Iso 17225 1 2021

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 17225-1
Second edition
2021-06
Solid biofuels — Fuel specifications

and classes —
Part 1:
General requirements
Biocombustibles solides — Classes et spécifications des
combustibles —
iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
Partie 1: Exigences générales
(standards.iteh.ai)
ISO 17225-1:2021
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/81593da3-daf7-4abc-bda6-
df16fcd4fdc7/iso-17225-1-2021
Reference number
ISO 17225-1:2021(E)
© ISO 2021
ISO 17225-1:2021(E)


(standards.iteh.ai)
ISO 17225-1:2021
df16fcd4fdc7/iso-17225-1-2021
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT

© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
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on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
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Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

ISO 17225-1:2021(E)

Contents Page
Foreword......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... iv
Introduction...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v
1 Scope.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references....................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions...................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms............................................................................................................................................................ 2
5 Principle......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
6 Classification of origin and sources of solid biofuels...................................................................................................... 4
6.1 General............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 4
6.2 Woody biomass..................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
6.2.1 Forest, plantation and other virgin wood................................................................................................ 10
6.2.2 By-products and residues from wood processing industry..................................................... 10
6.2.3 Used wood........................................................................................................................................................................... 10
6.2.4 Blends and mixtures................................................................................................................................................... 10
6.3 Herbaceous biomass........................................................................................................................................................................ 10
6.3.1 Herbaceous biomass from agriculture and horticulture............................................................. 10
6.3.2 By-products and residues from food and herbaceous processing industry............... 10
6.4 iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
Fruit biomass.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
6.4.1 Orchard and horticulture fruit........................................................................................................................... 11
6.4.2 (standards.iteh.ai)
By-products and residues from food and fruit processing industry................................. 11
6.5 Aquatic biomass...................................................................................................................................................................................
ISO 17225-1:2021 11
6.6 Biomass blends and mixtures.................................................................................................................................................. 11
7 Specification of solid biofuels based on traded forms and properties......................................................11
df16fcd4fdc7/iso-17225-1-2021
7.1 Traded forms of solid biofuels................................................................................................................................................. 11
7.2 Specification of properties of solid biofuels................................................................................................................ 12
Annex A (informative) Illustrations of typical forms of wood fuels and examples of particles
sizes for wood chips and hog fuel.....................................................................................................................................................38
Annex B (informative) Typical values of solid biomass fuels...................................................................................................43
Annex C (informative) Examples of possible causes for deviant levels for different
properties and of consequences of handling and treatments for the properties of
biomass........................................................................................................................................................................................................................55
Annex D (informative) Calculation of the net calorific value at different bases and energy
density as received...........................................................................................................................................................................................58
Annex E (informative) Comparison of moisture content as received and dry basis.........................................61
Bibliography.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 63
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved iii

ISO 17225-1:2021(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/
iso/foreword.html. (standards.iteh.ai)
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 238, Solid biofuels.
ISO 17225-1:2021
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition ISO 17225-1:2014, which has been technically
revised. The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
df16fcd4fdc7/iso-17225-1-2021
— particle size distribution for wood chips and hog fuel updated
— Table 15 for undensified thermally treated biomass deleted
A list of all parts in the ISO 17225 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

ISO 17225-1:2021(E)

Introduction
The objective of the ISO 17225 series is to provide unambiguous and clear classification principles
for solid biofuels and to serve as a tool to enable efficient trading of biofuels and to enable good
understanding between seller and buyer as well as a tool for communication with equipment
manufacturers. It will also facilitate authority permission procedures and reporting.
The ISO 17225 series is made for all stakeholders.
Solid biomass covers organic, non-fossil material of biological origin which may be used as fuel for heat
and electrical generation.
Figure 1 describes the bioenergy utilization chain from sources of biomass, to biofuel production to
final use of bioenergy. Although biomass can be used for energy generation it has many other primary
uses (non-fuels) as a raw material for construction, furniture, packaging, paper products, etc.

