎

b) Relational operators: used to achieve a true value.

Fill the box with relational operators (name and symbol)

c) Logical operators: they are used test on multiple relations.

Fill the box with logical operators (name and symbol)

Data Types
Data types are categorized into two parts:
1. Constants: constant is a fixed value that does not change at the time of execution of the
program.
 Numeric constants
 Alphanumeric/string constants: this is a sequence of letters/characters in double quotes.
E.g. “I love computers” and “1st January 2018”.
2. Variables: this is a value that changes at the time of execution. Variables are used to hold string
and numeric in a memory.
 String variable name ends with a dollar sign $.
 Numeric variable name ends with a percentage sign%.
Rules for naming variables
a) A variable must start with an alphabet and not a number of special characters.
b) Alphabets maybe followed by digits e.g. NUM1, A2, etc.
c) A variable must not have a blank space between it.
d) BASIC keywords cannot be used as a variable name.
e) String variable must end with a dollar sign$.

Differentiate between a constants and a variables

Key BASIC statements

BASIC key statements are reserved words or keywords used in writing BASIC programs. They are
instructions that are carried out by the translators. They include:
1. CLS: used to clear screen. This removes the output of the previous program from the screen.
2. REM (remark): it is used to describe what the program is all about. It does not affect the
program.
 REM program to add two numbers
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 3. LET: it is used to assign values to a variable. LET statement value cannot not be changed at the
time of execution.
 LET A=10 (numeric value)
 LET NAME$= “CHIDALU” (string constant value)
Identify a variable, string and a numeric data.
4. INPUT: used to assign value to a variable at the time of execution.
 INPUT “enter the number”; N

What is the function of using quotes (“”) in writing a BASIC program?

5. READ: used to assign read data item from a DATA statement. It assigns figures to the letters
respectively.
 READ A, B, C
DATA 2, 4, 6
6. DATA: used in attaching strings of fixed characters. Data elements are separated by comma (,).
 READ A, B, C
DATA 3, 2, 7

Describe the BASIC keywords used to assign values in a BASIC program.

7. PRINT: this is used to display the output on the screen. More than one value can be printed
through the PRINT statement by separating them with a comma (,) or a semicolon (;).
 Comma: if a comma is used, the values are separated by a double space.
 Semicolon: values are separated by just one space.
PRINT “hello world”
PRINT 5+2
8. IF-THEN-ELSE: this is a conditional control statement. The instruction causes the program to
perform a conditional branch based on whether the test. If “IF” is true then “THEN” is executed.
If “IF” is false then “THEN” is ignored and “ELSE” is executed.
 INPUT “AGE”; A
IF A>18 THEN PRINT “YOU ARE AN ADULT” ELSE PRINT “YOU ARE A MINOR”

BASIC PROGRAM {PRATICAL}

a) Write a program to say a greeting.
 CLS
 REM program to say a greeting
 PRINT “HELLO WORLD”
 END
b) A program to sum 4 numbers
 CLS
 REM program to sum 4 numbers
 LET A= 12
 LET B= 18

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  LET C= 20
 LET D= 2
 LET SUM= A+B+C+D
 PRINT SUM
 END

Activity 4:
1. Write a program to enter your name, city, country, and print them
2. Write a program to determine the area of a rectangle {area=L*B}
3. Write a program that accepts mass and volume of a liquid as input from the user. The program
should compute and display the density of the liquid {density= mass/volume}
4. Develop a BASIC program that will Read the age of the following student:
 kene, Chelsea, Sammy, nonso, ezinne, and Emmanuel.
 Calculate their average.
 Determine if kene is older than Emmanuel.
Evaluation:
1. What is BASIC?
2. Name three versions of BASIC.
3. What are character set?
4. What are the different types of character set? Give examples.
5. Differentiate between constants and variables.
6. What are the following commands used for?
a) CLS
b) LET IF-THEN-ELSE
c) PRINT

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 LESSON NOTE 10

TOPIC: BASIC PROGRAMMING II

Learning objectives: at the end of the lesson you should be able to:

1. Identify BASIC built in functions

2. List the built in functions
3. State the application of each built in function.
4. Write a simple program using built in function.

NOTE

BASIC built in function

They are mathematical function that is built into BASIC. Some common BASIC functions are shown
below:

1. SQR (): finds the square root of a positive number.

 PRINT SQR (25)
2. ABS: this displays the absolute value of a given number.
 CLS
LET A= 2
LET B=3
LET C= A+B
PRINT ABS (C)
3. LOG: using natural logarithm.
 PRINT LOG (21.2)
4. SIN: finds the sine of an angle.
 PRINT SIN (45)
5. COS: finds the cosine of an angle.
 PRINT COS (23.2)
6. TAN: finds the tangent of an angle
 PRINT TAN (21)
7. EXP: finds the exponential of a number.
 PRINT EXP (4)
8. INT: finds the integer of a real number.
PRINT INT (2998.9)

Class activities {PRACTICAL}:

1. Write the BASIC notation for:

𝐚𝐛(𝐜+𝐝)
i. 𝒙 = 𝟐𝐜
𝟗𝐜+𝟑𝟐
ii. 𝒛 =
𝟖
iii. A= b2+c2-2bcCOSA

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 iv. Y=A sin (wt + 2πx)
2. Write a program that will compute the square root of the average of 5 numbers.
3. Write a program that will compute the following mathematical expression
i. J= b2+c2-2bccosA
ii. Y=A sin (wt + 2πx)
𝐛
iii. 𝒙= 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐀
𝐛𝐜
iv. 𝒙= 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐱

Given that: b=15, c=7.8, cos A= 19.4, sin A= 16.71, w=6, t=15, π= 3.142, x= 17, tan x= 18.8.

Evaluation:

Mention four BASIC built in function and describe their use.

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