Table of Contents

1.0. Corrosion ........................................................................................................................... 2

1.1. Introduction of Corrosion ................................................................................................ 2
2.0. Type of corrosion ............................................................................................................... 4
3.0. Factors in Corrosion ......................................................................................................... 6
4.0. Effect if corrosion .............................................................................................................. 7
5.0. Corrosion Prevention and Control .................................................................................. 8
6.0. Corrosion inhibitors.......................................................................................................... 9
6.1. Organic Inhibitors from Plant Extract ........................................................................... 9
6.2. Green corrosion inhibitors from plant extracts ........................................................... 11
6.3. Type of corrosion inhibitor ............................................................................................. 12
6.4. Application of corrosion inhibitors in industry ............................................................ 13
7.0 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 14
8.0 Recommendation.............................................................................................................. 16
9.0 References ......................................................................................................................... 17

1
1.0. Corrosion

1.1. Introduction of Corrosion

Corrosion, an intricate and omnipresent natural process, stands as a formidable challenge
within the realm of materials science and engineering, particularly in the context of metals.
This pervasive phenomenon unfolds through a series of complex electrochemical reactions,
primarily propelled by the inherent tendency of metals to revert to a more stable state through
oxidation. The multifaceted nature of corrosion involves a sophisticated interplay of
environmental factors acting as catalysts, thereby amplifying its impact on various materials.

One of the primary contributors to corrosion is moisture, serving as a crucial medium that
facilitates electrochemical reactions (Reddy et al., 2021). The mere presence of water or high
humidity in the environment initiates corrosion processes, gradually eroding the integrity of
metal surfaces over time. Furthermore, temperature fluctuations wield a significant influence
on corrosion rates, with higher temperatures often accelerating these corrosive reactions.

However, corrosion is not solely dictated by environmental conditions; chemical factors also
play a pivotal role. The acidity or alkalinity of the surroundings can significantly influence
corrosion processes, with highly acidic or alkaline conditions expediting these corrosive
reactions. Consequently, it becomes imperative to consider the chemical composition of the
environment in corrosion risk assessments (M. Ramezanzadeh et al., 2019). Additionally, in
environments characterized by elevated salinity, such as coastal areas or marine settings, the
presence of chloride ions intensifies the corrosive impact on metals.

Understanding the intrinsic properties of metals becomes paramount in comprehending and

mitigating corrosion. The composition of a metal and its microstructure, encompassing factors
like grain boundaries and impurities, can exert a substantial influence on its susceptibility to
corrosion. Moreover, the concept of galvanic corrosion becomes relevant when dissimilar
metals are in electrical contact in the presence of an electrolyte, potentially accelerating the
corrosion of the less noble metal.

To combat the deleterious effects of corrosion, a diverse array of preventive and control
measures have been developed. Protective coatings, ranging from traditional paints to
specialized corrosion-resistant layers, act as a shield between the metal surface and the
corrosive environment (Kadhim et al., 2023). Cathodic protection methods, such as sacrificial
2
anodes or impressed current systems, manipulate the electrochemical environment to inhibit
corrosion. The selection of corrosion-resistant materials, such as stainless steel or aluminum,
serves as a foundational strategy for preventing corrosion from taking root.

Moreover, the importance of well-designed structures and equipment cannot be overstated in

the corrosion mitigation strategy. Incorporating features such as proper drainage systems and
specifying corrosion-resistant coatings during the design phase contributes significantly to
corrosion control. Additionally, controlled atmospheres, regular maintenance practices, and
environmental modifications, such as dehumidification, offer further avenues for preventing
and mitigating corrosion.

As industries and infrastructures continue to rely heavily on metallic materials, addressing the
challenges posed by corrosion remains a critical imperative. A comprehensive understanding
of the underlying processes, coupled with proactive measures like ongoing monitoring and
testing, ensures the sustained safety, reliability, and longevity of materials in diverse
applications and environments. The collective effort to unravel the complexities of corrosion
and implement effective preventive strategies safeguards the durability and functionality of
materials, thereby mitigating the far-reaching consequences of this ubiquitous and persistent
challenge.