(standards.iteh.ai)
ISO 17225-1:2021
df16fcd4fdc7/iso-17225-1-2021
Figure 1 — ISO TC 238 within the biomass — Biofuel — Bioenergy field
The classifications given in this document are provided with the objective of using biomass as a solid
biofuel and therefore do not deal with all other uses.
Although the product standards starting from Part 2 of the ISO 17225 series may be obtained separately,
they require a general understanding of the standards based on and supporting ISO 17225-1. It is
recommended to obtain and use ISO 17225-1 in conjunction with these standards.
In the product standards, graded means that solid biofuel is used either in commercial applications,
such as in households and small commercial and public sector buildings or industrial applications,
which demand the use of fuels with specified quality (properties) expressed by quality classes like A1,
A2 or B.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved v

(standards.iteh.ai)
ISO 17225-1:2021
df16fcd4fdc7/iso-17225-1-2021
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 17225-1:2021(E)
Solid biofuels — Fuel specifications and classes —

Part 1:
General requirements
1 Scope
This document determines the fuel quality classes and specifications for solid biofuels of raw and
processed materials originating from
a) forestry and arboriculture;
b) agriculture and horticulture;
c) aquaculture.
Chemically treated material may not include halogenated organic compounds or heavy metals at levels
higher than those in typical virgin material values (see Annex B) or higher than typical values of the
country of origin.
NOTE iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
Raw and processed material includes woody, herbaceous, fruit, aquatic biomass and biodegradable
waste originating from above sectors.
(standards.iteh.ai)
2 Normative references ISO 17225-1:2021
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
df16fcd4fdc7/iso-17225-1-2021
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 14780, Solid biofuels — Sample preparation
ISO 16559, Solid biofuels — Terminology, definitions and descriptions
ISO 16948, Solid biofuels — Determination of total content of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen
ISO 16967, Solid biofuels — Determination of major elements — Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, P, K, Si, Na and Ti
ISO 16968, Solid biofuels — Determination of minor elements
ISO 16993, Solid biofuels — Conversion of analytical results from one basis to another
ISO 16994, Solid biofuels — Determination of total content of sulfur and chlorine
ISO 17827-1, Solid biofuels — Determination of particle size distribution for uncompressed fuels — Part 1:
Oscillating screen method using sieves with apertures of 3,15 mm and above
ISO 17827-2, Solid biofuels — Determination of particle size distribution for uncompressed fuels — Part 2:
Vibrating screen method using sieves with aperture of 3,15 mm and below
ISO 17828, Solid biofuels — Determination of bulk density
ISO 17829, Solid Biofuels — Determination of length and diameter of pellets
ISO 17830, Solid biofuels — Particle size distribution of disintegrated pellets
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved 1

ISO 17225-1:2021(E)

ISO 17831-1, Solid biofuels — Determination of mechanical durability of pellets and briquettes — Part 1:
Pellets
ISO 17831-2, Solid biofuels — Determination of mechanical durability of pellets and briquettes — Part 2:
Briquettes
ISO 18122, Solid biofuels — Determination of ash content
ISO 18123, Solid biofuels — Determination of the content of volatile matter
ISO 18125, Solid biofuels — Determination of calorific value
ISO 18134-1, Solid biofuels — Determination of moisture content — Oven dry method — Part 1: Total
moisture — Reference method
ISO 18134-2, Solid biofuels — Determination of moisture content — Oven dry method — Part 2: Total
moisture — Simplified method
ISO 18135, Solid Biofuels — Sampling
ISO 18847, Solid biofuels — Determination of particle density of pellets and briquettes
ISO 21945, Solid biofuels — Simplified sampling method for small scale applications
ISO 21404, Solid biofuels — Determination of ash melting behaviour
ISO 18846, Solid biofuels — Determination of fines content in quantities of pellets
3 Terms and definitions (standards.iteh.ai)
For the purposes of this document, the terms ISO and17225-1:2021
definitions given in ISO 16559 and the following
terms and definitions apply.
df16fcd4fdc7/iso-17225-1-2021
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://w ww.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://w ww.electropedia.org/
3.1
chemical treatment
any treatment with chemicals other than air, water or heat
Note 1 to entry: Examples of chemical treatments are listed in informative Annex C.
3.2
commercial application
facility that utilize solid biofuel burning appliances or equipment that have similar fuel requirements as
residential appliances
Note 1 to entry: Commercial applications should not be confused with industrial applications, which can utilize a
much wider array of materials and have vastly different fuel requirements.
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms

