Scientific Visualization versus Information

Visualization

Henrik R. Nagel

Norwegian University of Science and Technology

Department of Computer and Information Science
[email protected]

Abstract. While Scientific Visualization techniques are used for the

clarification of well-known phenomena, Information Visualization tech-
niques are used for searching for interesting phenomena. There are there-
fore important differences between the two fields of research. The two
fields of research are compared, but since this paper is meant for Sci-
entific Visualization researchers, focus will be on explaining Informa-
tion Visualization techniques. This paper list the main characteristics of
the two fields of research, describes common Information Visualization
techniques and discusses differences and similarities in the software that
commonly is used in the two fields of research. . . .

1 Introduction
Some researchers mainly use visualization for finding interesting phenomenas in
completely unknown data, whiles others use visualization for the confirmation
or rejection of hypotheses. These two scientific communities live separate lives,
with very little sharing of knowledge between them. While there naturally are
important differences between the two kinds of visualization, it is the hypothesis
of this paper that an understanding of both of these two ways of using visual-
ization potentially could lead to new ways of visualizing data for the benefit of
both communities.
This article therefore contains a summarization of the most important and
irreconcilably differences between the ways of thinking. However, since this ar-
ticle is presented at a Scientific Visualization symposium, the focus will here be
on Information Visualization ideas and techniques.

2 Principal Differences
Card et al. [1] defines the two forms of visualization as:
Scientific Visualization: the use of interactive visual representations
of scientific data, typically physically based, to amplify cognition.

Information Visualization: the use of interactive visual representa-

tions of abstract, non-physically based data to amplify cognition.
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While Scientific Visualization covers accurate visualizations of the real world,

Information Visualization covers visualization of concepts that often are abstract
in nature. The purpose of Information Visualization is to make it possible for
analysts of data to obtain internal mental models of the information content in
datasets; models which subsequently can be used for characterization, prediction,
and/or decision making.
Keim et al. [2] classifies visualizations into the categories:
Exploratory Analysis: the search for hypotheses
Confirmatory Analysis: the confirmation or rejection of hypotheses
Presentation: the presentation of facts that are fixed a priori

2.1 Information Visualization and Exploratory Analysis

This example is completely imaginary.
A grocery store sells Feta-cheese for use in salads. It notices that it is loosing
money on this product and therefore decides to stop selling it. However, after
having stopped selling this product, the grocery store notices that it now looses
far more money than it did before. The reason for this is that the few customers
who bought this product were wealthy and also bought many other products at
the grocery store. When the store stopped selling the product, the customers
went to other stores where they could buy it and, at the same time, purchased
all other products they needed there.
The grocery store has modern cash-registers and records all purchases in a
large database, so the information about the customers’ purchase patterns were,
in principle, available before the store made the erroneous decision of stopping
to sell Feta-cheese. An Information Visualization analyst studying the grocery
store’s database, in the state that it was before the erroneous decision was made,
should by performing an Exploratory Analysis, in principle, have been able to
foresee this, without having been told anything about the data in advance.

2.2 Scientific Visualization and Confirmatory Analysis

This example is from the IEEE Visualization 2006 conference, where a visual-
ization contest will take place. The subject of the contest is the TeraShake 2.1
earthquake simulation data set and the task is, through visualizations, to an-
swer five questions, such as ”Which regions produce wave reflections?”. There is
thus, in this case, a clear hypothesis that some of the regions will produce wave
reflections and this hypothesis must either be rejected or confirmed by finding
these regions. Using the terminology of Keim, the task is therefore to perform a
“Confirmatory Analysis” of the data.

3 Common Visual Data Exploration Techniques

In the following is listed a few examples of the techniques that are used in Infor-
mation Visualization to explore datasets that initially are completely unknown.
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3.1 Icons and Glyphs

Markers are featureless objects for representing positions in scatter plots, but
multiple, clearly distinguishable markers are sometimes used in one and the same
scatter plot to visualize important information. While markers usually only have
positional attributes, there are objects that are designed to represent many pieces
of information simultaneously. Such objects are called icons or glyphs ([3, 4]) and
have attributes, such as position, size, shape, color, and orientation, to which
data is mapped. The hope is that users, by visual exploration, may be able to
find patterns among the objects.

3.2 Brushing & Linking

Brushing & Linking is a widely-used visual data exploration technique, with
which multiple different visualizations of a dataset are viewed simultaneously.
This technique is often used to combine the advantages of multiple forms of
data visualization techniques, but can also be used to e.g. allow simultaneously
brushing of markers in multiple scatter plots, organized in a scatter plot matrix.
The advantage is that the interaction involved is both unambiguous and simple
to perform and therefore seem familiar and natural to most human beings.
In the beginning of a visual data exploration process, all markers have a
common color. The process consist of
1. Selecting one of multiple views.
2. Brushing selected markers in this view with a color.
3. Inspecting the other (linked) views to see the effect.

3.3 The Grand Tour

In “The Grand Tour” technique [5–7] high-dimensional data are considered as
forming a shape in a high-dimensional space. and the method therefore consists of
moving a 2D or 3D “window” around this shape, so that a low-dimensional pro-
jection of it becomes visible. Significant features of the high-dimensional shape
may thereby become distinguishable, and, if one is lucky, one may even be able
to guess what kind of high-dimensional shape the data form.
This technique is often combined with “Brushing & Linking”, so that sub-
sets of the markers at any time may be brushed with a color to make them
distinguishable from the other markers.

4 Software
There are also differences in the software that typically is used for Scientific
Visualization and Information Visualization. Consider for example the Visual-
ization Toolkit (VTK) [8], which is an open source visualization system that
dates back to 1993. It was designed to be robust, understandable, extensible,
modular and maintainable. For that purpose, it offerers scientists a consistent
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object-oriented programming model that in 1993 was considered sophisticated,

where visualizations are created by linking together a series of objects into a
pipeline.
Seen from an Information Visualization perspective, it is clear problem that
the visualization pipeline is designed to be “single-pass”, where only the resulting
visualizations can be interacted with and where interaction usually is limited to
rotating the visualization. Information Visualization techniques, such as Brush-
ing and Linking require continuous interaction with the a database containing
the original dataset. This requirement is not listed above, which makes VTK
unsuitable for Information Visualization.
However, many Scientific Visualization analysts study “Computational Steer-
ing,” with which feedback can be given to running simulations, based on visual-
izations of early results from the simulations. The requirements for these kinds
of software therefore approach the requirements that Information Visualization
scientists place on the software they use.

5 Conclusion

This paper presented Scientific Visualization and Information Visualization with

emphasis on the latter. It describe a number of Information Visualization visual
data exploration techniques and finally compared the requirements for the soft-
ware used in both disciplines.

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