Figure 1: Formation of corrosion

3
2.0. Type of corrosion
Crevice corrosion may occur when there is a variation in ionic concentration between two
specific regions on a metal surface. This localized corrosion typically takes place in confined
spaces, such as crevices. Examples of potential sites for crevice corrosion include gaskets, the
lower surfaces of washers, and bolt heads. Both aluminum alloys and stainless steels, regardless
of their grades, are susceptible to crevice corrosion. This vulnerability arises primarily from
the development of a differential aeration cell, resulting in corrosion formation within the
confined spaces or crevices (Sastri, 2014).

Figure 2: Crevice corrosion

In addition, galvanic corrosion can occur when there is an electrical connection between two
metals that exhibit electrochemical dissimilarity and are placed in an electrolytic environment
(Sastri, 2014). This phenomenon involves the deterioration of one of these metals at a joint or
junction. A notable illustration of galvanic corrosion is the degradation observed when copper,
within a saltwater environment, interacts with steel.

For instance, when aluminum and carbon steel are coupled and submerged in seawater, the
aluminum undergoes accelerated corrosion while the steel remains protected.

Figure 3: Galvanic corrosion of aluminum

4
Pitting corrosion is characterized by its unpredictable nature, making it challenging to identify.
It is regarded as one of the most hazardous forms of corrosion. This type of corrosion initiates
at a localized point, giving rise to the formation of a corrosion cell within the regular metallic
surface. Once the pit is established, it undergoes continual growth and can assume various
shapes. Progressing vertically from the surface, the pit gradually penetrates the metal, posing
a risk of structural failure if left unaddressed.

Figure 4: Pitting corrosion

As an illustration, envision a droplet of water on a steel surface; pitting corrosion begins at the
center of the water droplet, known as the anodic site.

This type of corrosion is commonly known as atmospheric corrosion, where the metal surface
is subjected to deterioration by the surrounding atmosphere. The degree of corrosion is readily
noticeable, and its impact on the material's performance is typically modest.

For instance, when a piece of zinc and steel is immersed in diluted sulfuric acid, both metals
would generally dissolve uniformly over their entire surfaces at a consistent rate.

5
3.0. Factors in Corrosion
Corrosion is the natural degradation of materials, particularly metals, caused by a combination
of environmental and chemical factors (D. Wang et al., 2023).. Moisture, a key contributor,
facilitates electrochemical reactions that lead to corrosion, and higher temperatures frequently
accelerate these processes. The pH level of the environment is critical, as highly acidic or
alkaline conditions accelerate corrosion (Michailidou et al., 2023).. Furthermore, environments
with high salinity, such as coastal or marine areas, exacerbate corrosion due to the presence of
chloride ions. The availability of oxygen is critical because the oxidation of metals by oxygen
is an important step in corrosion.

The metal's properties influence its susceptibility to corrosion. Metal composition and
microstructure, including grain boundaries and impurities, play important roles. Galvanic
corrosion occurs when dissimilar metals come into electrical contact in the presence of an
electrolyte, which accelerates the corrosion of the less noble metal. Protective coatings, such
as paint or zinc coatings, and corrosion inhibitors form a barrier against environmental factors,
slowing corrosion (D. Wang et al., 2023).. Corrosion is caused by stray electrical currents,
electrolytes, and microbial activity, particularly that of bacteria.

Mechanical factors, such as stress corrosion cracking caused by a combination of mechanical

stress and corrosive environment, can speed up the corrosion process. Time and duration of
exposure to corrosive conditions also have an impact on the likelihood and severity of
corrosion. Understanding these factors is critical for developing corrosion-resistant materials
and implementing successful prevention strategies. Regular maintenance and monitoring are
required to detect and resolve corrosion issues before they cause significant damage.