The symbols and abbreviated terms used in this document conform with the SI system of units as far as
possible,
2 © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

ISO 17225-1:2021(E)

A Designation for ash content on dry basis Ad [% in mass]
ar as received
BD Designation for bulk density as received [kg/m3 (loose volume)]
C Designation for fixed carbon on dry basis Cf [% in mass]
CPF Designation for amount of coarse pellet fines as reived [% in mass, particles ≥ 3,15 mm and
< 5,6 mm]
D Designation for diameter as received, D [mm]
DE Designation for particle density as received [g/cm3]
DT Designation for deformation temperature of the fuel ash [°C]
DU Designation for mechanical durability as received [% in mass]
d dry (dry basis)
daf dry, ash-free
E Designation for energy density as received, Ear [MJ/m3 or kWh/m3 loose or stacked volume]
(amount of energy/volume unit)
EMd iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW

Designation for amount of heavy extraneous material on dry basis [% in mass]
F (standards.iteh.ai)
Designation for amount of fines (< 3,15 mm) as determined [% in mass]
Fs Designation for amount of small fines (< 1 mm) as determined (% in mass)
ISO 17225-1:2021
FT Designation for flow temperature of the fuel ash [°C]
df16fcd4fdc7/iso-17225-1-2021
HT Designation for hemisphere temperature of the fuel ash [°C]
L Designation for length as received, L [mm]
M Designation for moisture content as received, Mar [% in mass]
P Designation for particle size distribution on analysis moisture basis
Q Designation for net calorific value at constant pressure as received, Qp,net,ar [MJ/kg or kWh/kg]
QV,gr,d Gross calorific value at constant volume on dry basis [MJ/kg or kWh/kg]
Qp,net,d Net calorific value at constant pressure on dry basis [MJ/kg or kWh/kg]
SST Designation for shrinkage starting temperature of the fuel ash [°C]
s Designation for small-scale and commercial use in particle size distribution
U Designation for moisture content as received on dry basis Uar [% in mass]
VM Designation for volatile matter on dry basis [% in mass]
NOTE 1 Fixed carbon (%) is calculated by the following: 100 – (moisture [% in mass] + ash [% in mass] +
volatile matter [% in mass]). All percentages are on the same moisture basis.
NOTE 2 1 MJ/kg equals 1 GJ/t or 0,277 8 kWh/kg (1 kWh/kg equals 1 MWh/t and 1 MWh/t is 3,6 MJ/kg). 1 g/
cm3 equals 1 kg/dm3. 1 mg/kg equals 0,000 1 %

ISO 17225-1:2021(E)

