1 EVALUATION

UNIT 1:

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS

PERFECT INFINITIVE WITH TO

PERFECT –ING

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

We use the present perfect simple to refer to events in the past which connect to the present.

STRUCTURE: HAVE/HAS + THE -ED FORM OF THE VERB.

 We use the present perfect simple to talk about our experiences up to now
Ex: We’re going to Waga for dinner tonight. I’ve been there a couple of times before.

 Although we do not give a specific time, we often use general time expressions
like ever, never, before, in my life, so far, up until now:
Ex: We haven’t met before, have we?

 We often use ever, not … and never

Ex: Have you ever tried to write your name and address with your left hand?

 For a unique experience when we are using a superlative:

Ex: I felt the happiest I have ever felt. My first Olympic final; the bronze medal;
European record of 9.97 seconds.

 We usually use the present perfect simple with the first time when we’re talking
about an immediate, continuing or recent event:
Ex: That’s the first time I’ve seen you get angry.

 We use the present perfect simple to talk about a finished event or state in the very
recent past. We do not give a specific time. We often use words like just or recently
for events taking place a very short time before now
Ex: The company employs around 400 staff and has recently opened an office in the
UK. Niki and John have just come back from a week in Spain.
 We use the present perfect simple when a single past action has a connection with
the present:
Ex: She’s broken her arm in two places. (Her arm is still broken now.)

 We use the present perfect simple with for and since to talk about a present
situation that began at a specific point in the past and is still going on in the present.
We are looking back from the present to a point in the past.
Ex: That house on the corner has been empty for three years. Not: … since three
years. For refers to periods of time, e.g. three years, four hours, ages, a long time,
months, years.
Ex: That house on the corner has been empty since 2006. Not: … for 2006. Since
refers to a previous point in time, e.g. last Monday, last year, 1987, yesterday. The
house was empty in 2006 and it is still empty now.

 We often use expressions with for and since to answer the question How long
Ex: How long have you worked there? Since 21 August. So for about four months.

 We use yet + the present perfect simple, mainly in questions and negative
statements, to refer to things we intend to do in the future but which are not done:
Ex: Don’t wash up that cup. I haven’t finished my coffee yet. (I intend to finish it.)

 We use already + the present perfect simple when we want to emphasise that
something is done or achieved
Ex: I’ve already booked my flight home.

 The present perfect simple is often used in newspaper headlines or TV news

programmes to report a recent past event.
Ex: Charlton Heston has died aged 84, a spokesman for his family has said. Heston
died on Saturday at his home in Beverly Hills. His wife Lydia, whom he married in
1944, was at his side. Heston won a best actor Oscar for his starring role in the epic
‘Ben Hur’.

 We can also use the present perfect simple to introduce an ‘open’ general point
about something. We can then use the past simple (underlined) to give more
detailed specific information:
Ex: Have you seen any Arthur Miller plays? I saw a fantastic production of ‘The
Crucible’.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

STRUCTURE: HAVE/HAS + BEEN + THE -ING FORM OF THE VERB.

 We use the present perfect continuous to talk about a finished activity in the
recent past. Using the present perfect continuous focuses on the activity.
 We don’t give a specific time. Even though the activity is finished, we can see
the result in the present:
Ex: I’ve just been cleaning the car. (The car is wet and clean.)
It’s been snowing. (The ground is covered in snow.)

 We use the present perfect continuous for a single activity that began at a point
in the past and is still continuing:
Ex: I’ve been reading your book – it’s great. (I’m still reading it.)

 We use the present perfect continuous to talk about repeated activities which
started at a particular time in the past and are still continuing up until now:
Ex: I’ve been going to Spain on holiday every year since 1987.

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

STRUCTURE: HAD + THE -ED FORM OF THE VERB.

 Time up to then
 The past perfect refers to time up to a point in the past (time up to then), just as the
present perfect refers to something that happened in the time up to the moment of
speaking (time up to now):
Ex: I’d seen all of Elvis Presley’s movies by the time I was 20!