6
4.0. Effect if corrosion
Corrosion, the gradual deterioration of materials through chemical reactions with the
environment, has wide-ranging effects on industries and infrastructure. One of the most
immediate impacts is the weakening of materials, leading to a loss of thickness and strength,
ultimately compromising the structural integrity of components (Ralston & Birbilis, 2010).
This reduction in durability necessitates more frequent maintenance and replacement, resulting
in significant financial implications for industries like transportation, construction, and
manufacturing.

The safety implications of corrosion are considerable, especially in critical applications such
as aerospace and automotive industries, where failures due to corrosion can lead to accidents
and pose risks to human life. Moreover, the environmental impact of corrosion cannot be
ignored, as the process can release toxic substances into the surroundings, contributing to
pollution and environmental damage.

In addition to safety and environmental concerns, corrosion has aesthetic repercussions,

causing unsightly blemishes on surfaces and affecting the overall appearance of structures and
products (Tait, 2012). Critical infrastructure, such as bridges, pipelines, and power plants, is
particularly vulnerable to corrosion, potentially leading to service disruptions and negative
consequences for public utilities.

Addressing the challenges posed by corrosion requires ongoing efforts in research and
innovation, with the development of corrosion-resistant materials and coatings playing a
crucial role (Zhu et al., 2013). Implementing preventive measures, such as regular inspections
and the use of protective systems, is essential to mitigate the effects of corrosion and ensure
the longevity and reliability of structures and equipment across various industries.

7
5.0. Corrosion Prevention and Control
Corrosion prevention and control are pivotal considerations for ensuring the longevity and
integrity of materials, especially metals, in diverse environments. A multifaceted approach is
employed to safeguard against corrosion. This includes the application of protective coatings,
such as paint or specialized corrosion-resistant layers, serving as a barrier between metal
surfaces and corrosive elements (N.M. Melendez et al., 2015). Methods like cathodic
protection, utilizing sacrificial anodes or impressed current systems, manipulate the
electrochemical environment to prevent corrosion.

The introduction of corrosion inhibitors, whether as coatings or additives, can effectively

decelerate corrosion rates by forming protective layers on metal surfaces (Raviprabha et al.,
2023). Fundamental preventive measures involve careful material selection, favoring
corrosion-resistant options like stainless steel or aluminum. Well-designed structures and
equipment, incorporating features like proper drainage systems and corrosion-resistant
coatings, contribute significantly to corrosion control. Additional strategies encompass
maintaining controlled atmospheres, regular maintenance, and environmental modifications,
such as humidity and temperature control. Education and training initiatives for personnel,
coupled with monitoring and testing protocols, enhance awareness and enable early detection
and intervention against corrosion-related issues. This comprehensive and integrated approach
ensures the sustained safety and durability of structures, equipment, and materials, effectively
countering the deleterious effects of corrosion.

8
6.0. Corrosion inhibitors

6.1. Organic Inhibitors from Plant Extract

Corrosion inhibitors, additives that effectively inhibit metal corrosion in liquid
mediums, are widely used in industrial applications. In recent years, there has been a
growing focus on the environmental friendliness of these inhibitors and their
preparation processes, with a notable emphasis on extracting effective components from
natural plants as corrosion inhibitors. Numerous plant extracts have been evaluated for
their corrosion inhibition performance and mechanisms (Li et al., 2023).

Corrosion inhibitors can be categorized based on their method of action on the metal to
prevent corrosion. Cathodic inhibitors slow down the cathodic reaction or selectively
precipitate on cathodic regions to restrict the diffusion of eroding elements. Examples
include sulfite and bisulfite ions. Anodic inhibitors form a thin preventive oxide layer
on the metal surface, leading to passivation. Examples include chromates, nitrites,
orthophosphates, and molybdates.