NOTE 3 Designation symbols are used in combination with a number to specify property levels in Tables 3 to
15. For designation of chemical properties, chemical symbols such as S (sulfur), Cl (chlorine), and N (nitrogen) are
used and the property class is added at the end of the symbol.
5 Principle
Solid biofuels are specified by:
a) origin and source, Clause 6;
b) major traded forms and properties, Clause 7.
For specification of origin and source, see Table 1. For major traded forms, see Table 2.
For specification of properties see Tables 3 to 15. The major traded forms of solid biofuels are covered
by Tables 3 to 14. Table 15 is a general master table to be used for a specification of solid biofuels not
covered by Tables 3 to 14.
Tables 3 to 15 list the normative properties, which shall be specified and informative properties, which
are voluntary. Normative properties vary depending on both origin and traded form.
EXAMPLE OF SPECIFICATION
Origin: Logging residues (1.1.4)
Traded form: Wood chips
Properties: Dimensions P45, Fines F05, Moisture M40, Ash A1.5
(standards.iteh.ai)
In the case of wood chips and hog fuel (Table 5) the properties of dimensions, fines, moisture and ash
are normative in the specification. Other properties are informative.
ISO 17225-1:2021
Product standards for graded solid biofuels are given in other parts of this ISO series.
df16fcd4fdc7/iso-17225-1-2021
6 Classification of origin and sources of solid biofuels
6.1 General
The classification is based on the biofuel origin and source. In the hierarchical classification system
(Table 1) the main origin-based solid biofuel groups are:
a) woody biomass;
b) herbaceous biomass;
c) fruit biomass;
d) aquatic biomass;
e) blends and mixtures.
Woody biomass is biomass from trees, bushes and shrubs.
Herbaceous biomass is from plants that have a non-woody stem and which die back at the end of the
growing season. It includes grains and their by-products.
Fruit biomass is biomass from those parts of a plant which are from or hold seeds.
Aquatic biomass is from so called hydrophytic plants or hydrophytes, which are plants that have
adapted to living in or on aquatic environments.
If appropriate, also the actual species (e.g. spruce, wheat) of biomass should be stated.

ISO 17225-1:2021(E)

The term “Blends and mixtures” in Table 1 refers to material of various origin within the given box
in the classification table and appears on all four classification levels. Blends are intentionally mixed
biofuels, whereas mixtures are unintentionally mixed biofuels. The origin of the blend and mixture
shall be described using Table 1.
If a solid biofuel blend or mixture contains chemically treated material it shall be stated.
The second level of classification in Table 1 describes fuels from different sources within the main
groups, primarily stating whether the biomass is a virgin material, a by-product or a residue from the
industry.
Groups in Table 1 are further divided into third and fourth level sub-groups. The purpose of Table 1
is to allow the possibility to differentiate and specify biofuel material based on origin with as much
detail as needed. With the help of typical values from informative Annex B information on physical and
chemical properties can be deduced.
Examples for classification according to Table 1:
a) Whole trees without roots from birch (1.1.1.1);
b) Blend (1.1.1.5) of broad-leaf and coniferous whole trees without roots (1.1.1.1, 1.1.1.2);
c) Oil palm stem (1.1.3.3);
d) Logging residues (1.1.4);
e) Oil palm branches (1.1.4.1);
f) Logging residues from spruce stands (1.1.4.2);
(standards.iteh.ai)
g) Sawdust from broad-leaf (1.2.1.1);
ISO 17225-1:2021
h) Plywood from coniferous (1.2.2.1);
df16fcd4fdc7/iso-17225-1-2021
i) Plywood residues (1.2.2.1);
j) Grinding dust from furniture industry (1.2.2.1);
k) Lignin (1.2.2.4);
l) Unpainted and untreated construction wood (1.3.1.1);
m) Pallets (1.3.1.1 or 1.3.2.1);
n) Demolition wood (1.3.2.1)
o) Straw from wheat, barley, oat, rye (2.1.1.2);
p) Rice husk (2.1.1.4);
q) Reed canary grass (2.1.2.1);
r) Bamboo (2.1.2.5);
s) Grains or seeds crops from food processing industry (2.2.1.1);
t) Palm kernel or palm shell (3.1.2.3);
u) Oil palm fruit bunch (3.2.1.2);
v) Olive residues from olive pressing (3.2.2.4);
w) Kelp (4.3.2.4, Latin name to be stated);

ISO 17225-1:2021(E)

x) Blend (5.1); 80 % in mass sawdust from coniferous (1.2.1.2) and 20 % in mass reed canary grass
(2.1.2.1);
y) Mixture (1.1.1.5); whole trees without roots from birch (1.1.1.1), whole trees without roots from
spruce (1.1.1.2);
z) Blend (1.2.3); 99 % in mass sawdust (1.2.1), 1 % in mass glued wood (glue content of whole mass
0,1 % in mass) (1.2.2).
Table 1 — Classification of origin and sources of solid biofuels