 We often use the past perfect to refer to situations which have changed.
Ex: I’m very happy working as an engineer but I had wanted to be an actor when I was
younger.

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

STRUCTURE: HAD + BEEN + THE -ING FORM OF THE VERB.

 Continuing events in the past. We use the past perfect continuous to talk about
actions or events which started before a particular time in the past and were still in
progress up to that time in the past:
Ex: It was so difficult to get up last Monday for school. I had been working on my
essays the night before and I was very tired.

 We can use the past perfect continuous to talk about events which started before
a time in the past and which finished, but where the effects or results were still
important at a point in the past:
Ex: It had been raining and the ground was still wet.
FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE

STRUCTURE: WILL/SHALL + HAVE + THE -ED FORM OF THE VERB.

 Events finished by a certain time in the future

 We use the future perfect form when we look back to the past from a point in the
future. We usually use a time phrase, for example by tomorrow, for three years:
Ex: Do you think she’ll have seen the doctor by four o’clock?

NAGATIVE AND POSITIVE: I, we: will /shall (full form) or (short form) ’ll + she, he, it, we, you,
they, I: will have or will not or shall not will not won’t or shan’t won’t
QUESTIONS: I, she, he, it, you, we, they + Will − Won’t

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS

STRUCTURE: WILL/SHALL + HAVE + BEEN + THE -ING FORM OF THE VERB.

POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE: she, he, it, we, you, they, I, we: will/shall ´ll will not/shall not /
won’t or shan’t won’t
QUESTIONS: I, we, she, he, it, we, you, they: + Will − Won’t

PERFECT INFINITIVE WITH TO

STRUCTURE: TO HAVE + THE -ED FORM OF A VERB.

 We use the perfect infinitive after verbs such as claim, expect, hate, hope, like, love,
prefer, pretend
Ex: He pretended to have lost her number and so had been unable to contact
her.
 The perfect infinitive often refers to things that might have happened in the
past:
Ex: She claims to have met a number of famous people, but I don’t believe her.

 The perfect infinitive can refer to something that will be completed at a point in
the future
Ex: We hope to have finished the building works by the end of March.

 We can use the perfect infinitive in a clause with a verb that has no subject (a non
finite clause). It can refer to events which did happen in the past or to events
that might have happened (but did not happen):
Ex: To have got the job in the face of such stiff competition was a great achievement.
PERFECT –ING

 It can replace a clause with past perfect to talk about the reason for
something
Ex: Having spent all day on my feet, I was exhausted

 It can also be used to talk about an even that happened before the action or event in
the main clause.
Ex: Having finished breakfast, she got ready for work

 In the negative, not comes before the infinitive and the perfect -ing.
Ex: They pretend not to have met before
Ex: I regret not having learned the language

UNIT 2:

WOULD

USED TO

WOULD

 We often use would to make requests. It is a more polite and

indirect form of will.
 We often use would (or the contracted form ’d) in the main clause of a conditional
sentence when we talk about imagined situations:

If we had left earlier, we would have been able to stop off for a coffee on the way.

 We use would to refer to typical habitual actions and events in the past. This is usually
a formal use and it often occurs in stories (narratives):

I had a friend from Albany, which is about 36 miles away, and we would meet every Thursday
morning and she would help us.

USED TO

 Talking about the future in the past. We use would to talk about the future in the past.
The speaker looks forward in time from a point in the past
Ex: When I was young I thought that in years to come I would be really tall.

 We use would as the past form of will in reported clauses statement with will reported
Ex: ‘I’ll pay for the food,’ said Tom.

 We use would to talk about willingness in past time situations. We usually use the
negative form wouldn’t in this case:
Ex: The CD wasn’t working so I brought it back to the shop but they wouldn’t give me
my money back because they said the box had already been opened.