Green or organic inhibitors are considered safe, less toxic, biodegradable, and cost-
effective. Common green inhibitors are derived from plant extracts and exudate gum,
containing organic compounds such as alkaloids, tannins, pigments, and amino acids.
These inhibitors adsorb phytochemical molecules on the metal surface, providing a
barrier between the metal and the environment. Organic inhibitors with heteroatoms
and π-electrons form a protective adsorbed layer on the metal surface, reducing the
impact of corrosive liquids (Hossain et al., 2023; Liu et al., 2021; Elqars et al., 2023).

Mango leaf extract, derived from Mangifera Indica, is an organic material used for
corrosion inhibition. It contains proteins, amino acids, and phytochemical compounds,
including lignin with functional groups such as carboxyl, carbonyl, phenolic, and
aliphatic hydroxyl (Bedoya. R., 2019; Osman W.M., 2019). The study demonstrates that
organic inhibitors from mango extract can effectively inhibit the corrosion of aluminum
in acidic conditions.

9
Figure 5: Active compound in Mango leaf

10
6.2. Green corrosion inhibitors from plant extracts
The results indicate that green or organic inhibitors are considered safe,
environmentally friendly, biodegradable, and cost-effective. According to Umoren et
al. (2009), commonly used green inhibitors are derived from plant extracts and
exudate gum, containing organic compounds such as alkaloids, tannins, pigments,
amino acids, and exhibiting inhibitive action. These inhibitors have the capability to
adsorb phytochemical compounds present in the plant onto the metal surface
following plant extraction (Umoren et al., 2009). By forming a barrier between the
metal and the environment, they effectively block the metal surface. The use of
environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitors based on plant extracts has been
extensively reported, and Table 1 illustrates green inhibitors based on various plant
extracts.

Table 1 Green inhibitors based on the extracts of plants (Ramezanzadeh et al., 2019).
Plant extract Type of metal
Sida cordifolia extract Mild steel
Rollinia occidentalis extract Steel
Pisum sativum (green pea) peels Mild steel
extract
Morus alba pendula leaves extract Steel

Glycyrrhiza glabra leaves extract Mild steel

11
6.3. Type of corrosion inhibitor
Corrosion inhibitors are substances employed to minimize or prevent the corrosion of
metals. They operate by either creating a protective film on the metal surface or by
interfering with the corrosion process (Garg. R., 2022). Various types of corrosion
inhibitors are tailored for specific applications and environments. Some common
categories include:

Table 2: Type of corrosion inhibitor

Type of corrosion inhibitors Example
Passivating Inhibitors These inhibitors form a protective oxide
layer on the metal surface, enhancing its
resistance to corrosion. Chromium
compounds are often used for this
purpose.
Organic Inhibitors Organic compounds, such as amines or
organic salts, are used to hinder the
corrosion process by adsorbing onto the
metal surface and forming a protective
layer.
Inorganic Inhibitors Inorganic substances, like phosphate or
nitrate compounds, can act as inhibitors
by forming protective layers on metal
surfaces.

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6.4. Application of corrosion inhibitors in industry
Corrosion inhibitors are used in a variety of industries to reduce or prevent corrosion in
various materials or systems. Industrial machinery and infrastructure, which are
frequently made of metals, are prone to corrosion as a result of exposure to various
environmental factors such as moisture, chemicals, and temperature fluctuations
(Loganathan & Vijaya Siva Subramani, 2023). Corrosion inhibitors aid in the
prevention of degradation, extending the life of equipment. Besides that, corrosion-
related damage can be expensive, necessitating repairs, replacements, and downtime.
Inhibitors reduce these costs by preventing corrosion and reducing the need for
maintenance. Table 3 are some common industrial applications for applying corrosion
inhibitors:

Table 3: Application of corrosion inhibitors in industry

Applications Inhibitors
Potable drinking water CaCO3 deposition
Silicates
Polyphosphates
Recirculating cooling water Nitrates
Chromates
Silicates
Acid pickling Pyridine
Quinoline
Oil recovery Amides
Aluminum aircraft components Chromates

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7.0 Conclusion
In summary, organic corrosion inhibitors, especially those sourced from plant-based
origins, offer promising and environmentally friendly solutions in the ongoing battle
against corrosion across diverse industrial applications. The adoption of organic
inhibitors reflects a strategic shift towards sustainable and ecologically conscious
practices in corrosion protection.