1. Woody bio- 1.1 Forest, plantation 1.1.1 Whole trees without 1.1.1.1 Broad-leaf
mass and other virgin wood roots
1.1.1.2 Coniferous
1.1.1.3 Short rotation coppice
1.1.1.4 Bushes
1.1.1.5 Blends and mixtures
1.1.2 Whole trees with roots 1.1.2.1 Broad-leaf
1.1.2.2 Coniferous
1.1.2.4 Bushes
iTeh1.1.3
STANDARD
Stemwood PREVIEW
1.1.3.1 Broad-leaf with bark
1.1.3.2 Coniferous with bark
(standards.iteh.ai)
1.1.3.3 Broad-leaf without bark
ISO 17225-1:2021 1.1.3.4 Coniferous without bark
df16fcd4fdc7/iso-17225-1-2021
1.1.4 Logging residues 1.1.4.1 Fresh/Green, Broad-leaf (includ-
ing leaves)
1.1.4.2 Fresh/Green, Coniferous (in-
cluding needles)
1.1.4.3 Stored, Broad-leaf
1.1.4.4 Stored, Coniferous
1.1.5 Stumps/roots 1.1.5.1 Broad-leaf
1.1.5.2 Coniferous
1.1.5.4 Bushes
1.1.6 Bark (from forestry operations)
1.1.7 Segregated wood from gardens, parks, roadside maintenance,
vineyards, fruit orchards and driftwood from freshwater
1.1.8 Blends and mixtures

ISO 17225-1:2021(E)

Table 1 (continued)
1.2 By-products and 1.2.1 Chemically untreated 1.2.1.1 Broad-leaf with bark
residues from wood wood by-products and resi-
1.2.1.2 Coniferous with bark
processing industry dues
1.2.1.3 Broad-leaf without bark
1.2.1.4 Coniferous without bark
1.2.1.5 Bark (from industry operations)
1.2.2 Chemically treated wood 1.2.2.1 Without bark
by-products, residues, fibres
1.2.2.2 With bark
and wood constituents
1.2.2.3 Bark (from industry operations)
1.2.2.4 Fibres and wood constituents
1.3 Used wood 1.3.1 Chemically untreated 1.3.1.1 Without bark
used wood
1.3.1.2 With bark
1.3.1.3 Bark
1.3.2 Chemically treated used 1.3.2.1 Without bark
wood
1.3.2.2 With bark
1.3.2.3 Bark
1.4 Blends and mixtures
2. Herbaceous 2.1 Herbaceous bio- 2.1.1 Cereal crops 2.1.1.1 Whole plant
biomass
(standards.iteh.ai)
mass from agriculture
2.1.1.2 Straw parts
and horticulture
ISO 17225-1:2021 2.1.1.3 Grains or seeds
2.1.1.4 Husks or shells
df16fcd4fdc7/iso-17225-1-2021
2.1.2 Grasses 2.1.2.1 Whole plant
2.1.2.2 Straw parts
2.1.2.3 Seeds
2.1.2.4 Shells
2.1.2.5 Bamboo
2.1.3 Oil seed crops 2.1.3.1 Whole plant
2.1.3.2 Stalks and leaves
2.1.3.3 Seeds
2.1.3.4 Husks or shells

ISO 17225-1:2021(E)

Table 1 (continued)
2.1.4 Root crops 2.1.4.1 Whole plant
2.1.4.3 Root
2.1.5 Legume crops 2.1.5.1 Whole plant
2.1.5.3 Fruit
2.1.5.4 Pods
2.1.6 Flowers 2.1.6.1 Whole plant
2.1.6.3 Seeds
2.1.7 Segregated herbaceous biomass from gardens, parks, roadside
maintenance, vineyards and fruit orchards
2.2 By-products and 2.2.1 Chemically untreated 2.2.1.1 Cereal crops and grasses
residues from food herbaceous residues
and herbaceous pro-
2.2.1.2 Oil seed crops
cessing industry 2.2.1.3 Root crops
(standards.iteh.ai)
2.2.1.4 Legume crops
ISO 17225-1:2021 2.2.1.5 Flowers
df16fcd4fdc7/iso-17225-1-2021
2.2.2 Chemically treated her- 2.2.2.1 Cereal crops and grasses
baceous residues
2.2.2.2 Oil seed crops
2.2.2.3 Root crops
2.2.2.4 Legume crops
2.2.2.5 Flowers