Plant-based corrosion inhibitors, often derived from extracts of various plants or their
derivatives, demonstrate inherent characteristics that contribute to their effectiveness in
preventing corrosion. These inhibitors typically contain compounds with natural
corrosion-inhibiting properties, forming protective layers on metal surfaces and
hindering the progress of corrosive reactions. As industries strive to embrace eco-
friendly practices, the use of organic inhibitors from plant sources represents a positive
stride in reducing the environmental impact of corrosion protection strategies.

An advantageous feature of plant-derived inhibitors lies in their biodegradability and

low toxicity, addressing concerns related to the persistence of chemical corrosion
inhibitors in the environment. This aligns with the broader goals of sustainable
development, emphasizing the necessity for solutions that balance industrial progress
with environmental responsibility. The eco-friendly nature of organic inhibitors derived
from plants not only mitigates potential harm to ecosystems but also aligns with the
growing demand for green and socially responsible technologies.

Furthermore, the exploration and application of organic corrosion inhibitors contribute

to the evolving field of green chemistry, where researchers and industries aim to
minimize the environmental impact of chemical processes. As the scientific community
delves deeper into understanding the intricate mechanisms of plant-based inhibitors,
opportunities for innovation and optimization in corrosion protection strategies
continue to expand.

While challenges exist in transitioning entirely to organic inhibitors, ongoing research

and development efforts focus on enhancing their efficiency, stability, and applicability
across various industries. The multifaceted benefits of plant-derived inhibitors,
including renewability, biocompatibility, and potential cost-effectiveness, position them

14
as attractive candidates for further exploration and integration into mainstream
corrosion mitigation practices.

In the broader context of industrial corrosion control, the incorporation of plant-derived

organic inhibitors not only safeguards metal assets and infrastructure but also aligns
with the global imperative for sustainable practices. As industries navigate a future
marked by heightened environmental awareness, the role of organic corrosion inhibitors
derived from plants is poised to become increasingly pivotal in achieving the delicate
balance between technological progress and ecological responsibility. Ultimately, the
integration of plant-based organic inhibitors exemplifies a conscientious and forward-
thinking approach to corrosion protection, highlighting the potential for synergy
between industry and nature.

15
8.0 Recommendation
To advance the integration of plant-based organic corrosion inhibitors in industrial
applications, it is recommended to prioritize research and development efforts,
allocating resources to enhance the efficiency and applicability of these inhibitors.
Collaboration between academic institutions, research organizations, and industries is
crucial for sharing knowledge and accelerating progress in the field. Additionally,
promoting awareness within industries about the eco-friendly nature, biodegradability,
and low toxicity of plant-derived inhibitors through educational programs is essential.
Advocacy for supportive policies and regulations, along with the establishment of
industry standards and certifications, can incentivize responsible adoption. Initiating
pilot projects and documenting successful case studies will help showcase the viability
and benefits of these alternatives in real-world scenarios. Integration into green
procurement practices, continued innovation, and fostering public-private partnerships
are key strategies for driving the transition towards sustainable corrosion protection.
Implementing mechanisms for monitoring and evaluating the long-term performance
and environmental impact of plant-derived inhibitors will ensure ongoing effectiveness
and inform future improvements. Overall, these recommendations aim to facilitate a
conscientious and forward-thinking approach, aligning industrial practices with the
principles of sustainability and ecological responsibility.

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