ISO 17225-1:2021(E)

Table 1 (continued)
3. Fruit bio- 3.1 Orchard and horti- 3.1.1 Berries 3.1.1.1 Whole berries
mass culture fruit
3.1.1.2 Flesh
3.1.1.3 Seeds
3.1.2 Stone/ker- 3.1.2.1 Whole fruit
nel fruits
3.1.2.2 Flesh
3.1.2.3 Stone/kernel/fruit fibre
3.1.3 Nuts and 3.1.3.1 Whole nuts
acorns
3.1.3.2 Shells/husks
3.1.3.3 Kernels
3.2 By-products and 3.2.1 Chemically 3.2.1.1 Berries
residues from food untreated fruit
3.2.1.2 Stone/kernel fruits/fruit fibre
and fruit processing residues
industry 3.2.1.3 Nuts and acorns
3.2.1.4 Crude olive cake
iTeh STANDARD 3.2.1.5 PREVIEWBlends and mixtures
(standards.iteh.ai)
3.2.2 Chemical- 3.2.2.1 Berries
ly treated fruit
3.2.2.2 Stone/kernel fruits
residues
ISO 17225-1:20213.2.2.3 Nuts and acorns
3.2.2.4 Exhausted olive cake
df16fcd4fdc7/iso-17225-1-2021
4. Aquatic 4.1 Algae 4.1.1 Micro algae (Latin name to be stated)
biomass 4.1.2 Macro algae (Latin name to be stated)
4.1.2.1 Green sea weed (Latin name to be stated)
4.1.2.2 Brown sea weed (Latin name to be sated)
4.1.2.3 Red sea weed (Latin name to be stated)
4.2 Water hyacinths
4.3 Lake and sea grass 4.3.1 Lake grass (Latin name to be stated)
4.3.2 Sea grass (Latin name to be stated)
4.4 Reeds 4.4.1 Common reed
4.4.2 Other reed
5 Blends and 5.1 Blends
mixtures 5.2 Mixtures
NOTE 1 If appropriate, also the actual species (e.g. spruce, wheat) of biomass can be stated according to
EN 13556, Round and sawn timber ― Nomenclature of timbers used in Europe [1].

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INTERNATIONAL ISO

Solid biofuels — Fuel specifications

iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT

ii ﻿ © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved ﻿ iii

iv ﻿ © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW

© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved ﻿ v

Solid biofuels — Fuel specifications and classes —

© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved ﻿ 1

4 Symbols and abbreviated terms

2 ﻿ © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

A Designation for ash content on dry basis Ad [% in mass]

BD Designation for bulk density as received [kg/m3 (loose volume)]

C Designation for fixed carbon on dry basis Cf [% in mass]

D Designation for diameter as received, D [mm]

DE Designation for particle density as received [g/cm3]

DT Designation for deformation temperature of the fuel ash [°C]

DU Designation for mechanical durability as received [% in mass]

d dry (dry basis)

daf dry, ash-free

EMd iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW

L Designation for length as received, L [mm]

M Designation for moisture content as received, Mar [% in mass]

P Designation for particle size distribution on analysis moisture basis

s Designation for small-scale and commercial use in particle size distribution

U Designation for moisture content as received on dry basis Uar [% in mass]

VM Designation for volatile matter on dry basis [% in mass]

© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved ﻿ 3

6 Classification of origin and sources of solid biofuels

4 ﻿ © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved ﻿ 5

Table 1 — Classification of origin and sources of solid biofuels

6 ﻿ © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

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